Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Established loanword; conveys a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Established loanword with low syncretism risk; comparatively straightforward in Filipino Christian usage.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call that secures the salvation of the called; not swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate).

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  God's sovereign personal choice, not swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate), common folk-fatalistic framing for how life outcomes are determined.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Non-Jews; established, transliterated Bible term.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Unmerited favor must be distinguished from utang na loob, the deeply held Filipino social value of a debt of gratitude requiring repayment.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Never frame grace as utang na loob, the deeply held Filipino social value of a debt of gratitude that obligates repayment through loyalty and reciprocal favor.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Imputed Righteousness

  Righteousness credited by God, not earned.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Proper name; established form.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  Literally 'being declared without guilt.' Compound phrase required; conveys the forensic, legal-declaration sense the doctrine needs.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive, loving care; never reduced to bahala na (fatalistic resignation).

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive, loving care; never reduced to bahala na, the Filipino fatalistic-resignation posture of simply letting outcomes happen without expecting a personal, purposive Governor behind them.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  Right standing before God received by faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Folk-Catholic practice can treat salvation as mechanically secured through receiving the sacraments apart from genuine faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Kaligtasan is the established term, but folk-Catholic practice can treat salvation as mechanically secured through receiving the sacraments (baptism, confession, last rites) apart from genuine faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires OT/NT background teaching; comparatively low direct cultural-analogue risk in the Filipino context.

  ROM.11.17-24