Core Glossary
Romans — Core Glossary (Greek → Oromo)
TRI Phase 1, Step 1 — Baseline Term Bank (establishes the permanent Oromo TRI baseline)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the ENTIRE book of Romans (ch. 1–16), with its established Oromo rendering, risk tier, and grounded reasoning. Because this is the first Oromo Language Package, every rendering below becomes the mandatory baseline that all future Oromo curricula must reuse exactly, unless a documented revision process supersedes it.
Risk tier definitions:
- Critical — direct collision with a dominant destination-culture religious system (Waaqeffannaa) or a doctrinally central concept with no native lexical equivalent; mistranslation risks a different gospel.
- High — significant ambiguity, historical/cultural trauma association, or doctrinal controversy requiring mandatory explanatory teaching alongside the rendering.
- Medium — the rendering is serviceable but carries a secondary/competing sense in ordinary Oromo usage that must be disambiguated by context or modifier.
- Low — established, transparent, minimal risk of doctrinal distortion.
| # | Greek term (transliteration) | First occurrence | Literal meaning | English gloss(es) | Oromo rendering | Risk | Grounded reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θεός (theos) | 1:1 | god, deity | God | Waaqayyo | Critical | Pre-Christian Waaqeffannaa sky-deity term; risk of deist/non-Trinitarian re-reading. Always anchor with relational modifiers (“Abbaa keenya,” “abbaa Gooftaa keenya Yesus Kiristoos”). |
| 2 | κύριος (kyrios) | 1:4 | lord, master | Lord | Gooftaa | Medium | Also used for human masters/landlords; must consistently carry YHWH-level weight via fixed collocation with “Yesus Kiristoos.” |
| 3 | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (Iēsous Christos) | 1:1 | Jesus (YHWH saves) Christ (anointed) | Jesus Christ | Yesus Kiristoos | Low | Established transliteration; no native equivalent needed or desired. |
| 4 | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | 1:4, 1:9, ch.8 | breath, wind, spirit | spirit / Spirit | hafuura / Hafuura Qulqulluu (Holy Spirit) | Critical | Hafuura is the general Oromo word for breath/wind/spirit and also names spirits in traditional possession ritual (wadaajaa). MANDATORY: Holy Spirit references must always use full form “Hafuura Qulqulluu,” never bare “Hafuura.” |
| 5 | χάρις (charis) | 1:5, 1:7 | favor, unmerited gift | grace | ayyaana | Critical | Central Waaqeffannaa term for personal guardian-spirit/divine emanation (invoked by ayyaantuu diviners). Retained as the historically established Oromo Bible-tradition rendering; MANDATORY mitigation: always collocate as “ayyaana Waaqayyoo” (grace of God), never bare, with explicit catechesis contrasting relational unmerited favor vs. impersonal spirit-force/fate. |
| 6 | χάρισμα (charisma) | 1:11, 12:6 | grace-gift, benefit | (spiritual) gift | kennaa hafuuraa | High | Deliberately split from ayyaana (χάρις itself) using a distinct root (“kennaa” = gift) to avoid conflating “grace” and “gift of grace” under one Oromo word. Maintain this split consistently through ch. 12. |
| 7 | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | 1:1 | one sent, envoy | apostle | ergamaa | Medium | Also used for “angel” (ergamaa Waaqayyoo); disambiguate via fixed collocation “Ergamaa Kiristoos Yesus” for the human apostolic office. |
| 8 | δοῦλος (doulos) | 1:1, ch.6 | slave, bondservant | slave, servant, bondservant | garba | High | Evokes historical chattel-slavery trauma in Oromo memory (regional 19th-c. slave trade); requires explicit teaching that Paul’s usage is honored, voluntary bondservice to a good Master, not oppressive slavery — doubly sensitive in ch.6 where it describes ALL humanity. |
| 9 | κλητός (klētos) | 1:1, 1:6, 1:7, 8:28 | called | called | waamamaa | Medium | Must be distinguished from a social “invitation”; theological calling implies divine initiative, later shown to be irrevocable (ch.8-9, 11). |
| 10 | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | 1:1 | good news | gospel | wangeela | Low | Established loanword throughout Oromo Christian usage; must not be flattened to generic “oduu gaarii” (good news) which loses technical weight. |
| 11 | ἀφορίζω (aphōrismenos) | 1:1 | set apart, marked off | set apart | addaan baafame | Low-Medium | Transparent; must not read as social ostracism. |
| 12 | προφήτης (prophētēs) | 1:2 | one who speaks forth | prophet | raajii | Low | Established term. |
| 13 | γραφή/γραφαῖς ἁγίαις (graphai hagiai) | 1:2 | writings, holy writings | (holy) Scripture(s) | Katabbiiwwan Qulqulluu | Low | Transparent, consistent with “Macaafa Qulqulluu” (whole Bible). |
| 14 | ἅγιος (hagios) | 1:2, 1:7 | holy, set apart | holy, saint | qulqulluu | Low | Well-established; distinguish positional holiness (status) from ethical/experiential holiness (sanctification, see #47). |
| 15 | υἱός θεοῦ (huios theou) | 1:3-4 | Son of God | Son of God | Ilma Waaqayyoo | Medium | Ontological deity-claim needs catechetical reinforcement; Waaqeffannaa has no “Son” category alongside Waaqa. |
| 16 | σπέρμα (sperma) | 1:3 | seed | seed, offspring | sanyii | Low | Standard lineage term. |
| 17 | σάρξ (sarx) | 1:3, ch.7-8 | flesh, meat | flesh, human nature | foon | High | Ordinary word = meat; carries at least two distinct Pauline senses (neutral human descent/body vs. negative sin-dominated nature) that Oromo cannot distinguish lexically — must gloss sense at each key occurrence. |
| 18 | ὁρίζω (horistheis) | 1:4 | mark out, declare | declared, appointed | ifatti mul’ifame / murtaa’e | High | Must avoid implying Jesus “became” Son only at resurrection (adoptionism risk). |
| 19 | πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης (pneuma hagiōsynēs) | 1:4 | spirit of holiness | Spirit of holiness | Hafuura qulqullina | High | Hebraic genitive; tied to Spirit-collision risk (#4). |
| 20 | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | 1:4 | standing up again | resurrection | duʼaa kaʼuu | Low-Medium | Must remain literal bodily event, not metaphor. |
| 21 | ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (hypakoē pisteōs) | 1:5 | obedience of faith | obedience of/to the faith | ajajamuu amantii irraa dhufu | High | Frames the whole epistle (echoed 16:26); risk of implying works-based obedience apart from clarifying it as faith’s fruit. |
| 22 | ἔθνη (ethnē) | 1:5, 1:13 | nations, peoples | nations, Gentiles | saboota (neutral) / ormaa (Jew-Gentile contrast) | Medium | Ormaa can carry “outsider/other-ethnic-group” colloquial overtone in multi-ethnic Ethiopian usage; strictly theological Jew/Gentile framing required, insulated from present-day ethnic commentary. |
| 23 | ἀγαπητός (agapētos) | 1:7 | beloved | beloved | jaalatamtoota | Medium | Must carry covenantal, not merely romantic/familial, weight. |
| 24 | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | 1:7 | peace | peace | nagaa | Low-Medium | Teach as objective reconciled status before God (5:1), not only subjective calm. |
| 25 | πατήρ (patēr) | 1:7 | father | Father | Abbaa | Low | Transparent; natural filial-intimacy fit (also used for Abba, 8:15). |
| 26 | πίστις / πιστεύω (pistis/pisteuō) | 1:8, 1:16-17 | faith, trust / believe | faith, believe | amantii / amanuu | Medium | Amantii = general Oromo word for “religion”; must be taught as personal trust/reliance, not religious affiliation or mere assent. |
| 27 | κόσμος (kosmos) | 1:8 | world, order | world | addunyaa | Low-Medium | Sense-check per occurrence (neutral “world” is the Romans-dominant sense). |
| 28 | λατρεύω (latreuō) | 1:9, 15:16 (ἱερουργέω) | render cultic service | serve, worship | tajaajiluu (Waaqayyoo) | Medium | Must carry cultic/priestly/worshipful weight, not generic “help.” |
| 29 | θέλημα θεοῦ (thelēma theou) | 1:10 | will of God | God’s will | fedhii Waaqayyoo | Low-Medium | Small instance of the providence theme fully developed in ch. 8-9. |
| 30 | ἀδελφοί (adelphoi) | 1:13 | brothers | brothers (and sisters) | obboloota | Low | Gender-inclusive in ordinary Oromo usage. |
| 31 | καρπός (karpos) | 1:13, 6:21-22 | fruit | fruit, result | ija (hojii) | Low-Medium | Metaphorical outcome/result, not literal produce. |
| 32 | ὀφειλέτης (opheiletēs) | 1:14 | debtor | debtor, obligated one | dirqama qaba | Low-Medium | Render as moral/missional obligation, not monetary debt. |
| 33 | Ἕλλην/βάρβαρος (Hellēn/barbaros) | 1:14 | Greek/non-Greek-speaker | Greeks and barbarians | Giriikota fi warra biyya alaa | Medium | Avoid importing a “civilized/savage” value pair onto Ethiopian ethnic categories; render descriptively. |
| 34 | δύναμις θεοῦ (dynamis theou) | 1:16 | power of God | power of God | humna Waaqayyoo | Medium | Tie explicitly to fayyina (salvation) so it is not read as mere raw force. |
| 35 | σωτηρία / σῴζω (sōtēria/sōzō) | 1:16 | salvation / save | salvation, save | fayyina / fayyisuu | High | Root also means physical healing/wellness; must be taught with full scope (justification + sanctification + glorification), not only bodily healing. |
| 36 | δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ (dikaiosynē theou) | 1:17 | righteousness of God | righteousness of God | qajeelummaa Waaqayyoo | Critical | Primarily an ethical-behavioral Oromo word (“uprightness”); the Pauline forensic-status sense requires sustained catechesis across ch. 1-5; single highest-stakes rendering in the letter. |
| 37 | ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν (ek pisteōs eis pistin) | 1:17 | from faith to faith | by faith from first to last | amantiin, gara amantiitti | High | Preserve Greek’s own interpretive ambiguity rather than resolving it in translation. |
| 38 | δίκαιος (dikaios) | 1:17 | righteous, just | the righteous (one) | qajeeltuu / qajeelaa | High | Read as “reckoned/declared righteous,” not “morally good person.” |
| 39 | ὀργή θεοῦ (orgē theou) | 1:18 | wrath of God | wrath of God | dheekkamsa Waaqayyoo | Medium | Righteous judicial anger, not capricious deity-temper as in some traditional nature-spirit conceptions. |
| 40 | ἀσέβεια / ἀδικία (asebeia/adikia) | 1:18 | impiety / unrighteousness | ungodliness / unrighteousness | Waaqa tuffachuu / jal’ina | Medium | Jal’ina must connect as antonym of qajeelummaa (#36). |
| 41 | κτίσις (ktisis) | 1:20, 8:19-22 | creation | creation | uumama | Low | Consistent across ch.1 and ch.8. |
| 42 | εἰκών (eikōn) | 1:23 | image, likeness | image | fakkii / bifa | Medium | Distinguish idol-image (ch.1, negative) from any positive “image of God” concept. |
| 43 | ἀκαθαρσία (akatharsia) | 1:24 | impurity | impurity, uncleanness | xurii | Medium | Risk of collapsing into traditional ritual-purity taboo categories rather than moral corruption. |
| 44 | παραδίδωμι (paredōken) | 1:24,26,28 | hand over | gave over | dabarsee kenne | High | Judicial abandonment, not passive permission; under-translation risks softening God’s judgment-in-kind. |
| 45 | νόμος (nomos) | 2:12ff, ch.7-8 | law | law, Torah | seera | Medium | Everyday civil-law word; must be modifier-disambiguated: Mosaic Torah (seera Musee) vs. general/moral law vs. metaphorical “laws” (ch.7-8, e.g. seera cubbuu). |
| 46 | περιτομή (peritomē) | 2:25ff, 4:11 | circumcision | circumcision | dhagna qabaa | Medium | Existing cultural practice; metaphorical “circumcision of the heart” must be clearly marked as spiritual, not commentary on the physical custom. |
| 47 | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | 2:15 | conscience | conscience | qalbii | Medium | Covers heart/mind/conscience broadly in Oromo; isolate the moral-witness function specifically. |
| 48 | καυχάομαι (kauchaomai) | 2:17, 3:27, 5:2-3 | boast | boast | boonuu | Low | Becomes theologically important re: boasting excluded by faith (3:27). |
| 49 | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | 3:9, ch.5-7 | sin | sin | cubbuu | Medium | Well-understood as moral wrongdoing; supplement with teaching for Paul’s added sense of sin as an enslaving power (ch.6). |
| 50 | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | 3:20, 27-28 | works of the law | works (of the law) | hojii (seeraa) | Medium | Must stand in clear opposition to amantii (#26) as the letter’s operative contrast. |
| 51 | δικαιόω / δικαίωσις (dikaioō/dikaiōsis) | 3:24, 4:25, 5:1, 8:30 | justify / justification | justify, justification | qajeelchuu (v.) / qajeelfama (n.) | Critical | Doctrinal center of the letter. “Qajeelchuu” naturally suggests moral correction/improvement, not a one-time forensic legal declaration of righteous status by faith alone; requires sustained, explicit contrast with sanctification (qulqullina, #67) throughout the curriculum. |
| 52 | ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion) | 3:25 | mercy seat, propitiation | propitiation | araara (+ “aarsaa araaraa” gloss) | Critical | No Oromo cultural/lexical equivalent for the OT mercy-seat/sacrificial-substitution concept; requires explanatory apparatus linking to blood (#53) and sacrifice at every occurrence. |
| 53 | αἷμα (haima) | 3:25, 5:9 | blood | blood | dhiiga | Medium | Literal and clear; sacrificial-atoning significance must be explicitly taught, not assumed. |
| 54 | ἀπολύτρωσις (apolytrōsis) | 3:24 | redemption, ransoming | redemption | furamuu | High | Must be tied explicitly to the slavery theme (#8, #58) and the price paid (Christ’s blood, #53) for full weight; risk of meaning merely “being freed” with no price-paid sense. |
| 55 | λογίζομαι (logizomai) | 4:3ff | reckon, credit | count, credit, impute | herrega galuu / lakkaaʼamuu | High | Underlies imputation concept behind qajeelfama (#51); must preserve accounting/crediting sense, not “made/transformed into.” |
| 56 | ἐπαγγελία (epangelia) | 4:13ff | promise | promise | abdii waadaa / waadaa | Low-Medium | Reserve for divine covenant-promise. |
| 57 | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω (katallagē/katallassō) | 5:10-11 | exchange, reconciliation | reconciliation | araara / walitti araarsuu | Medium | Same lexical family as hilastērion (#52); keep relational-outcome sense distinct from sacrificial-mechanism sense. |
| 58 | κατάκριμα (katakrima) | 5:16,18 | condemnation | condemnation | murtii balleessaa | High | Precise forensic antonym of qajeelfama (#51); reinforces courtroom framework. |
| 59 | Ἀδάμ…πάντες ἥμαρτον (Adam typology) | 5:12-19 | Adam…all sinned | Adam, federal headship | Addaam | High | Federal-headship concept (one man’s act determining all humanity’s guilt-status) has no parallel in Oromo customary (individual/lineage-based) legal thought; anchors “Original Sin and Universal Guilt” doctrine — needs substantial teaching beyond lexical translation. |
| 60 | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma/baptizō) | 6:3-4 | immersion | baptism | cuuphaa / cuuphamuu | Low | Established Oromo Christian term. |
| 61 | σύν-Χριστῷ compounds (syn-Christō) | 6:4-8, 8:17 | ”with Christ” compounds | union with Christ (co-crucified, co-raised, etc.) | Kiristoos wajjin… | High | No single-word Oromo equivalent for Greek σύν-prefix compounds; must consistently use phrasal “together with Christ” constructions to preserve the union-theme’s cohesion — anchors “Union with Christ.” |
| 62 | ὁ παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος (ho palaios anthrōpos) | 6:6 | the old man | old self | namummaa dulloomaa | Medium | Pre-conversion identity, judicially put to death with Christ. |
| 63 | δοῦλος τῆς ἁμαρτίας/δικαιοσύνης (doulos hamartias/dikaiosynēs) | 6:16-20 | slave of sin/righteousness | slave of sin/righteousness | garba cubbuu / garba qajeelummaa | High | Same collision as #8, doubly sensitive framing the WHOLE human race as “slaves.” |
| 64 | ὀψώνιον (opsōnion) | 6:23 | wages | wages | mindaa | Low-Medium | Contrast with the “free gift” (χάρισμα/#6) of eternal life. |
| 65 | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 6:23, ch.8 | eternal life | eternal life | jireenya bara baraa | Low | Standard rendering. |
| 66 | νόμος τοῦ νοός/τῆς ἁμαρτίας (nomos tou noos/tēs hamartias) | 7:23,25 | law of the mind/of sin | law of the mind/of sin | seera sammuu / seera cubbuu | High | Metaphorical, non-Mosaic uses of νόμος (#45); requires explicit signaling each occurrence. |
| 67 | ἁγιασμός / ἅγιος (hagiasmos/hagios, sanctification sense) | 6:19,22 | sanctification, holiness (process) | sanctification | qulqullina | Medium | Must be kept distinct from justification (#51): progressive transformation, not the initial forensic declaration. |
| 68 | πνεῦμα (τὸ Πνεῦμα, dominant Holy-Spirit sense) | ch.8 (~20x) | the Spirit | the (Holy) Spirit | Hafuura Qulqulluu | Critical | Saturation use in ch.8 makes consistent full-form use non-negotiable (see #4). |
| 69 | υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) | 8:15,23 | adoption | adoption (as sons) | ilma godhamuu | High | Cultural anchor exists (guddifachaa, Oromo customary adoption/fostering), but NT sense (adoption by the sovereign God, with inheritance) exceeds it in dignity — must be taught as such. |
| 70 | Ἀββά (Abba) | 8:15 | Abba (Aramaic “father”) | Abba, Father | Abbaa | Low | Retain as intimate address; natural fit with Oromo “Abbaa.” |
| 71 | δόξα (doxa) | 8:18,30, 11:36 | glory | glory | ulfina | Medium | Must carry eschatological glorification weight, not only social honor/respect. |
| 72 | προγινώσκω / προορίζω (proginōskō/proorizō) | 8:29-30 | foreknow / predestine | foreknow, predestine | duraan beeku / duraan murteessuu | High | Contested sovereignty-vs-free-will doctrine; no inherited Oromo theological vocabulary — avoid fatalistic reading (risk of merging with traditional fate/ayyaana-destiny concepts) or reduction to mere foresight. Anchors “Election and the Sovereignty of God.” |
| 73 | ἐντυγχάνω (entynchanō) | 8:34 | intercede | intercede | araara kadhachuu | Medium | Christ’s/Spirit’s ongoing advocacy. |
| 74 | ἀγάπη θεοῦ (agapē theou) | 8:35,39, ch.5,12 | love of God | love of God | jaalala Waaqayyoo | Medium | Foreground unbreakable, sovereign covenantal love over romantic/affectionate associations. |
| 75 | Ἰσραήλ (Israēl) | ch.9-11 | Israel | Israel | Israaʼel | Medium | Doctrinal handling required for “not all Israel is Israel” (9:6) distinguishing covenant-election from mere ethnic descent — anchors “Future of Israel.” |
| 76 | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός (eklogē/eklektos) | 9:11, 11:5,28 | selection / chosen | election, elect | filannoo Waaqayyoo / filatamaa | Critical | Filannoo readily suggests human-centered deliberative choice/voting in ordinary Oromo usage, risking reversal of agency direction (God choosing vs. God being chosen). Anchors “Election and the Sovereignty of God.” |
| 77 | ἔλεος (eleos) | 9:15-16,23; 11:30-32 | mercy | mercy | araara / gara-laafina | Medium | Compassionate favor to the undeserving, contrasted with wrath (#39). |
| 78 | σκληρύνω / πωρόω (sklērynō/pōroō) | 9:18, 11:7,25 | harden | harden | jabeessuu (garaa) / gogsuu | High | Divine-agency-in-hardening is theologically delicate; must hold together with human culpability (ch.9-10). |
| 79 | κεραμεύς/σκεῦος (kerameus/skeuos) | 9:20-23 | potter/vessel | potter/vessel | suphee-hojjetaa / meeshaa | Medium-High | Sovereignty-of-Creator metaphor; same sensitivity as #78. |
| 80 | ὑπόλειμμα/κατάλειμμα (hypoleimma/kataleimma) | 9:27, 11:5 | remnant | remnant | hambaa | Medium | Consistent rendering across ch.9 and ch.11. |
| 81 | ὁμολογέω (homologeō) | 10:9-10 | confess openly | confess | dhugaa baʼuu | Medium | Retain public, verbal-declaration sense. |
| 82 | κήρυγμα/κηρύσσω (kērygma/kēryssō) | 10:14-15 | proclaim | preach, proclamation | lallaba / lallabuu | Low | Same family as #10, #83. |
| 83 | ἐπικαλέομαι τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου (epikaleomai to onoma kyriou) | 10:13 | call upon the name of the Lord | call on the name of the Lord | maqaa Gooftaa waamuu | Medium | Relational appeal, not incantation. |
| 84 | ἐγκεντρίζω (enkentrizō) | 11:17,19,23-24 | graft in | graft in | maruu (biqiltuu) | Medium | Familiar farming practice (helpful anchor); must preserve Gentiles-grafted-into-Israel direction to avoid supersessionist misreading. |
| 85 | ἐλαία/κλάδος (elaia/klados) | 11:16-24 | olive tree/branch | olive tree/branch | ejersa / damee | Low | Literal terms preferred for fidelity. |
| 86 | πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους (pōrōsis apo merous) | 11:25 | partial hardening | partial hardening | jabina garaa (garii irratti) | High | ”Partial and temporary” qualifiers doctrinally essential, must not be dropped. |
| 87 | μυστήριον (mystērion) | 11:25 | mystery (revealed secret) | mystery | icciitii | Medium | Distinguish from “unsolvable puzzle”; it is now disclosed. |
| 88 | πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται (pas Israēl sōthēsetai) | 11:26 | all Israel will be saved | all Israel will be saved | Israaʼel guutuun ni fayya | Critical | Scope of “all Israel” is a major interpretive fork (individual/national/elect-remnant); curriculum must present ambiguity transparently, not resolve it silently. |
| 89 | ἀμεταμέλητα χαρίσματα (ametamelēta charismata) | 11:29 | irrevocable gifts | irrevocable gifts and calling | kennaa Waaqayyoo kan hin deebiʼamne | Medium | Irrevocability point essential to Israel’s future hope; reinforces #6 lexical split. |
| 90 | θυσία ζῶσα (thysia zōsa) | 12:1 | living sacrifice | living sacrifice | aarsaa jiraataa | Medium | Waaqeffannaa has its own animal-sacrifice ritual — useful bridge, but must be taught as metaphorical, whole-life, non-atoning (Christ’s sacrifice, #52, already atoned). |
| 91 | ἀνακαίνωσις τοῦ νοός (anakainōsis tou noos) | 12:2 | renewal of the mind | renewal of the mind | haaromsa sammuu | Low-Medium | Ongoing sanctification mechanism (#67). |
| 92 | σῶμα Χριστοῦ (sōma Christou) | 12:4-5 | body of Christ | body of Christ | dhagna Kiristoos | Medium | Figurative/ecclesial; distinct from literal-body senses (#17 etc.). Anchors “Christian Living and Unity.” |
| 93 | φιλοξενία (philoxenia) | 12:13 | love of strangers | hospitality | keessummeessuu | Low | Strong existing Oromo cultural value; positive bridge. |
| 94 | ἐξουσία (exousia) | 13:1-7 | authority | (governing) authority | taayitaa / mootummaa | High | Politically sensitive in contemporary Ethiopian/Oromo context; avoid enabling uncritical submission to unjust regimes while conveying the ordained-order point. |
| 95 | πλήρωμα νόμου (plērōma nomou) | 13:10 | fulfillment of the law | fulfillment of the law | guutuu seeraa | Medium | Love as summation of the moral law (#45). |
| 96 | ὁ ἀσθενῶν τῇ πίστει (ho asthenōn tē pistei) | 14:1 | weak in faith | weak in faith | kan amantiin isaa laafaa | Medium | Must not be heard as contempt-term; Paul’s point is patient acceptance. |
| 97 | βασιλεία θεοῦ (basileia theou) | 14:17 | kingdom of God | kingdom of God | mootummaa Waaqayyoo | High | Mootummaa is the everyday word for civil government/state, heavily loaded in contemporary Ethiopian federal/Oromia politics; must be taught as God’s spiritual reign, explicitly not a political entity. |
| 98 | πρόσκομμα/σκάνδαλον (proskomma/skandalon) | 14:13,20-21 | stumbling block | stumbling block | gufuu | Low | Causing a weaker believer to sin through one’s liberty. |
| 99 | κοινός (koinos) | 14:14 | common; (ritually) unclean | unclean (food) | xuraaʼaa | Medium | Keep distinct from #43 (moral impurity) and #46 (circumcision) purity-categories; this occurrence is food-specific. |
| 100 | λειτουργός/ἱερουργέω (leitourgos/hierourgeō) | 15:16 | cultic minister / perform priestly service | minister, priestly service | tajaajilaa Waaqayyoo / aarsaa dhiʼeessuu | High | Same cultic-register sensitivity as #28; Paul’s apostolic ministry framed priestly. |
| 101 | προσφορά τῶν ἐθνῶν (prosphora tōn ethnōn) | 15:16 | offering of the Gentiles | offering of the Gentiles | kennaa saboota | Medium | The Gentile church itself as an acceptable offering to God. |
| 102 | διάκονος (diakonos) | 16:1 | servant, deacon | servant, deacon | tajaajiltuu (fem.) | Medium | Phoebe’s ministry role/office; gender-accurate, role-neutral rendering — flag for denominational/pastoral teaching guidance on office implications. |
| 103 | φίλημα ἅγιον (philēma hagion) | 16:16 | holy kiss | holy kiss | dhungoo qulqulluu | Medium | Culturally-coded greeting custom; teach function (warm, pure familial greeting) allowing culturally adapted practice, not literal mandate. |
Notes on Baseline Governance
- This glossary is the first and therefore authoritative Oromo TRI term bank for Romans. All 103 entries above are locked renderings for any future Oromo curriculum unless a formal revision is documented and propagated.
- Terms flagged Critical (#1, #4, #5, #36, #51, #52, #68, #76, #88) require mandatory theological framing/teaching notes wherever they occur in downstream curriculum materials (lesson content, quizzes, sermons) — they may not be used as bare, unglossed vocabulary.
- Terms flagged High require at minimum a one-sentence doctrinal clarification at first occurrence per lesson unit.
- Script convention (Qubee), vowel-length doubling, and gemination conventions established in
07_semantic_analysis.mdapply to every entry in this glossary and to all future Oromo TRI packages.
Critical Risk Terms
Theos God
Approved rendering: Waaqayyo
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Foundational (Godhead) — undergirds all ten doctrines
Rejected alternatives: Waaqa (bare, unqualified)
Inherited from Romans package. Pre-Christian Waaqeffannaa sky-deity term; always anchor with relational/Trinitarian modifiers (‘Waaqayyo Abbaa keenya’); never leave bare.
Pneuma Spirit General
Approved rendering: hafuura
Transliteration: pneuma
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Human spirit / breath / wind sense; disambiguate with possessive (hafuura koo) when NOT referring to the Holy Spirit.
Pneuma Hagion Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Hafuura Qulqulluu
Transliteration: to Pneuma to Hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare Hafuura
Inherited from Romans package. MANDATORY full form at every occurrence, especially ch.8 (~20x); never abbreviate.
Charis Grace
Approved rendering: ayyaana
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Rejected alternatives: coined neologism (rejected to preserve century-long translation continuity)
Inherited from Romans package. Collides with Waaqeffannaa guardian-spirit/emanation concept. MANDATORY collocation ‘ayyaana Waaqayyoo’; never bare.
Dikaiosyne Theou Righteousness Of God
Approved rendering: qajeelummaa Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: coined neologism (rejected — no resonance with existing Oromo Bible tradition, worse for continuity)
Inherited from Romans package. Single highest-stakes rendering in the letter; primarily an ethical-behavioral term in ordinary Oromo.
Dikaioo Dikaiosis Justify Justification
Approved rendering: qajeelchuu (verb) / qajeelfama (noun)
Transliteration: dikaioō / dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: coined neologism (rejected — zero resonance in existing tradition)
Inherited from Romans package. Doctrinal center of the letter; sustained contrast with qulqullina (sanctification) mandatory.
Hilasterion Propitiation
Approved rendering: araara (+ gloss ‘aarsaa araaraa’)
Transliteration: hilastērion
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Rejected alternatives: direct transliteration of hilastērion (rejected — wholly opaque, no cultural anchor)
Inherited from Romans package. No Oromo cultural equivalent for the OT mercy-seat concept; explanatory apparatus mandatory.
Eklogewe Eklektos Election
Approved rendering: filannoo (Waaqayyoo) / filatamaa
Transliteration: eklogē / eklektos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Filannoo’ suggests human deliberative choice; MANDATORY agency-direction clarifier every occurrence.
Pas Israel Sothesetai All Israel Saved
Approved rendering: Israaʼel guutuun ni fayya
Transliteration: pas Israēl sōthēsetai
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Scope of ‘all Israel’ must be presented transparently, not silently resolved.
Sadatokkummaa Trinity
Approved rendering: Sadatokkummaa Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: (descriptive coinage; no Greek single-word source — cf. Matt 28:19, 2 Cor 13:14 pattern implicit in Rom 1:1-4 Father/Son/Spirit sequence)
Doctrine: Foundational (Godhead) — relevant to Romans 1:1-4’s Father/Son/Spirit sequence
Rejected alternatives: borrowing a foreign loanword for ‘Trinity’ (rejected — would be even less anchored than a transparent Oromo descriptive coinage)
Newly added for TM completeness, carried over from analysis/04_comparative_theology.md’s book-independent baseline. Must always be explained at first occurrence, never assumed; kept visually/lexically distinct from ayyaana language to avoid tritheistic or spirit-plurality misreadings.
High Risk Terms
Charisma Spiritual Gift
Approved rendering: kennaa hafuuraa
Transliteration: charisma
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone; Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Rejected alternatives: ayyaana (rejected — would conflate grace itself with a gift of grace)
Inherited from Romans package. Deliberate lexical split from ayyaana; maintain through ch.12.
Doulos Slave Bondservant
Approved rendering: garba
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: hojjetaa (rejected — too weak, loses total-ownership sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Historical chattel-slavery trauma association; requires explicit voluntary/honored-bondservice framing.
Sarx Flesh
Approved rendering: foon
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt; Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Ordinary word = meat; must gloss neutral (descent/body) vs. negative (sin-dominated) sense at each key occurrence.
Horizo Declared Appointed
Approved rendering: ifatti mul’ifame / murtaa’e
Transliteration: horistheis
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Rejected alternatives: taasifame (rejected — risks implying Jesus ‘became’ Son, adoptionism)
Inherited from Romans package. Must mean ‘shown/declared to be’, not ‘made to be’.
Pneuma Hagiosynes Spirit Of Holiness
Approved rendering: Hafuura qulqullina
Transliteration: pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Hebraic genitive; tied to Spirit-collision risk.
Hypakoe Pisteos Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ajajamuu amantii irraa dhufu
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone; The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Frames whole epistle (echoed 16:26); must clarify obedience as faith’s fruit, not works-basis.
Soteria Salvation
Approved rendering: fayyina / fayyisuu
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation; Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Inherited from Romans package. Root means physical healing; must teach full justification+sanctification+glorification scope.
Ek Pisteos Eis Pistin Faith To Faith
Approved rendering: amantiin, gara amantiitti
Transliteration: ek pisteōs eis pistin
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Preserve the Greek’s own interpretive ambiguity; do not resolve it in translation.
Dikaios The Righteous One
Approved rendering: qajeeltuu / qajeelaa
Transliteration: dikaios
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Read as ‘reckoned/declared righteous’, not ‘morally good person’.
Paradidomi Gave Over
Approved rendering: dabarsee kenne
Transliteration: paredōken
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Rejected alternatives: dhiise (rejected — too weak, implies mere passive permission)
Inherited from Romans package. Judicial abandonment, not passive permission.
Apolytrosis Redemption
Approved rendering: furamuu
Transliteration: apolytrōsis
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Union with Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Must tie to slavery theme and price-paid (blood), not merely ‘being freed’.
Logizomai Reckon Credit
Approved rendering: herrega galuu / lakkaaʼamuu
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: taasifame (rejected — implies transformation, not accounting/crediting)
Inherited from Romans package. Preserve accounting/crediting sense underlying imputation.
Katakrima Condemnation
Approved rendering: murtii balleessaa
Transliteration: katakrima
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Precise forensic antonym of justification.
Adam Typology
Approved rendering: Addaam
Transliteration: Adam
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Rejected alternatives: coined native concept-term (rejected — would falsely imply the concept already existed in Oromo thought)
Inherited from Romans package. Federal headship has no parallel in Oromo customary legal thought; requires teaching, not lexical substitution.
Syn Christo Compounds
Approved rendering: Kiristoos wajjin… (fixed phrasal template)
Transliteration: syn-Christō
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: free variation waliin/cinaa (rejected — inconsistent across translators)
Inherited from Romans package. No single-word Oromo equivalent; consistent phrasal template mandatory across ch.6 and 8.
Doulos Hamartias Dikaiosynes Slave Of Sin Righteousness
Approved rendering: garba cubbuu / garba qajeelummaa
Transliteration: doulos hamartias / dikaiosynēs
Doctrine: Union with Christ; Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Frames the whole human race as ‘slaves’; doubly sensitive given Oromo slavery history.
Nomos Tou Noos Tes Hamartias Law Of Mind Sin
Approved rendering: seera sammuu / seera cubbuu
Transliteration: nomos tou noos / tēs hamartias
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Metaphorical, non-Mosaic uses; explicit signaling required at each occurrence.
Huiothesia Adoption
Approved rendering: ilma godhamuu
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit; Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: guddifachaa (rejected as PRIMARY rendering — imports bounded customary-law inheritance/clan expectations that would limit NT’s cosmic scope; retained only as a teaching bridge)
Inherited from Romans package.
Proginosko Proorizo Foreknow Predestine
Approved rendering: duraan beeku / duraan murteessuu
Transliteration: proginōskō / proorizō
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. No inherited Oromo theological vocabulary; avoid fatalistic or foresight-only readings.
Skleryno Poroo Harden
Approved rendering: jabeessuu (garaa) / gogsuu
Transliteration: sklērynō / pōroō
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Must hold divine agency and human culpability together.
Porosis Apo Merous Partial Hardening
Approved rendering: jabina garaa (garii irratti)
Transliteration: pōrōsis apo merous
Doctrine: The Future of Israel; Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Partial and temporary’ qualifiers doctrinally essential; must not be dropped.
Exousia Governing Authority
Approved rendering: taayitaa / mootummaa
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Politically sensitive in contemporary Ethiopian/Oromia context; avoid enabling uncritical submission to unjust regimes.
Basileia Theou Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: mootummaa Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: basileia (theou)
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Mootummaa’ heavily politically loaded in contemporary Ethiopian/Oromia context; must be taught as spiritual reign, not political entity.
Leitourgos Hierourgeo Priestly Ministry
Approved rendering: tajaajilaa Waaqayyoo / aarsaa dhiʼeessuu
Transliteration: leitourgos / hierourgeō
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: gargaaraa bare (rejected — flattens cultic register to generic helper)
Inherited from Romans package.
Aarsaa Sacrifice Generic
Approved rendering: aarsaa
Transliteration: thysia (generic)
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Newly added for TM completeness (not a standalone glossary row in prior documents, but used as an explanatory gloss component for hilastērion #ROM-070 and thysia zōsa #ROM-097). Waaqeffannaa’s own repeatable ritual-sacrifice term; every Christian use must contrast Christ’s singular, sufficient, once-for-all sacrifice against Waaqeffannaa’s repeatable, occasion-specific aarsaa.
Guddifachaa Customary Adoption Reference
Approved rendering: guddifachaa
Transliteration: (Oromo customary-law term, not a Greek-source term)
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit; Union with Christ
Newly added for TM completeness. NOT the primary rendering of huiothesia (see huiothesia_adoption) — retained in the TM only as an approved TEACHING BRIDGE/illustration term, never as a substitute translation, since it imports bounded customary inheritance/clan expectations narrower than the NT’s cosmic adoption scope.
Medium Risk Terms
Kyrios Lord
Approved rendering: Gooftaa
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Inherited from Romans package. Also used of human masters; apply YHWH-level weight via fixed collocation ‘Gooftaa keenya Yesus Kiristoos’.
Apostolos Apostle
Approved rendering: ergamaa
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Also means ‘angel’; use fixed collocation ‘Ergamaa Kiristoos Yesus’ for the apostolic office.
Kletos Called
Approved rendering: waamamaa
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from social ‘invitation’; implies divine initiative and irrevocability (ch.8-9,11).
Huios Theou Son Of God
Approved rendering: Ilma Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Inherited from Romans package. Ontological deity-claim needs catechetical reinforcement; no Waaqeffannaa category of co-equal Son.
Ethne Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: saboota (neutral) / ormaa (Jew-Gentile contrast)
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: The Future of Israel; The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Ormaa’ insulated from present-day Ethiopian inter-ethnic sensitivities.
Agapetos Beloved
Approved rendering: jaalatamtoota (Waaqayyoo)
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Must carry covenantal, not romantic, weight.
Pistis Faith Believe
Approved rendering: amantii / amanuu
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Amantii’ also means ‘religion’; must be taught as personal trust/reliance, not affiliation.
Latreuo Serve Worship
Approved rendering: tajaajiluu (Waaqayyoo)
Transliteration: latreuō
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: gargaaruu (rejected — loses cultic/worshipful weight)
Inherited from Romans package.
Hellen Barbaros Greek Barbarian
Approved rendering: Giriikota fi warra biyya alaa (Giriikii hin taane)
Transliteration: Hellēn/barbaros
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: warra badaa/warra qaroo (rejected — imports value-laden civilized/savage binary)
Inherited from Romans package.
Dynamis Theou Power Of God
Approved rendering: humna Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: dynamis (theou)
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Always tie explicitly to fayyina (salvation).
Orge Theou Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: dheekkamsa Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: orgē (theou)
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Righteous judicial wrath, not capricious deity-temper.
Asebeia Adikia Impiety Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: Waaqa tuffachuu / jal’ina
Transliteration: asebeia / adikia
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Jal’ina’ must connect as antonym of qajeelummaa.
Eikon Image
Approved rendering: fakkii / bifa
Transliteration: eikōn
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish idol-image from positive imago Dei sense.
Akatharsia Impurity
Approved rendering: xurii
Transliteration: akatharsia
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Risk of ritual-purity-taboo mapping rather than moral corruption.
Nomos Law
Approved rendering: seera
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Modifier-mandatory: seera Musee / seera cubbuu / seera sammuu.
Peritome Circumcision
Approved rendering: dhagna qabaa / dhagna hin qabamiin
Transliteration: peritomē / akrobystia
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Metaphorical heart-circumcision must be marked spiritual, not comment on physical custom.
Syneidesis Conscience
Approved rendering: qalbii
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Isolate moral-witness function from broad heart/mind sense.
Hamartia Sin
Approved rendering: cubbuu
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Supplement teaching for sin-as-enslaving-power sense (ch.6).
Erga Nomou Works Of Law
Approved rendering: hojii (seeraa)
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Must stand in clear opposition to amantii (faith).
Haima Blood
Approved rendering: dhiiga
Transliteration: haima
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Sacrificial-atoning significance must be explicitly taught.
Katallage Reconciliation
Approved rendering: araara / walitti araarsuu
Transliteration: katallagē / katallassō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Keep relational-outcome sense distinct from hilastērion’s sacrificial-mechanism sense.
Ho Palaios Anthropos Old Self
Approved rendering: namummaa dulloomaa
Transliteration: ho palaios anthrōpos
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Judicially-terminated identity, not merely ‘old habits’.
Hagiasmos Sanctification
Approved rendering: qulqullina
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept distinct from justification (qajeelfama) — progressive, not forensic.
Doxa Glory
Approved rendering: ulfina
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Must carry eschatological glorification weight, not only social honor.
Entynchano Intercede
Approved rendering: araara kadhachuu
Transliteration: entynchanō
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Ongoing advocacy, not a fresh atoning act.
Agape Theou Love Of God
Approved rendering: jaalala (Waaqayyoo)
Transliteration: agapē (tou theou)
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Foreground unbreakable covenantal love over romantic association.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israaʼel
Transliteration: Israēl
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Not all Israel is Israel’ (9:6) requires careful non-supersessionist handling.
Eleos Mercy
Approved rendering: araara / gara-laafina
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from hilastērion-family araara by context.
Hypoleimma Kataleimma Remnant
Approved rendering: hambaa
Transliteration: hypoleimma / kataleimma
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Consistent across ch.9 and ch.11.
Homologeo Confess
Approved rendering: dhugaa baʼuu
Transliteration: homologeō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Retain public, verbal-declaration sense.
Epikaleomai Call On The Name
Approved rendering: maqaa Gooftaa waamuu
Transliteration: epikaleomai to onoma kyriou
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Relational appeal, not incantation.
Enkentrizo Graft In
Approved rendering: maruu (biqiltuu)
Transliteration: enkentrizō
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Preserve Gentiles-grafted-INTO-Israel direction against supersessionism.
Mysterion Mystery
Approved rendering: icciitii
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Revealed secret, not unsolvable puzzle.
Ametameleta Charismata Irrevocable Gifts
Approved rendering: kennaa (Waaqayyoo) kan hin deebiʼamne
Transliteration: ametamelēta (charismata)
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Irrevocability essential to Israel’s future hope.
Thysia Zosa Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: aarsaa jiraataa
Transliteration: thysia zōsa
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Waaqeffannaa sacrificial-ritual bridge; must teach metaphorical, non-atoning, whole-life sense.
Soma Christou Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: dhagna Kiristoos
Transliteration: sōma Christou
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Must be clearly figurative/ecclesial, distinct from literal-body senses.
Pleroma Nomou Fulfillment Of Law
Approved rendering: guutuu seeraa
Transliteration: plērōma (nomou)
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package.
Ho Asthenon Te Pistei Weak In Faith
Approved rendering: kan amantiin isaa laafaa
Transliteration: ho asthenōn (tē pistei)
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Rejected alternatives: dadhabaa/laafaa bare (rejected — carries shame-coded contempt connotation)
Inherited from Romans package. Must not be heard as a contempt-term; descriptive, not derogatory.
Koinos Unclean Food
Approved rendering: xuraaʼaa
Transliteration: koinos
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Keep distinct from akatharsia (moral impurity) and peritomē (circumcision) purity-categories; this is food-specific.
Prosphora Ton Ethnon Offering Of Gentiles
Approved rendering: kennaa (saboota)
Transliteration: prosphora (tōn ethnōn)
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package.
Diakonos Servant Deacon
Approved rendering: tajaajiltuu (feminine agentive form)
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Gender-accurate, role-neutral; flag for denominational/pastoral guidance on office implications.
Philema Hagion Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: dhungoo qulqulluu
Transliteration: philēma hagion
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Teach function (warm, pure greeting), allow culturally adapted practice; not a literal mandate.
Krima Krisis Judgment
Approved rendering: murtii
Transliteration: krima / krisis
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Impartiality-of-God theme; do not confuse with mere human court proceedings without qualification.
Epithymia Disordered Desire
Approved rendering: hawwii (hamaa)
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Must be qualified as disordered/sinful, not desire in general.
Soma Tou Thanatou Body Of Death
Approved rendering: dhagna duʼaa
Transliteration: sōma tou thanatou
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s anguished cry over indwelling sin’s power, not a statement about mortality alone.
Low Risk Terms
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yesus Kiristoos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Inherited from Romans package. Established transliteration; no native equivalent sought.
Euangelion Gospel
Approved rendering: wangeela
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: oduu gaarii (rejected — flattens technical weight to generic good news)
Inherited from Romans package. Established loanword.
Prophetes Prophet
Approved rendering: raajii
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Foundational (Scripture)
Inherited from Romans package.
Graphai Hagiai Holy Scriptures
Approved rendering: Katabbiiwwan Qulqulluu
Transliteration: graphai hagiai
Doctrine: Foundational (Scripture)
Inherited from Romans package. Consistent with ‘Macaafa Qulqulluu’.
Hagios Holy
Approved rendering: qulqulluu
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish positional (status) vs. ethical/experiential (process) holiness.
Sperma Seed
Approved rendering: sanyii
Transliteration: sperma
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Inherited from Romans package.
Pater Father
Approved rendering: Abbaa
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Foundational (Godhead)
Inherited from Romans package.
Adelphoi Brothers
Approved rendering: obboloota
Transliteration: adelphoi
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Gender-inclusive in ordinary usage.
Ktisis Creation
Approved rendering: uumama
Transliteration: ktisis
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Consistent ch.1 and ch.8.
Kauchaomai Boast
Approved rendering: boonuu
Transliteration: kauchaomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Important at 3:27, 4:2, 5:2-3, 11.
Baptisma Baptism
Approved rendering: cuuphaa / cuuphamuu
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Established Oromo Christian term.
Zoe Aionios Eternal Life
Approved rendering: jireenya bara baraa
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Inherited from Romans package.
Abba Father Address
Approved rendering: Abbaa, Yaa Abbaa koo!
Transliteration: Abba ho patēr
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Natural filial-intimacy convergence.
Kerygma Kerysso Proclaim
Approved rendering: lallaba / lallabuu
Transliteration: kērygma / kēryssō
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package.
Elaia Klados Olive Tree Branch
Approved rendering: ejersa / damee
Transliteration: elaia / klados
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Literal terms preferred for fidelity.
Metamorphoo Schematizo Transformed Conformed
Approved rendering: geeddaramuu / fakkeeffamuu
Transliteration: metamorphoō / schēmatizō
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package.
Philoxenia Hospitality
Approved rendering: keessummeessuu
Transliteration: philoxenia
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package. Strong existing Oromo cultural value; positive bridge.
Proskomma Skandalon Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: gufuu
Transliteration: proskomma / skandalon
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package.
Hypomone Endurance
Approved rendering: obsa
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package.
Synergos Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: hojjetaa waliin hojjetu
Transliteration: synergos
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Inherited from Romans package.
Gnostos Known Natural Revelation
Approved rendering: wanta Waaqayyo irratti beekamu
Transliteration: gnōstos
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Inherited from Romans package. Establishes ‘without excuse’ basis of universal guilt.
Mele Members
Approved rendering: kutaalee dhagnaa
Transliteration: melē
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Inherited from Romans package. Metaphorical battlefield of indwelling sin (ch.7).
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Aphorismenos Set Apart
Approved rendering: addaan baafame
Transliteration: aphōrismenos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Must not be read as social ostracism.
Anastasis Resurrection
Approved rendering: duʼaa kaʼuu (warra duʼan keessaa)
Transliteration: anastasis (nekrōn)
Doctrine: Foundational (Christology)
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain literal bodily event, not metaphor for renewal.
Eirene Peace
Approved rendering: nagaa
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Objective reconciled status before God (5:1), not only subjective calm.
Kosmos World
Approved rendering: addunyaa
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Check sense per occurrence.
Thelema Theou Will Of God
Approved rendering: fedhii Waaqayyoo
Transliteration: thelēma (theou)
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package.
Karpos Fruit
Approved rendering: ija (hojii)
Transliteration: karpos
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Metaphorical outcome, not literal produce.
Opheiletes Debtor
Approved rendering: dirqama qaba
Transliteration: opheiletēs
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: liqeessaa (rejected — implies literal monetary debt)
Inherited from Romans package.
Epangelia Promise
Approved rendering: abdii waadaa / waadaa
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Inherited from Romans package. Reserve for divine covenant-promise.
Opsonion Wages
Approved rendering: mindaa
Transliteration: opsōnion
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Inherited from Romans package. Contrast rhetorically with the free gift (charisma).
Anakainosis Tou Noos Renewal Of Mind
Approved rendering: haaromsa sammuu
Transliteration: anakainōsis (tou noos)
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Inherited from Romans package.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Kerameus Skeuos Potter Vessel
Approved rendering: suphee-hojjetaa / meeshaa
Transliteration: kerameus / skeuos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Sovereignty-of-Creator metaphor; same sensitivity as hardening.