Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Utusan (a directly commissioned, sent-out messenger) is used instead of rasul, which in the surrounding Islamic-majority context refers specifically to the line of major messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk of drifting toward rasul, the Islamic term reserved for the line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad; utusan keeps the sent-one sense without that specific religious freight.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Katimbalan (being personally summoned, drawn from Javanese court protocol for a ruler summoning a subject) conveys a personal, relational call.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the state of being called.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, not merely social association within a village ritual community.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  A relational, binding bond initiated by God; needs context to carry more weight than an ordinary negotiated agreement.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Established Indonesian-archipelago Bible proper-name form.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit OT background teaching; the closest cultural analogue, a wahyu-legitimized royal line, actually risks importing the wrong (impersonal, transferable) framework rather than clarifying the covenant's relational, promise-based nature.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: Co-equal, eternal divine nature; not a wahyu-elevated ruler or a spiritually attained state achievable by any devotee.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's personal call must be distinguished from wahyu, the impersonal mystical mandate-light Javanese tradition holds can legitimize a ruler's authority.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: use panyuwunan for entreaty and pitutur for building up in encouragement.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Pitados functions reasonably well for personal trust once the object of faith, Christ, is clearly specified in context.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Object of faith must always be specified as Christ.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, deeper than ordinary friendship (kekancan).

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear, one-time historical fulfillment (OT to NT), not the recurring cyclical pattern of Javanese prophetic tradition (as in the Jayabaya prophecies), where figures and eras are expected to recur.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  Never use wahyu (a transferable charismatic mandate-light) or kasekten (earned spiritual potency) for divine glory.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: The compound joins the Javanese honorific Gusti (lord/master) with Allah.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Injil is well established across both Javanese Muslim and Christian usage; the remaining task is keeping its content specific to the proclamation of salvation through Christ rather than a generic term for religious teaching.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Established term shared across Indonesian-archipelago Christian usage.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Christ's humanity was fully real physical existence, not a temporary manifestation as sometimes described in Javanese wayang stories of gods appearing among mortals.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Imputed Righteousness

  Righteousness credited by God, not earned.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on a distinct human nature, once.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: NEVER use manunggaling kawula gusti, the central Javanese mystical teaching (traced to Syekh Siti Jenar and embedded broadly in kejawen and Javanese Sufi thought) that the human self and the Divine become indistinguishably fused through spiritual attainment.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  Distinguish God-breathed Scripture from primbon (the Javanese astrological-divination almanac tradition) and from esoteric teachings passed down through mystical lineages (guru-murid transmission).

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  CRITICAL: Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic framing of Jesus as one prophet among a line culminating in Muhammad.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  Compound phrase required; no single Javanese word carries the forensic sense of being declared, not made, righteous.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  Mosaic Law, anchored to Toret (Torah) specifically.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  In Romans 10:9 the confession 'Jesus is Lord' = Gusti Yesus punika Gustinipun.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  Romans 10:9's confession is the salvation-defining statement.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: Never use Satrio Piningit (the 'hidden knight' of Javanese Jayabaya prophecy, expected to arise and restore justice to Java).

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Must not be conflated with Satrio Piningit, the 'hidden knight' of Jayabaya's Javanese prophecy expected to restore justice to Java.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Proclamation of the gospel; kept concrete and action-focused rather than borrowing institutional religious-propagation language.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Framed as proclamation of a person, kept distinct from institutional religious-propagation language that could read as competing with Islam's own dominant position in Javanese society.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; minimal doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience that flows from faith, not ritual compliance performed to secure slametan-style protection or favor.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5 and 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  CRITICAL: Never use kasekten, the pervasive Javanese concept of magical or spiritual potency attributed to a sacred keris, an ascetic, or a wahyu-legitimized ruler.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  CRITICAL: Panguwaosipun Gusti Allah required; never kasekten, the pervasive Javanese concept of magical or ascetic-earned potency attributed to sacred objects and empowered rulers.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration, distinct from primbon (the Javanese astrological-numerological divination almanac tradition).

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  God's spokesperson; do not confuse with dhukun (a traditional Javanese folk healer or diviner).

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: Never use titisan (the Javanese belief that an ancestor's or deity's spiritual quality is reborn or manifested in a later descendant or chosen figure, often invoked in royal-legitimacy narratives) or reinkarnasi.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  Never use kasampurnan (a state of spiritual perfection attained through Javanese mystical ascetic practice).

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  All believers are saints; not a venerated elite comparable to the Wali Songo, whose tombs are visited for blessing.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Kaslametan is the established, linguistically natural term, but it shares its root with slametan, the ritual meal held to secure protection from misfortune and spirits.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Kaslametan is the linguistically natural word for salvation (from slamet, safe) and is the term established Javanese Bibles use, but it shares its root with slametan, the communal ritual meal held to ward off misfortune and secure protection from ancestral and territorial spirits.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not be confused with the ascetic withdrawal (tapa, tirakat) practiced in Javanese mysticism to attain spiritual perfection.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Dosa is shared vocabulary across Javanese Muslim and Christian usage, so it must be anchored to moral transgression against a personal God, not left as cemer (ritual impurity or uncleanness).

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: Full phrase required.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Eternal, unique Sonship, not a titled royal descendant or a mystically fused devotee.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for service, not kasekten (magical or ascetic-earned potency).

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for service, never kasekten (magical or ascetic-earned spiritual potency).

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term; minor risk of blending into generic slametan-style ritual gratitude.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity stands equally guilty before a personal God, without exception for spiritually advanced ascetics or wahyu-legitimized rulers.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No ethnic, social, or caste-like priyayi/wong cilik class barrier to the gospel; must retain unqualified universality.

  ROM.1.16