Passage
Romans 1
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Glossary Term
Apostle
Established Vietnamese Bible term; conveys a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one.
ROM.1.1
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Doctrine
Apostleship
Established term with low syncretism risk; comparatively straightforward in Vietnamese Christian usage.
ROM.1.1
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Glossary Term
Called
Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Glossary Term
Calling
Never conflate with số phận (fixed fate/destiny), a common folk framing for a person's life path.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Doctrine
Christian Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.12
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Glossary Term
Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God; needs context to carry more weight than an ordinary negotiated agreement.
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
David
Established Vietnamese Bible proper-name form.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Davidic Covenant
Requires OT background teaching; no directly competing folk concept, so risk is primarily unfamiliarity rather than syncretism.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Deity of Christ
CRITICAL: Co-equal, eternal divine nature; not a deified historical hero (as venerated at folk temples) or an enlightened teacher.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Divine Calling
God's personal call must be distinguished from số phận (fixed fate/destiny), a common folk framing.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Glossary Term
Exhort
Context-sensitive: use khuyên nài for entreaty and khích lệ for building up in encouragement.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Faith
Personal trust in Christ; well-established term with comparatively low ambiguity risk.
ROM.1.17
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Glossary Term
Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.17
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Glossary Term
Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Fulfillment of Prophecy
Linear, one-time historical fulfillment (OT to NT), not the cyclical time-frame of Buddhist cosmology.
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Glory
God's radiant honor and majesty; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
God
The established 1926 Protestant Bible term incorporates Trời (Heaven/Sky), the indigenous Vietnamese folk concept of a supreme cosmic authority, into a compound with Đức Chúa (Lord).
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Gospel
Well established as both the theological term and the common Vietnamese name for Protestantism; must still be anchored to the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Gospel
Established Vietnamese Protestant Bible term ('good news'); so established that 'Tin Lành' is itself the common Vietnamese name for Protestantism generally.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Humanity of Christ
Christ's humanity was fully real physical existence, not a temporary manifestation as in stories of deities or bodhisattvas appearing in human form.
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
Imputed Righteousness
Righteousness credited by God, not earned.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Incarnation
CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on human nature, once.
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
Incarnation
CRITICAL: NEVER use hóa thân alone, the standard Vietnamese Buddhist term for a bodhisattva's or deity's manifestation into a body, understood as one instance among many possible manifestations.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Inspiration of Scripture
Distinguish God-breathed Scripture, given through chosen human authors, from Buddhist sutras transmitted through enlightened teachers' insight, and from Confucian classics transmitted through sage tradition.
ROM.1.2
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Glossary Term
Jesus
CRITICAL: Standard Vietnamese Protestant Bible form since the 1926 Bản Dịch Truyền Thống.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Justification
The forensic declaration of right standing.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Law
Mosaic Law; standard, well-established term with no significant unwanted folk-religious connotation.
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Lord
In Romans 10:9 the confession 'Jesus is Lord' = Đức Chúa Giê-xu là Chúa.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Lordship of Christ
Romans 10:9's confession is the salvation-defining statement.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Messiah
Transliterated term; the unique, exclusively fulfilled OT promise.
ROM.1.3-4
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Doctrine
Messianic Promise
Vietnamese religious tradition has no rival messianic figure; teaching should connect this term to its OT roots rather than guard against a competing concept.
ROM.1.3-4
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Glossary Term
Mission
Proclamation-focused rendering; kept descriptive rather than borrowing institutional religious-propagation language.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
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Doctrine
Mission to the Nations
Kept proclamation-focused rather than borrowing institutional religious-propagation language.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
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Doctrine
Mutual Edification
Building one another up in faith; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Obedience of Faith
Obedience flowing from faith, not đạo hiếu (Confucian filial duty, obedience owed by hierarchical role).
ROM.1.5
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Glossary Term
Obedience Of Faith
Romans 1:5 and 16:26.
ROM.1.5
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Glossary Term
Power Of God
God's own power to save; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Power of God for Salvation
God's own power to save; well-established term with comparatively low syncretism risk.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Prophecy
God-inspired declaration; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Prophet
God's spokesperson; do not confuse with thầy bói (a fortune-teller), a figure still consulted in Vietnamese folk practice.
ROM.1.2
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Glossary Term
Resurrection
CRITICAL: NEVER use sự đầu thai or luân hồi (rebirth/reincarnation into a new existence within the cycle of samsara, central to Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist cosmology).
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Resurrection of Christ
CRITICAL: Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Righteousness
Right standing before God received by faith.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Sainthood (Called to be Holy)
All believers are saints; not a class of deified historical heroes (như Thánh Trần) worshipped at folk temples (đền).
ROM.1.7
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Doctrine
Salvation
CRITICAL: Never sự giải thoát (liberation from the cycle of rebirth, the central Buddhist soteriological goal).
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER use sự giải thoát (liberation from the cycle of rebirth, the central goal in Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist practice).
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Seed Of David
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Separation unto God's Service
Must not be confused with entering monastic Buddhist life (xuất gia) as the primary model of devoted service; biblical separation is devoted service to God within ordinary life.
ROM.1.1
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Glossary Term
Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God, not nghiệp xấu (bad karma, an impersonal cause-and-effect concept from Buddhist teaching).
ROM.1.18
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Glossary Term
Son Of God
CRITICAL: Full phrase required.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Sonship of Christ
CRITICAL: Eternal, unique Sonship, not a title claimed by a deified ancestor or folk-hero spirit.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Spiritual Gifts
Spirit-given enablements for service; well-established term with comparatively low syncretism risk.
ROM.1.11
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Glossary Term
Spiritual Gifts
Spirit-given enablements for service; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.11
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Doctrine
Thanksgiving
Standard term; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
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Glossary Term
Thanksgiving
Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
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Doctrine
Universal Human Accountability
All humanity stands equally guilty before a personal God; must be retained without softening into a graded karmic or ancestral-merit scale.
ROM.1.18
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Doctrine
Universal Scope of the Gospel
No ethnic, regional, or ancestral-lineage barrier to the gospel; must retain unqualified universality.
ROM.1.16