Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Stable, shared term across all Dutch Bible traditions.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Stable, established term; minimal risk of reduction to a generic teacher role.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  'Roeping' is also the ordinary Dutch word for career/life calling ('onderwijzer is mijn roeping'), a homonym-flattening risk similar to German 'Berufung'.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ; 'gemeenschap' also plainly means secular community, requiring context to keep the koinonia sense specific.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Dutch Reformed dogmatics has an unusually developed and technical covenant theology ('verbondsleer' — covenant of works, covenant of grace), more systematized here than in most other national traditions, making this term more doctrinally load-bearing than a simple relational-vs-contract note would suggest.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Standard proper name form across all Dutch traditions.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Dutch Reformed federal theology ('verbondsleer') is unusually developed and systematized compared to most national traditions, making covenant vocabulary here more doctrinally load-bearing than a simple relational-vs-contract note would suggest.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature must not be softened into a merely divinely inspired human figure.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  'Roeping' collides with the ordinary secular career-vocation sense, requiring context to keep the divine-initiative meaning clear.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: 'vermanen' leans toward admonish/warn; use 'aansporen' (urge on/encourage) for the building-up sense.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ, not generic pluralistic religiosity.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  The Netherlands is one of the most secularized countries in Western Europe; 'geloof' increasingly reads as a generic, pluralistic term for any religion rather than assumed Christian content.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  The Apostles' Creed's 'gemeenschap der heiligen' (communion of saints) is the classic confessional phrase; 'gemeenschap' is also the ordinary secular word for community (e.g.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT to NT); low OT literacy among secular readers requires explicit cross-referencing.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  God's radiant presence and honor.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  The Netherlands is among the most secularized nations in Europe, with the religiously unaffiliated now the largest single group; 'God' is increasingly encountered as cultural-historical vocabulary rather than a live personal claim for many readers.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Stable term shared across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles; the word itself is not disputed, though the Netherlands' strong secularization means content can no longer be assumed as common knowledge.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Shared, stable term across Reformed (Statenvertaling) and Catholic (Willibrordvertaling) Dutch Bibles.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Real physical human nature; no competing illusionist worldview in Dutch culture.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  Well-established doctrinal term; risk is register choice (vleeswording vs.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  Reformed Dutch tradition prefers this vivid native compound (cf.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  Distinguish God-breathed Scripture from a purely historical-critical academic reading, common in Dutch university theology faculties.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  Stable across all Dutch traditions.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: 'rechtvaardiging door het geloof' is a core confessional term; Heidelberg Catechism Lord's Day 23 (Q&A 60-61) is devoted entirely to this doctrine, making it unusually load-bearing in Dutch Reformed catechesis specifically.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  Capitalize as 'de Wet' for Torah/Mosaic law to distinguish from everyday civil 'wet'.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  Romans 10:9 'Jezus is Heer.' Modern Dutch has shifted the everyday polite title to 'meneer', leaving 'Heer' more exclusively religious/formal register than German 'Herr' — a lower but still present flattening risk.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  Romans 10:9's confession must not read as one lord among several; 'Heer' retains more exclusively religious register in modern Dutch than German 'Herr' does, but the exclusive-Lordship claim still requires deliberate, unqualified rendering.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  The specific Jewish OT concept fulfilled exclusively in Jesus must not be flattened into a generic moral teacher, a real drift risk given widespread biblical illiteracy.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Dutch has a dedicated theological word ('zending', 'zendingswerk', 'zendeling' = missionary) distinct from generic 'missie', giving it a cleaner semantic field than most languages in this batch, though it still carries Dutch colonial-era missionary history (VOC-era Dutch East Indies missions).

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Dutch 'zending' has a cleaner theological semantic field than most languages in this batch, though it still carries Dutch East Indies-era colonial missionary history.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience flowing from faith, not works-based obedience earning standing before God.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5, 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  Sovereign, saving capability.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  'Kracht' conveys sovereign capability.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  God's spokesperson.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  Bodily, historical, once-for-all event; no competing reincarnation folk-concept in Dutch culture.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  Bodily, historical, once-for-all event; chief risk is secular naturalism reading it as metaphor.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: 'gerechtigheid van God' (Romans 1:17) is a right standing given and credited through faith, not human moral virtue ('deugd').

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  Catholic 'de heiligen' (canonized saints) versus the Reformed sense of all believers is a live fault line that follows the Netherlands' own historic Catholic-south/Reformed-north geographic divide.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  HIGH RISK: a genuine three-way register split (verlossing / behoud / zaligheid) means the choice of word signals tradition and generation as much as meaning; reviewers must confirm the chosen register fits the passage and audience.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  HIGH RISK: Dutch has a three-way register split.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Statenvertaling's literal 'uit het zaad Davids' is now archaic; modern 'zaad' primarily denotes literal or clinical seed.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not collapse into monastic withdrawal; biblical separation is devotion to God while remaining engaged in ordinary life.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  HIGH RISK, distinctly Dutch: the dominant everyday sense of 'zonde' is now 'a pity/waste' ('dat is zonde!', 'zonde van het eten'), almost completely divorced from moral transgression in casual speech — a stronger version of the pan-European sin-word-drift-to-pity pattern also seen in German and Swedish.

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: full phrase required, conveying eternal, unique Sonship.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: eternal, unique Sonship, not adoptive or metaphorical sonship as in ordinary human adoption.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Small but growing Dutch Pentecostal (Pinkstergemeenten) streams and traditional Reformed churches read gifts language differently; keep gifts explicitly grace-given, not natural talent.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  'Genadegaven' (grace-gifts) ties the gifts explicitly to grace, the more precise Reformed rendering.

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  HIGH RISK: universal guilt before God is directly undercut if 'zonde' is read in its now-dominant colloquial sense of 'a pity/waste' rather than culpable moral transgression, a stronger drift than in most other languages in this batch.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No ethnic or national barrier to the gospel; retain unqualified universality without softening.

  ROM.1.16