Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Matthew 1–28
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the full book of Matthew (chs. 1–28) and the core passage (Matthew 5:1-12). Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json reuse the baseline English rendering exactly, marked “(baseline reuse)” in the Status column; risk tiers for reused terms are inherited from baseline unless a Matthew-specific additional risk factor is noted. New terms follow the same three-category risk methodology: false-friend drift, denominational contest, and obsolescence/cultural erosion.
Risk tier definitions are identical to the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json: Critical and High require human theologian review; Medium requires native-speaker review; Low requires automated review only.
Master Glossary Table
| # | Term (English rendering) | Original / Transliteration | Status | Risk | Primary Chapters | Doctrine(s) | Rendering Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | blessed | μακάριος / makarios | New | High | 5:1-12 | Kingdom of Heaven | Contemporary “#blessed” social-media usage flattens a declared status of divine favor into a claim of visible good luck/fortune. |
| 2 | poor in spirit | πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι / ptōchoi tō pneumati | New | High | 5:3 | Kingdom of Heaven; Righteousness | Risk of literal-economic-poverty misreading (denominational contest with Luke’s parallel) or “low morale” misreading; neither is humble dependence on God. |
| 3 | kingdom of heaven | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν / basileia tōn ouranōn | New (linked to baseline kingdom_of_god) | High | 3–5; 13; 18–25 (throughout) | Kingdom of Heaven | Matthew-specific phrase; risk that “heaven” language reduces the Kingdom to an exclusively future, post-mortem destination, losing the present in-breaking dimension. |
| 4 | meek | πραεῖς / praeis | New | High | 5:5 | Kingdom of Heaven; Discipleship | Contemporary English “meek” connotes weakness/timidity — nearly inverted from the biblical sense of strength held under control. |
| 5 | mercy / merciful | ἔλεος, ἐλεήμονες / eleos, eleēmones | New | Medium | 5:7; 9:13; 12:7; 18:33 | Righteousness | Risk of reduction to a passive feeling or a legal-courtroom “mercy of the court” sense rather than active, costly, imitative practice. |
| 6 | pure in heart | καθαροί τῇ καρδίᾳ / katharoi tē kardia | New | Medium-High | 5:8 | Kingdom of Heaven | Contemporary evangelical “purity culture” narrows this to sexual purity specifically; broader undivided-devotion sense must be restored. |
| 7 | peacemakers | εἰρηνοποιοί / eirēnopoioi | New | Medium | 5:9 | Kingdom of Heaven | Cross-reference baseline peace; minor secular-branding collision (firearm nickname), largely low-impact. |
| 8 | children of God (plural) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ / huioi theou | New (distinguish from baseline son_of_god) | Medium | 5:9 | Discipleship | Must not be conflated with Christ’s unique, singular “Son of God” title (Critical baseline term); this is derivative/adoptive family status. |
| 9 | persecuted | δεδιωγμένοι / dediōgmenoi (διώκω) | New | High | 5:10-12; 10 | Discipleship; Cost of Following | Culture-war weaponization inflates trivial friction to “persecution,” while comfortable Western contexts risk trivializing real hostility; both misreadings are live. |
| 10 | reward | μισθός / misthos | New | High | 5:12; 10:41-42; 19:27-29 | Discipleship; Kingdom of Heaven | Consumer loyalty-rewards culture risks a salvation-by-merit misreading of grace-grounded eschatological recompense. |
| 11 | gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13 | Kingdom of Heaven | Baseline rendering reused exactly; combined here with “of the kingdom” (see #3). |
| 12 | faith | πίστις / pistis | (baseline reuse) | High (baseline) | 8:10; 9:22; 14:31; 15:28; 17:20; 21:21 | Discipleship; Authority | Baseline false-friend risk (generic optimism) reused; centurion’s faith (8:10) recognizes delegated chain-of-command authority specifically. |
| 13 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | (baseline reuse) | Critical (elevated from baseline’s High, given curriculum’s named doctrine) | 5:6, 5:10, 5:20, 6:33 | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | Baseline’s forensic sense must be held together with Matthew’s added practiced/ethical sense (lived justice); risk of collapsing either into the other, or into competitive moral one-upmanship at 5:20. |
| 14 | salvation / save | σῴζω / sōzō | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 1:21; 8:25; 9:22; 14:30; 27:42 | (background to all doctrines) | Baseline generic-rescue dilution risk reused; object of salvation (sin, 1:21) must stay explicit. |
| 15 | apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 10:1-4 | Great Commission | Baseline rendering reused exactly. |
| 16 | called / calling | κλητός, κλῆσις / klētos, klēsis | (baseline reuse) | High/Critical (baseline; see also #37 election) | 22:14 | Judgment; Kingdom of Heaven | Baseline agency-direction note applies; also intersects with election (22:14). |
| 17 | holy | ἅγιος / hagios | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | throughout (Holy Spirit) | (background) | Baseline rendering reused exactly. |
| 18 | saints | ἅγιοι / hagioi | (baseline reuse) | High (baseline) | 27:52 | Resurrection | Baseline denominational-contest note (canonized-few vs. all-believers) applies; note the bodily-resurrection-of-saints detail (27:52-53) is itself a historically debated textual/interpretive point. |
| 19 | resurrection | ἀνάστασις / anastasis | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 22:23-33; 27:52-53; 28 | Judgment; End of the Age | Baseline rule: state plainly as historical fact, not metaphor. |
| 20 | Lord | κύριος / kyrios | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 7:21-22; 8:2,8; 21:3; 22:44 | Messiah/Son of David; Authority | Baseline near-obsolescence-in-lived-authority risk reused; especially acute at 22:44 (Ps. 110 messianic “Lord” debate). |
| 21 | Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ / huios theou | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 3:17; 4:3,6; 14:33; 16:16; 26:63; 27:40,43,54 | Messiah/Son of David | Baseline rendering reused exactly; must be distinguished from plural “children/sons of God” (#8). |
| 22 | incarnation | (ho logos sarx egeneto — theological label) | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 1:18-23 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | Baseline rendering reused exactly. |
| 23 | peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 5:9; 10:34 | Kingdom of Heaven; Discipleship | Baseline “world peace/inner peace” dilution risk reused; also used contrastively at 10:34 (“not peace but a sword”). |
| 24 | church | ἐκκλησία / ekklēsia | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 16:18; 18:17 | Church and Church Discipline | Baseline post-Christian institutional-erosion risk reused; additionally, “on this rock” (16:18) is a centuries-long denominational contest point requiring transparent handling. |
| 25 | kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ / basileia tou theou | (baseline reuse; cf. #3) | Medium (baseline)/High (Matthew usage) | 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43 | Kingdom of Heaven | Baseline rendering reused exactly where Matthew itself uses this exact phrase (distinct from but synonymous with “kingdom of heaven,” #3). |
| 26 | law | νόμος / nomos | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 5:17-18; 7:12; 22:36-40; 23:23 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Righteousness | Baseline rendering reused exactly; central to the “fulfill, not abolish” claim (5:17). |
| 27 | sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | (baseline reuse) | High (baseline) | 1:21; 18:15; 26:28 | Righteousness; Church Discipline | Baseline trivialization/guilt-aversion risk reused; additionally collides with conflict-avoidance culture at 18:15 (church discipline). |
| 28 | Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη / ethnē | (baseline reuse; nuance at #45) | Medium (baseline) | 4:15; 10:5-6,18; 12:18,21; 20:19; 21:43; 24:9,14 | Great Commission; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Baseline rendering reused exactly for the Jew/non-Jew contrastive sense; see #45 for the distinct “all nations” inclusive sense in the Great Commission. |
| 29 | glory | δόξα / doxa | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 6:13 (doxology, some mss); 16:27; 17:2; 19:28; 24:30; 25:31 | Judgment; Messiah | Baseline “glory days/glory hound” dilution risk reused; central to Transfiguration (17:2) and Son of Man’s return (24:30; 25:31). |
| 30 | David | Δαυίδ / Dauid | (baseline reuse) | Low (baseline) | 1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45 | Messiah and Son of David | Baseline rendering reused exactly; most frequently recurring proper name tied to a specific doctrine in this curriculum. |
| 31 | Israel | Ἰσραήλ / Israēl | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 2:6,20-21; 8:10; 9:33; 10:6,23; 15:24,31; 19:28; 27:9,42 | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Baseline rendering reused exactly; baseline’s note on contemporary geopolitical sensitivity applies. |
| 32 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | throughout | Messiah and Son of David | Baseline rendering reused exactly; name-meaning (“the LORD saves,” 1:21) is itself load-bearing. |
| 33 | God | θεός / theos | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | throughout | (background to all) | Baseline rendering reused exactly. |
| 34 | Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον / Pneuma Hagion | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 1:18,20; 3:11,16; 4:1; 12:28,31-32; 28:19 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Great Commission | Baseline rendering reused exactly. |
| 35 | Father | Πατήρ / Patēr | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 3:17; 5:16,45,48; 6:9; 7:11; 26:39,42 | Discipleship | Baseline rendering reused exactly. Note: Matthew’s Gospel does NOT contain the Aramaic term “Abba” (contrast Mark 14:36); Matthew’s Gethsemane account (26:39) reads simply “my Father” — this absence should be noted explicitly rather than assumed. |
| 36 | Messiah / Christ | Χριστός / Christos | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 1:1,16-17; 2:4; 11:2-3; 16:16,20; 22:42; 23:10; 24:5,23; 26:63,68; 27:17,22 | Messiah and Son of David | Baseline rendering reused exactly; most doctrinally central recurring term in the book after “kingdom of heaven.” |
| 37 | election / chosen | ἐκλεκτοί / eklektoi | (baseline reuse) | Critical (baseline) | 22:14; 24:22,24,31 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Baseline political-voting false-friend risk reused; genuine denominational contest (Reformed/Arminian) over the call/election distinction at 22:14. |
| 38 | seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ (conceptual; cf. “Son of David”) | (baseline reuse) | Medium (baseline) | 1:1-17 | Messiah and Son of David | Baseline rendering reused exactly, alongside the more frequent Matthean phrase “Son of David” (#39). |
| 39 | Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ / huios Dauid | New (linked to baseline seed_of_david/davidic_covenant) | Medium | 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42 | Messiah and Son of David | Requires OT Davidic-covenant background most readers lack beyond the David-and-Goliath story; recurring messianic-acclamation title. |
| 40 | fulfilled / fulfillment | πληρόω / plēroō | New | High | 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:56; 27:9 | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | Contemporary self-actualization “fulfillment” false-friend; also collides with academic historical-critical skepticism about retrofitted proof-texting. |
| 41 | authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | New | High | 7:29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 21:23-27; 28:18 | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | Negative abuse-of-power secular framing risks priming suspicion toward any unique-authority claim; must distinguish self-authenticating divine authority from coercive political power. |
| 42 | Pharisees / scribes | Φαρισαῖοι / γραμματεῖς | New | High | 5:20; 9:11; 12:2,24,38; 15:1-9; 16:1; 19:3; 22:15,34-46; 23 (throughout) | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | Risk of cartoon-villain flattening and, given church history, of feeding anti-Jewish/supersessionist misreadings; requires the same care as baseline’s unity_of_jews_and_gentiles. |
| 43 | binding and loosing | δέω / λύω (deō/lyō) | New | High | 16:19; 18:18 | Church and Church Discipline | Contemporary occult/“binding spell” pop-culture associations risk a magical-power misreading of this rabbinic judicial idiom. |
| 44 | disciple(s) / make disciples | μαθητής / mathētēs; μαθητεύω / mathēteuō | New | Medium-High | 5:1; 10:1; 28:19 | Great Commission; Discipleship | Contemporary “follow”-adjacent secular dilution (“a disciple of an ideology”) flattens committed apprenticeship into loose ideological fandom. |
| 45 | nations / all nations | ἔθνη / ethnē (Great Commission sense) | New (distinguish from #28) | Medium | 28:19 | Great Commission | Distinct from baseline gentiles’ Jew/non-Jew contrastive sense; here means “all peoples inclusively,” Israel included. |
| 46 | baptize / baptism | βαπτίζω, βάπτισμα / baptizō, baptisma | New | Critical | 3:6,11,13-17; 28:19 | Great Commission | Deep, live denominational contest over mode (immersion/sprinkling) and effect (symbolic vs. regenerative); Trinitarian formula (28:19) must remain consistent across all curriculum documents. |
| 47 | judgment | κρίσις / krisis | New | High | 5:21-22; 7:1-2; 12:36,41-42; 23:33 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Collides directly with the strong contemporary non-judgmentalism idiom “don’t judge” — especially acute at 7:1’s “judge not.” |
| 48 | end of the age | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος / synteleia tou aiōnos | New | High | 13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Contemporary doomsday-pop-culture trivialization/sensationalism risks displacing Jesus’ sober theological framing. |
| 49 | eternal life / eternal punishment | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος | New | High | 19:16,29; 25:41,46 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Marketing-diluted “eternal” (skincare, memorials) risks softening the weight of eternal punishment specifically; must not be hedged per baseline’s no-softening rule. |
| 50 | great tribulation | θλῖψις μεγάλη / thlipsis megalē | New | High | 24:21 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Genuine, live denominational contest (dispensational/amillennial timing debates), heavily shaped by popular dispensationalist fiction. |
| 51 | ”this generation” | ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη / hē genea hautē | New | High | 24:34 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Genuinely ambiguous referent (contemporaries / Jewish people / “this kind of generation”); note range of scholarly readings per Ambiguity Handling rule. |
| 52 | Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / huios tou anthrōpou | New | High | 8:20; 9:6; 12:8,40; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,22; 20:28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:2,24,45,64 | Messiah and Son of David; Judgment | Risk of a humanity-only reading; Daniel 7 background makes this one of Jesus’ highest authority-to-judge claims, not merely a humility marker. |
| 53 | ransom | λύτρον / lytron | New | High | 20:28 | Discipleship; (atonement, background) | Contemporary kidnapping/crime-drama association risks a criminal-transactional misreading of Christ’s voluntary self-gift. |
| 54 | take up his cross / cross | σταυρός / stauros | New | Critical | 10:38; 16:24 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | The idiom “we all have our cross to bear” is one of the most severe false-friend drifts in English, detached entirely from public, potentially fatal identification with Christ. |
| 55 | follow | ἀκολουθέω / akoloutheō | New | High | 4:19-22; 8:19,22; 9:9; 10:38; 16:24; 19:21,27-29 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | Social-media “follow” (passive, low-commitment, algorithmic) is a strong false-friend for costly, active, life-reorienting discipleship. |
| 56 | deny himself | ἀπαρνέομαι / aparneomai | New | Medium-High | 16:24 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | Pop-psychology framing of “self-denial” as unhealthy self-erasure risks either trivializing or pathologizing Jesus’ actual call. |
| 57 | worship | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | New | High | 2:11; 4:9-10; 14:33; 28:9,17 | Messiah and Son of David; Authority | Fandom/celebrity-”worship” secular dilution undercuts the exclusive-to-God claim being made of Jesus at each occurrence. |
| 58 | repent / repentance | μετανοέω / metanoeō | New | Medium | 3:2; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41 | Kingdom of Heaven | Pop-culture “doomsday sign-holder” caricature risks framing repentance as fearful groveling rather than hopeful reorientation. |
| 59 | wrath (to come) | ὀργή / orgē | New | High | 3:7 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Therapeutic non-judgmental culture resists divine-wrath language; risk of domesticating into “natural consequences” language. |
| 60 | perfect | τέλειος / teleios | New | High | 5:48; 19:21 | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | Perfectionism-culture connotations risk either despair (impossible standard) or dismissal; sense is wholehearted maturity, not flawlessness. |
| 61 | debts (forgive us our) | ὀφειλήματα / opheilēmata | New | Medium-High | 6:12 | Discipleship (Lord’s Prayer) | Contemporary literal financial-debt/credit-culture coding risks obscuring the sin-debt metaphor. |
| 62 | mammon | μαμωνᾷ / mamōna | New | Medium | 6:24 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | Untranslated loanword; obsolescence risk requiring a brief gloss (“wealth/money personified as a rival master”). |
| 63 | Sabbath | σάββατον / sabbaton | New | High | 12:1-14 | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | Genuine Sabbatarian/non-Sabbatarian denominational contest; also trivialized by secular “day off”/digital-detox culture. |
| 64 | blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα / blasphēmia eis to Pneuma | New | High | 12:31-32 | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching; Judgment | Well-documented pastoral-anxiety risk: sincere believers often wrongly fear they have committed this through a mere doubt or intrusive thought. |
| 65 | mysteries of the kingdom | μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας / mystēria tēs basileias | New | Medium | 13:11 | Kingdom of Heaven | Detective/thriller-genre “mystery” false-friend risks framing revelation as an intellectual puzzle to solve. |
| 66 | stumbling block / offense | σκανδαλίζω / skandalizō | New | High | 11:6; 13:57; 15:12; 18:6-9 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | English cognate “scandal” has narrowed to tabloid celebrity gossip, entirely displacing the serious sense of spiritual downfall. |
| 67 | keys of the kingdom | κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας / kleidas tēs basileias | New | Medium-High | 16:19 | Church and Church Discipline | Self-help “keys to success” idiom flattens a specific grant of delegated judicial/community authority; intersects with papal-primacy denominational contest. |
| 68 | greatest commandment: love | ἀγαπάω / agapaō | New | High | 22:37-40 | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | English “love” is dominated by romantic/casual-affection senses; must be restored as committed, willed, self-giving action, not primarily feeling. |
| 69 | render to Caesar | ἀπόδοτε Καίσαρι / apodote Kaisari | New | High | 22:21 | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | Frequently and selectively weaponized across the contemporary political spectrum; present the text’s actual, more limited point. |
| 70 | hypocrite | ὑποκριτής / hypokritēs | New | Low-Medium | 6:2,5,16; 15:7; 23:13-29 | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | Retains negative force in English (an asset), but the original “stage actor” image is lost and worth restoring. |
| 71 | crucify / crucifixion | σταυρόω / stauroō | New | High | 27:22-50 | (background to all doctrines) | Media-metaphorized “crucified” (“the critics crucified him”) dilutes the specific historical horror and atoning weight of the event. |
| 72 | blood of the covenant | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης / haima tēs diathēkēs | New (combines baseline covenant) | Critical | 26:26-28 | Church and Church Discipline (Lord’s Supper, adjacent) | Compounds baseline covenant legal-contract false-friend with the deep, historic Lord’s Supper denominational divide (real presence/sacramental/memorialist views). |
| 73 | ”as you did to the least of these” | τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου τοῖς ἐλαχίστοις / tois adelphois mou tois elachistois | New | Medium | 25:40,45 | Judgment and the End of the Age | Widely adopted in secular humanitarian rhetoric; risk of detachment from its specifically Christ-identified context. |
| 74 | teaching them to obey | τηρεῖν / tērein | New (cross-ref baseline obedience_of_faith) | High | 28:20 | Great Commission; Discipleship | Baseline caution about contemporary Western suspicion of “obedience” as servility applies directly. |
| 75 | all authority in heaven and earth | πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς | New (cross-ref #41) | High | 28:18 | Great Commission; Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | Climactic, universal-scope claim grounding the whole Great Commission; see #41 for rationale. |
Chapters Explicitly Reviewed with No New Load-Bearing Terms
- Matthew 14: No new theological vocabulary. Reuses
faith(ch. 5/8),compassion(ch. 9), andson_of_god(baseline) — see 07_semantic_analysis.md Ch. 14 note.
Summary Statistics
| Risk Tier | Count (this glossary) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian review |
| High | 30 | Human theologian review |
| Medium-High (treated as High for routing purposes) | 6 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 8 | Automated / native speaker review |
Total distinct terms catalogued: 75 (39 baseline-reused terms carried forward with Matthew-specific notes where applicable; 36 newly introduced terms specific to Matthew’s narrative and this curriculum’s nine assigned doctrines).
This glossary must be loaded alongside 07_semantic_analysis.md and the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 content generation for the Matthew curriculum. Where this glossary assigns a Matthew-specific risk tier that differs from or extends a baseline entry (e.g., righteousness elevated to Critical for this curriculum given its dedicated doctrine “Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees”), the higher tier governs routing for Matthew-curriculum content.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grace
Transliteration: grace
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: elegance/poise (the dominant secular sense), a grace period (the dominant legal/financial sense)
CRITICAL FALSE-FRIEND DRIFT and CRITICAL DENOMINATIONAL CONTEST as documented in the baseline. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew’s own vocabulary rarely uses the English word ‘grace’ explicitly, but the underlying doctrine undergirds parables of unmerited kingdom generosity (the workers in the vineyard, 20:1-16, all paid the same wage regardless of hours worked) and Jesus’ welcome of ‘sinners and tax collectors’ (9:10-13). Retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: righteousness
Transliteration: righteousness
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: self-righteous / holier-than-thou (dominant negative connotation)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum given the dedicated doctrine ‘Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees.’ Matthew’s usage carries a broader dual sense than Paul’s more narrowly forensic usage: both the righteousness God gives/requires as kingdom entrance AND the practiced, lived justice the Sermon demands (5:6,10,20; 6:33). At 5:20 the additional risk of a competitive moral-one-upmanship misreading must be corrected explicitly — Jesus calls for an entirely different, heart-level, grace-enabled righteousness, not simply outperforming religious rivals.
Justification
Approved rendering: justification
Transliteration: justification
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: justifying your answer / justifying an action (the near-universal everyday sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew’s Gospel does not itself use forensic ‘justification’ vocabulary as Paul does in Romans; retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency and because the underlying reality (right standing before God as gift, not achievement) undergirds Matthew’s own righteousness doctrine (5:20; 6:33).
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvation
Transliteration: salvation
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: being saved (contested denominational shorthand), rescue (too generic a gloss on its own)
Original: σῴζω / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus’ own name (Yeshua, ‘the LORD saves’) is programmatic at Matthew 1:21, ‘he will save his people from their sins’ — the object of salvation (sin itself) must stay explicit against a generic ‘Jesus rescues you from hard times’ misreading.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrection
Transliteration: resurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Easter (commercialized cultural holiday sense)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Matthew 22:23-33 (debate with the Sadducees) and climactically to Matthew 28; must be stated plainly as historical fact per baseline rule, especially given Matthew 28 is the Gospel’s climactic vindication of every prior claim about Jesus. Matthew’s unique 27:52-53 detail (saints raised at Jesus’ death) is itself a historically debated textual point.
Lord
Approved rendering: Lord
Transliteration: Lord
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: boss / master (loses exclusivity and worship-worthiness), a British Lord (aristocratic title sense)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Especially acute at Matthew 22:44, where Jesus’ own argument from Psalm 110 depends on the word ‘Lord’ still carrying force for the hearer — David’s own descendant is also David’s ‘Lord.’ Also appears at 7:21-22; 8:2,8; 21:3.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Son of God
Transliteration: Son of God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Confirmed at Jesus’ baptism (3:17), tested by Satan (4:3,6), confessed by Peter (16:16) and the centurion (27:54), and central to the Sanhedrin’s charge (26:63). Must be actively distinguished from Matthew’s plural ‘children of God’ (5:9, ordinary disciples) — see new children_of_god entry below — given the visual similarity of the English phrases.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: (theological label; cf. Matthew 1:18-23)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum. Matthew 1:18-23 names this reality ‘Immanuel… God with us,’ reprised at 28:20’s ‘I am with you always.’ Mostly encountered in Christmas-season contexts (a mild asset); risk of reduction to sentimental holiday reference rather than the ongoing theological claim.
Church
Approved rendering: church
Transliteration: church
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. ELEVATED EMPHASIS for this curriculum: Matthew 16:18’s ‘on this rock I will build my church’ is a centuries-long site of denominational contest (papal-primacy readings vs. readings identifying ‘the rock’ as Peter’s confession/faith or as Christ) requiring transparent handling per baseline Denominational Transparency Rules; reiterated in the church-discipline procedure of 18:15-20, which also collides with contemporary conflict-avoidance culture.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messiah
Transliteration: Messiah
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: a messiah complex (pop-psychology pejorative)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum. Matthew’s most doctrinally central recurring term after ‘kingdom of heaven’ (1:1,16-17; 2:4; 11:2-3; 16:16,20; 22:42; 26:63,68); casual readers frequently mishear ‘Christ’ as simply Jesus’ surname rather than a title, obscuring its Jewish-messianic-fulfillment claim.
Election
Approved rendering: election
Transliteration: election
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: an election (political-vote sense)
Original: ἐκλεκτοί / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 22:14’s ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ is the book’s sharpest instance of this term’s near-total political-voting false-friend capture, compounded by genuine Reformed/Arminian denominational contest; recurs at 24:22,24,31 describing ‘the elect’ gathered at the Son of Man’s return.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: everything happens for a reason (impersonal folk-spiritual idiom), Providence (the city in Rhode Island)
Inherited from Romans package. Echoed conceptually at Matthew 19:26 and 10:29-31 (God’s care even for sparrows); Matthew does not use a direct pronoia-family term, but the underlying doctrine of God’s personal, purposive governance is present throughout.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Jesus (as a casual interjection/expletive)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum. Jesus’ own name-meaning (‘the LORD saves,’ 1:21) is itself load-bearing for Matthew’s presentation of his saving mission; popular ‘historical Jesus’ framings quietly strip out the divine claims Matthew makes about him.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a higher power, the universe
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Holy Spirit
Transliteration: Holy Spirit
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: good vibes / positive energy
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum. Agent of Jesus’ conception (1:18,20), active throughout his ministry (3:16; 12:28), and named in the Great Commission’s baptismal formula (28:19); Matthew 12:31-32’s warning about blasphemy against the Holy Spirit requires careful pastoral framing — see new blasphemy_against_holy_spirit entry below.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: kingdom of heaven
Transliteration: basileia tōn ouranōn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: a fantasy realm (Tolkien-esque/‘Game of Thrones’ media association)
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Matthew’s distinctive phrase, ~32 occurrences, functionally synonymous with baseline kingdom_of_god). Contemporary English ‘heaven’ overwhelmingly denotes an exclusively future, post-mortem destination, collapsing Matthew’s present-and-future, already/not-yet Kingdom into a purely otherworldly afterlife concept. Must state explicitly, on first substantive use per document, that the kingdom of heaven is God’s present reign breaking into history now, not only a destination after death. This is the single highest-priority Kingdom term in the entire curriculum.
Baptism
Approved rendering: baptism
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Church
NEW TERM. John’s water-immersion rite of repentance (3:6,11), Jesus’ own baptism (3:13-17), and the Trinitarian baptismal formula (28:19). English-speaking Christian traditions are deeply and durably divided over both mode (immersion vs. sprinkling/pouring) and effect (symbolic act of obedience vs. means of regeneration/incorporation) — a genuine, live contest of the same severity as the baseline’s ‘grace’/‘being saved.’ State the curriculum’s own reading transparently at 28:19; per baseline Theological Consistency Rules, the Trinitarian formula’s exact wording must remain identical across every curriculum document.
Cross
Approved rendering: cross
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: we all have our cross to bear (near-universal secular idiom for any generic unpleasant burden)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. The Roman instrument of public criminal execution; ‘take up his cross’ (10:38; 16:24) requires total, public, potentially fatal identification with Jesus as the precondition of discipleship. The English idiom is one of the most severe false-friend drifts in the entire book, on the same order as the baseline’s ‘justification,’ and must never be left unexplained on first substantive use.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: blood of the covenant
Transliteration: to haima mou tēs diathēkēs
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper and the Blood of the Covenant
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Jesus’ interpretation of his coming death as the covenant-sealing sacrifice inaugurating the new covenant (26:26-28). Compounds baseline covenant’s legal-contract false-friend risk with the deepest, longest-running Lord’s Supper denominational divide (transubstantiation, real presence, spiritual presence, memorialist views) in English-speaking Christianity. State the curriculum’s own reading transparently and note the range of others.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: gospel
Transliteration: gospel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: good news (acceptable as an explanatory gloss, but should not fully replace ‘gospel’ since it loses the term’s proclamatory weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Comparatively stable: the idiom ‘gospel truth’ reinforces rather than undermines the word’s authoritative connotation. Main risk is confusing ‘the Gospels’ (the four books) with ‘the gospel’ (the message). Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO HIGH for Matthew because Matthew’s characteristic pairing ‘the gospel of the kingdom’ (4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13) compounds this term’s risk with kingdom_of_heaven’s future-only misreading risk.
Faith
Approved rendering: faith
Transliteration: faith
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: faith in humanity / a leap of faith (secularized idioms for generic optimism or an unsupported gamble)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Matthew frequently tied to recognizing Jesus’ authority (8:10, the centurion), not generic hopefulness; also appears in the Matthean coinage ‘little faith’ (oligopistos, 6:30; 8:26; 14:31; 16:8) describing wavering, not absent, trust.
Called
Approved rendering: called
Transliteration: called
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 22:14’s ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ intersects directly with ‘election’ below and is a genuine site of Reformed/Arminian denominational disagreement requiring transparent handling.
Calling
Approved rendering: calling
Transliteration: calling
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: finding your calling (career vocation discovered through introspection)
Inherited from Romans package. Less prominent as a distinct noun in Matthew’s own vocabulary than ‘called’ (see above); retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Holy
Approved rendering: holy
Transliteration: holy
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: holier-than-thou, holy cow / holy moly (content-free exclamations)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. In Matthew chiefly qualifies the Holy Spirit (1:18,20; 3:11; 12:32; 28:19) and, uniquely, the ‘holy ones’ raised at Jesus’ resurrection (27:52-53).
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew’s only explicit use is 27:52-53’s ‘holy ones’ raised at Jesus’ death and resurrection — a rare, historically debated textual/interpretive detail that should not be silently smoothed over. Baseline’s Catholic/Orthodox canonized-few vs. Protestant all-believers denominational contest note also applies.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: kingdom of God
Transliteration: kingdom of God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: a fantasy kingdom (media-fiction associations)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO HIGH for this curriculum given how load-bearing Kingdom language is throughout Matthew. Used interchangeably with Matthew’s more frequent ‘kingdom of heaven’ (12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43) — readers should be told explicitly these are the same reality in two idioms, not two different concepts. See new kingdom_of_heaven entry below for the primary Matthean phrase.
Law
Approved rendering: law
Transliteration: law
Doctrine: Fulfillment, Not Abolition, of the Law
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Jesus’ claim to ‘fulfill,’ not abolish, the Law and the Prophets (5:17-18) and to the greatest-commandment summary (22:36-40) and 7:12’s Golden Rule.
Sin
Approved rendering: sin
Transliteration: sin
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: sinfully delicious / my one sin (trivialized marketing usage)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Named as the specific object of Jesus’ saving mission at 1:21; at 18:15 (‘if your brother sins against you’) collides directly with contemporary conflict-avoidance culture, which resists the direct confrontation the church-discipline passage prescribes.
Glory
Approved rendering: glory
Transliteration: glory
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: glory days (nostalgic secular usage), a glory hound (pejorative self-seeking-attention usage)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Transfiguration (17:2) and the Son of Man’s promised return (24:30; 25:31).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obedience of faith
Transliteration: obedience of faith
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: blind obedience / just following orders
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to the Great Commission’s closing command, ‘teaching them to obey’ (28:20, see new entry below); contemporary Western suspicion of obedience as servility applies with equal force here.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophecy
Transliteration: prophecy
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: a self-fulfilling prophecy (secular psychological idiom)
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED TO HIGH for Matthew. Underlies Matthew’s repeated ‘fulfillment formula’ citations (see new fulfilled entry below) — Matthew’s single most pervasive doctrinal thread after the Kingdom of Heaven.
Covenant
Approved rendering: covenant
Transliteration: covenant
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: a restrictive covenant (real-estate/contract legal sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies both the Davidic covenant (1:1-17; 22:41-45) and, at the Last Supper, ‘my blood of the covenant’ (26:28) — see new blood_of_the_covenant entry below, which compounds this term’s legal-contract false-friend risk with the deepest Lord’s Supper denominational divide in English-speaking Christianity.
Father
Approved rendering: Father
Transliteration: Father
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. IMPORTANT MATTHEW-SPECIFIC NOTE: unlike Mark 14:36 and Romans 8:15, Matthew’s Gospel does NOT contain the Aramaic term ‘Abba’ — Matthew’s own Gethsemane account (26:39) reads simply ‘my Father.’ This absence should be stated explicitly whenever curriculum content cross-references the baseline abba entry, rather than assumed present in Matthew.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: imputed righteousness
Transliteration: imputed righteousness
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: earned righteousness / good-person status
Inherited from Romans package. Not a phrase Matthew’s own vocabulary uses; retained for cross-curriculum consistency given its direct relevance to how this curriculum frames Matthew’s own righteousness doctrine (see righteousness entry above) as gift, not achievement.
Blessed
Approved rendering: blessed
Transliteration: makarios / makarioi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven (Beatitudes)
Rejected alternatives: happy / lucky (flattens a declared status of divine favor into a subjective feeling or good fortune), #blessed (social-media hashtag usage for visible good fortune or humble-bragging)
Original: μακάριοι
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. A declared state of divine favor and eschatological well-being pronounced over a person, not a subjective feeling. Contemporary ‘#blessed’ usage inverts Matthew’s sense of a verdict pronounced over the poor, mourning, and persecuted rather than the visibly fortunate. Core passage (5:3-11) opening word; must never be rendered as mere ‘lucky’ or ‘happy.‘
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: poor in spirit
Transliteration: ptōchoi tō pneumati
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven (Beatitudes)
Rejected alternatives: literal economic poverty (denominational-contest risk with Luke 6:20’s unqualified ‘poor’), low morale / depressed (near-idiomatic ‘poor in spirits’ misreading)
Original: πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Spiritual destitution and total dependence on God, the entry condition for the kingdom of heaven (5:3). Neither competing English misreading (literal poverty; low morale) is Matthew’s sense of humble, empty-handed dependence on God.
Meek
Approved rendering: meek
Transliteration: praeis
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven (Beatitudes)
Rejected alternatives: weak / timid / spineless (dominant contemporary sense, nearly inverted from the biblical meaning)
Original: πραεῖς
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Strength held under deliberate control and submitted to God — used of Jesus himself (11:29; 21:5) and of Moses (Num. 12:3 LXX). Contemporary English ‘meek’ has drifted to mean weak or timid, nearly the opposite of the biblical sense of restrained strength; a false-friend risk comparable in severity to the baseline’s treatment of ‘righteous’ being misheard as smug rather than given.
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: pure in heart
Transliteration: katharoi tē kardia
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven (Beatitudes)
Rejected alternatives: sexual purity alone (a narrowing specific to 1990s-2000s evangelical ‘purity culture’ teaching)
Original: καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Wholehearted, undivided devotion and integrity of motive before God, not primarily ritual cleanness or sexual conduct. Must restore the broader sense of undivided devotion without dismissing sexual integrity as one legitimate application among others.
Persecuted
Approved rendering: persecuted
Transliteration: dediōgmenoi
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: minor social friction (‘I’m being persecuted’ over mild disagreement), dismissed fringe complaint (culture-war weaponization backlash)
Original: δεδιωγμένοι
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. Real hostility — from social ostracism to violent opposition — incurred for practicing Kingdom righteousness or allegiance to Jesus (5:10-12; ch. 10). Two opposite contemporary risks: comfortable-Western trivializing inflation vs. culture-war weaponized dismissal; both must be named.
Reward
Approved rendering: reward
Transliteration: misthos
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: loyalty rewards / cash-back rewards (consumer transactional sense, risks salvation-by-merit misreading)
Original: μισθός
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. God’s certain, gracious future vindication for faithful endurance — not commercial merit-wages, though Scripture does speak of differentiated future reward (5:12; 10:41-42; 19:27-29). Must state explicitly that this reward flows from grace and promise.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: fulfilled
Transliteration: eplērōthē / plēroō
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: finding fulfillment (self-actualization/personal-satisfaction sense)
Original: ἐπληρώθη / πληρόω
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Old Testament promise reaching intended completion in Jesus; Matthew’s repeated ‘fulfillment formula’ (1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:56; 27:9). Two risks converge: self-actualization false-friend, and popular historical-critical suspicion of retrofitted proof-texting, which should be named directly rather than ignored.
Authority
Approved rendering: authority
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. An inherent, self-authenticating right to command; the crowds’ astonishment (7:28-29) and Jesus’ climactic claim (28:18). Contemporary abuse-of-power secular framing primes suspicion toward any unique-authority claim; must distinguish Jesus’ self-authenticating, non-derivative authority from coercive political power.
Pharisees And Scribes
Approved rendering: Pharisees and scribes
Transliteration: Pharisaioi / grammateis
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
NEW TERM. Jewish religious-legal parties/experts, Jesus’ primary teaching foils (esp. chs. 15, 22-23). English retains a negative connotation for ‘Pharisee’ (a partial asset), but risks flattening a sophisticated, sincere first-century movement into a cartoon villain and, given the tragic history of Christian anti-Judaism, feeding supersessionist misreadings. State plainly that Jesus’ critique targets specific practices and hearts, not Judaism or Jewish people as such.
Binding And Loosing
Approved rendering: binding and loosing
Transliteration: dēsēs… lysēs
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: occult binding/banishing spells (contemporary pop-culture association)
Original: δήσῃς… λύσῃς
Category: Church
NEW TERM. A rabbinic judicial idiom for authoritative community judgment, given first to Peter (16:19) and then to the gathered church (18:18). Occult ‘binding spell’ pop-culture aesthetics risk a magical-power misreading entirely foreign to this judicial, community-authority sense.
Disciple
Approved rendering: disciple
Transliteration: mathētēs / mathēteuō
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: a disciple of minimalism/a diet trend (loose ideological-fandom secular usage)
Original: μαθητής / μαθητεύω
Category: Church
NEW TERM. A committed apprentice-follower of Jesus, distinct from the general crowd (5:1); called by name (10:1) and, in the Great Commission, to be made ‘of all nations’ (28:19). Matthew’s disciples leave livelihoods and family immediately (4:18-22) — this costly reorientation must be distinguished from casual secular ‘discipleship’ usage.
Judgment
Approved rendering: judgment
Transliteration: krisis
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: don’t judge me / who are you to judge (contemporary non-judgmentalism idiom)
Original: κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. God’s coming, definitive assessment of every life and deed (5:21-22; 7:1-2; 12:36,41-42; 23:33). Collides directly with the strong contemporary ‘judge not’ misreading at 7:1, which many readers seize on as a blanket prohibition of any moral evaluation — a reading Jesus himself undercuts later in the same chapter (7:6,15-20).
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: end of the age
Transliteration: synteleia tou aiōnos
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: doomsday/end-of-the-world meme culture (entertainment-coded apocalypticism)
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The decisive future point of harvest and judgment consummating history (13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20). Contemporary disaster-film and prepper-subculture trivialization risks displacing Jesus’ sober, pastoral framing.
Eternal Life And Punishment
Approved rendering: eternal life / eternal punishment
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios / kolasis aiōnios
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: eternal youth / eternal flame (marketing/nostalgic dilution of ‘eternal’)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The two final destinies of the sheep-and-goats judgment (25:46), paired by Matthew’s own Greek with the identical durational word, making them symmetrical. Baseline’s no-softening rule applies with particular pastoral force given how theologically consequential and sensitive this verse is.
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: great tribulation
Transliteration: thlipsis megalē
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: θλῖψις μεγάλη
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. An intense period of suffering preceding the end (24:21). Genuine, live denominational contest (dispensational pre/post-tribulation debates; amillennial/historic readings tying much of this to AD 70), heavily shaped by popular dispensationalist fiction. State the curriculum’s own reading and note the range of others.
This Generation
Approved rendering: this generation
Transliteration: hē genea hautē
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The interpretive crux of 24:34 — possibly Jesus’ contemporaries, the Jewish people generally, or ‘this kind of generation’ as a moral descriptor. Per the Ambiguity Handling rule, note the range of defensible readings rather than silently adopting one.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Son of Man
Transliteration: ho huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: a human being (humanity-only misreading)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Jesus’ most frequent self-designation, drawing on the exalted, judgment-and-authority-bearing figure of Daniel 7:13-14 (8:20; 9:6; 12:8,40; 16:13,27-28; 20:28; 24:27,30; 25:31; 26:64). The single greatest risk is treating this as emphasizing only Jesus’ humanity; the Daniel 7 background makes it one of Jesus’ highest self-claims to divine authority to judge and reign.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ransom
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: a kidnapping ransom payment (crime-drama association)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. The price paid to redeem or release a slave or captive; Jesus states his coming’s purpose, ‘to give his life as a ransom for many’ (20:28). Contemporary kidnapping/crime-drama association risks a criminal-transactional misreading of Christ’s voluntary, loving self-gift. Treat with the same theologian-review weight the baseline assigns to propitiation language.
Follow
Approved rendering: follow
Transliteration: akoloutheō
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: following an account (passive, low-commitment, algorithmic social-media sense)
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. Total discipleship allegiance, first commanded of Peter, Andrew, James, and John (4:19-22) at the cost of leaving livelihood and family immediately. Social-media ‘follow’ is now arguably as dominant and wrong a default sense as ‘justify’ is for justification; must be actively distinguished on first substantive use.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: deny himself
Transliteration: aparnēsasthō heauton
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: unhealthy self-erasure / codependency (pop-psychology negative framing)
Original: ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. Renouncing self-rule and self-preservation for Jesus’ sake, paired with cross-bearing (16:24). Contemporary pop-psychology culture risks either trivializing or pathologizing this call; state that Jesus calls for renouncing self-rule, not erasing personhood or dignity.
Worship
Approved rendering: worship
Transliteration: proskyneō
Doctrine: Deity of Christ and the Worship Due Him
Rejected alternatives: fans worship their idol (enthusiastic-admiration secular dilution)
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. An act of homage ranging from respectful courtesy to full religious worship of deity; rightly belonging to God alone (4:9-10) and rendered to Jesus at climactic moments (2:11; 14:33; 28:9,17). Must be restated at each occurrence against secular fandom dilution.
Wrath
Approved rendering: wrath
Transliteration: orgē
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: natural consequences (therapeutic domestication of divine wrath)
Original: ὀργή
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. God’s settled, righteous judicial response to sin, not an impulsive outburst; the coming judgment John warns of (3:7). Therapeutic non-judgmental culture resists this language; must be stated explicitly, not softened.
Perfect
Approved rendering: perfect
Transliteration: teleios
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: flawless performance (perfectionism-culture connotation)
Original: τέλειος
Category: Righteousness
NEW TERM. Completeness and maturity of character — wholehearted, comprehensive love including of enemies — not flawless moral performance; ‘be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect’ (5:48). Must be glossed as maturity/wholeness, not flawlessness, to avoid both despair and self-help dismissal.
Debts
Approved rendering: debts
Transliteration: opheilēmata
Doctrine: Prayer and the Lord’s Prayer
Rejected alternatives: trespasses (traditional liturgical variant, denominational-register friction)
Original: ὀφειλήματα
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. A financial-debt metaphor for moral/sin-debt in the Lord’s Prayer (6:12), tied directly to forgiving others (6:14-15). Contemporary literal financial-debt/credit-culture coding risks obscuring the sin-debt metaphor Jesus intends.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Sabbath
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over the Sabbath
Rejected alternatives: digital detox day off (secular self-care trivialization)
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. The weekly covenantal rest-day rooted in creation and the Exodus; Jesus claims authority as ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ (12:8). Genuine, ongoing Sabbatarian/non-Sabbatarian denominational contest among English-speaking Christians requires transparent handling.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Transliteration: blasphēmia eis to Pneuma
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit (the Unforgivable Sin)
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: God
NEW TERM. A settled, willful attribution of the Spirit’s clearly-evidenced work to Satan, foreclosing repentance — not a momentary doubt (12:31-32). Well-documented pastoral-care risk: sincere, anxious believers often wrongly fear they have committed this through an intrusive thought. Requires careful, explicitly reassuring framing alongside doctrinal accuracy.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: stumbling block
Transliteration: skandalizō
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: a scandal (tabloid celebrity-gossip sense, English cognate)
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. To be spiritually tripped up, caused to fall away or apostatize (11:6; 13:57; 15:12; 18:6-9). The English cognate ‘scandal’ has narrowed almost entirely to celebrity/political gossip, entirely displacing the serious biblical sense.
Keys Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: keys of the kingdom
Transliteration: tas kleidas tēs basileias
Doctrine: Binding and Loosing (Delegated Church Authority)
Rejected alternatives: the keys to success (self-help motivational idiom)
Original: τὰς κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Delegated authority to grant or withhold Kingdom access, drawing on ancient household-steward imagery, given to Peter (16:19). Self-help ‘keys to success’ idiom flattens a specific grant of judicial/community authority; intersects with the papal-primacy denominational contest.
Greatest Commandment Love
Approved rendering: love
Transliteration: agapēseis
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Rejected alternatives: I love pizza (romantic/casual-affection sense dominant in English)
Original: ἀγαπήσεις
Category: Righteousness
NEW TERM. Committed, willed, self-giving love — distinct from romantic or affectionate love — summarizing the whole Law as love of God and neighbor (22:37-40). English ‘love’ is one of the most overloaded, false-friend-prone words in the language and must be actively distinguished from feeling-based romantic love.
Render To Caesar
Approved rendering: render to Caesar
Transliteration: apodote… Kaisari
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἀπόδοτε… Καίσαρι
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Civic-obligation language distinguishing rightful civil authority from ultimate divine allegiance (22:21). Frequently and selectively weaponized across the contemporary political spectrum; present the text’s own, more limited point rather than any one political program’s later use of the verse.
Crucify
Approved rendering: crucify
Transliteration: stauroō
Doctrine: Ransom and the Atoning Death of Christ
Rejected alternatives: the critics crucified the film (media-metaphor dilution)
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. The historical, specific means of Jesus’ death by Roman crucifixion (27:22-50). Contemporary media metaphor has thoroughly diluted ‘crucified,’ softening both the historical horror and the earlier ‘take up your cross’ sayings; state the historical reality plainly, per the baseline’s no-hedging rule for historical claims.
Teaching Them To Obey
Approved rendering: teaching them to obey
Transliteration: didaskontes autous tērein
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Ongoing obedience-teaching as an integral part of making disciples, not a one-time conversion event (28:20). Cross-reference baseline obedience_of_faith: contemporary Western suspicion of obedience as servility applies directly here.
All Authority In Heaven And Earth
Approved rendering: all authority in heaven and on earth
Transliteration: pasa exousia en ouranō kai epi gēs
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ [τῆς] γῆς
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Jesus’ universal, cosmic authority — not merely teaching authority — grounding and authorizing the Great Commission (28:18). Never shorten to ‘authority’ alone in this specific verse; the climactic, universal-scope statement running through the whole book.
Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: “Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?” (“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”)
Transliteration: Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani
Doctrine: Ransom and the Atoning Death of Christ
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE. Jesus’ own recorded Aramaic cry from the cross (27:46), quoting Psalm 22:1. Retain the transliteration alongside Matthew’s own translation; do not silently modernize or paraphrase away the specific words. Theologically load-bearing for the atonement, requiring the same care as baseline atonement-adjacent terms.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: hell
Transliteration: geenna (Gehenna)
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: cartoon devil-and-pitchfork imagery (pop-culture caricature)
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE. Renders Gehenna, the Jerusalem valley used as a burning-refuse/judgment image (5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33). ‘Hell’ carries heavy pop-culture cartoon baggage; paraphrase as ‘hell’ for readability but supply the Gehenna historical background at first occurrence, distinguishing Jesus’ sober warning from caricature without softening it.
Talents
Approved rendering: talents (a large sum of money)
Transliteration: talanton
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: natural ability/skill (the modern English sense, ironically derived from this very parable’s cultural influence)
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE (newly discovered in gap analysis). In the Parable of the Talents (25:14-30), a ‘talent’ is a large sum of money entrusted to servants, NOT natural ability. This is an unusually subtle false friend because the modern English word ‘talent’ (skill/aptitude) historically derives its meaning FROM this parable’s influence on the language, making the drift nearly invisible. State explicitly, every time: this is a parable about stewarding an entrusted sum of money, not about ‘using your natural gifts.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostle
Transliteration: apostle
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Twelve are named and commissioned as a distinct, foundational, non-repeatable office in Matthew 10:1-4.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Not a term Matthew’s own vocabulary foregrounds; the underlying reality of ongoing transformation is present throughout the Sermon on the Mount’s ethical demands (5:1-7:29). Retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Peace
Approved rendering: peace
Transliteration: peace
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: world peace / inner peace (political or therapeutic senses)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 10:34 uses ‘peace’ contrastively (‘I have not come to bring peace, but a sword’) — state plainly that the ‘sword’ is figurative for relational division caused by differing allegiance, not a call to literal violence, given contemporary sensitivity to religiously-coded violence.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: spiritual gifts
Transliteration: spiritual gifts
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: gifted (innate talent/academic-aptitude sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly attested in Matthew’s own vocabulary (Matthew does not use a parallel term for charismata); retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency only.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: fellowship
Transliteration: fellowship
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: a fellowship (academic/professional grant sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a prominent distinct term in Matthew’s own vocabulary; the underlying reality is present in table-fellowship narratives (9:10-13), but Matthew does not use a koinonia-family term as Paul does. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Gentiles
Transliteration: Gentiles
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: non-believers (a common but incorrect modern gloss)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Must be distinguished from the inclusive ‘all nations’ sense of the Great Commission (28:19) — see new all_nations entry below — where the same Greek word (ethnē) means all peoples inclusively, Israel included, not ‘Gentiles as opposed to Israel.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: power of God
Transliteration: power of God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Echoed at Matthew 19:26, ‘with God all things are possible,’ answering the disciples’ astonishment at the impossibility of the rich entering the kingdom by their own effort — a grace-not-merit statement popular motivational culture often detaches from its soteriological context.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophet
Transliteration: prophet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: a tech prophet / prophet of doom
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew places the disciples’ persecution in direct continuity with Israel’s prophetic tradition (5:12; 23:29-37); also compounded in ‘false prophets’ (7:15), warning that not all who claim divine authority genuinely possess it.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package. Not a prominent distinct term in Matthew’s own vocabulary; retained for cross-curriculum consistency only.
Mission
Approved rendering: mission
Transliteration: mission
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: a mission statement (corporate/organizational sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to the Great Commission (28:19); baseline’s caution about colonial/political connotations ‘mission’ language can carry applies directly given the real, acknowledged history of missionary entanglement with colonialism, which should be honestly named rather than read back into the text’s own stated intent.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew narrates a deliberate expansion from an initial Israel-focused mission (‘the lost sheep of Israel,’ 10:6; 15:24) to ‘all nations’ (28:19) — this should be framed as a deliberate unfolding, not a contradiction or replacement, consistent with the baseline’s non-supersessionist care.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ABBA (the Swedish pop group)
Inherited from Romans package. NOTE: this exact Aramaic term does not occur anywhere in Matthew’s Gospel (contrast Mark 14:36); retained here only for cross-curriculum consistency and to support the explicit absence-note required under the father entry above.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: seed of David
Transliteration: seed of David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: descendant of David (acceptable modern-register gloss)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Matthew’s opening genealogy (ch. 1); Matthew’s own preferred, far more frequent phrase is ‘Son of David’ — see new son_of_david entry below.
Merciful
Approved rendering: merciful
Transliteration: eleēmones / eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion
Rejected alternatives: the mercy of the court (legal-courtroom sense), a passive felt emotion (‘I felt sorry for him’)
Original: ἐλεήμονες / ἔλεος
Category: Righteousness
NEW TERM. Active, compassionate kindness that acts to relieve distress or forgive fault, not mere internal pity. Recurs at 5:7; 9:13; 12:7; 18:33 as the standard by which disciples themselves will be measured.
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: peacemakers
Transliteration: eirēnopoioi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven (Beatitudes)
Rejected alternatives: peace-lovers / conflict-avoiders (passive misreading)
Original: εἰρηνοποιοί
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Active reconcilers who work to restore relationship. Reuses baseline peace risk concerns; minor secular collision with the ironic firearm brand nickname ‘The Peacemaker.‘
Children Of God
Approved rendering: children of God
Transliteration: huioi theou (plural)
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. Believers granted family status and Christlike identity as God’s children (plural, common usage) — distinct from Christ’s unique, singular Son_of_God title. The visual similarity of ‘Son of God’ vs. ‘children/sons of God’ (both from huios theou) creates a genuine conflation risk requiring explicit fencing at 5:9.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Son of David
Transliteration: huios Dauid
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. A royal-messianic title tying Jesus to the Davidic covenant (2 Sam. 7); Matthew’s most frequently recurring messianic acclamation (1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42). Most readers’ independent David knowledge (Goliath narrative) does not supply this covenant background, which must be actively taught.
All Nations
Approved rendering: all nations
Transliteration: panta ta ethnē
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Church
NEW TERM. The inclusive scope of the Great Commission (28:19) — every people group, Israel included, not a Jew/non-Jew contrast. Must be distinguished from the baseline gentiles entry’s contrastive sense elsewhere in Matthew (same underlying Greek word, ethnē, different sense here).
Repent
Approved rendering: repent
Transliteration: metanoeō
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: fearful groveling (‘the end is near’ sign-holder caricature)
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. A decisive reorientation of the whole person — mind, will, life-direction — not mere regret; John’s and Jesus’ shared opening summons (3:2; 4:17). Should be restated as a positive, hopeful turning.
Mammon
Approved rendering: mammon
Transliteration: mamōna
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: μαμωνᾷ
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. An Aramaic loanword for wealth/riches, personified by Jesus as a rival master competing for total allegiance (6:24). Obsolescence risk requiring a brief gloss; the underlying warning (money as a rival god) is a real, still-relevant claim and should not be softened.
Mysteries Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: mysteries of the kingdom
Transliteration: ta mystēria tēs basileias
Doctrine: Kingdom Parables and the Mysteries of the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: a puzzle to be solved (detective/thriller genre-fiction connotation)
Original: τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Previously hidden Kingdom truth now disclosed by revelation through Jesus’ parables (13:11-17). Detective-genre ‘mystery’ false-friend misdirects toward intellectual puzzle-solving rather than receptive, faith-responsive revelation.
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: hypocrite
Transliteration: hypokritēs
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Righteousness
NEW TERM. Literally ‘stage actor’; one whose outward religious performance masks internal corruption (23:13-29). Retains its negative force in contemporary English (an asset), but the original theatrical image is lost and worth restoring.
Least Of These
Approved rendering: the least of these
Transliteration: tois adelphois mou tois elachistois
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Eternal Punishment
Rejected alternatives: generic humanitarianism (detached from Christ-identification)
Original: τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου τοῖς ἐλαχίστοις
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Identifies Jesus with the vulnerable and suffering, making care for them a measure of genuine discipleship (25:40,45). Widely and positively adopted in secular humanitarian rhetoric (a mild asset), but risks detachment from its specifically Christ-identified context (‘brothers of mine’).
Raca
Approved rendering: Raca
Transliteration: Raca
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: a contemporary slur (unstable across time and inappropriate register)
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE (from gap analysis). An Aramaic term of contempt in 5:22, roughly ‘you worthless fool.’ No modern English insult carries an equivalent register; transliterate and gloss rather than substitute a contemporary slur.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: Hōsanna
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: a content-free liturgical cheer (comparable to trivialized ‘hallelujah’ usage)
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE. Hebrew/Aramaic ‘save now!,’ by Matthew’s time largely a shout of messianic acclamation (21:9,15, fulfilling Zech. 9:9). Mostly encountered in liturgical (Palm Sunday) contexts, a mild asset; needs a gloss restoring its plea-for-salvation content since most readers don’t know its literal meaning.
Rabbi
Approved rendering: Rabbi
Transliteration: Rabbi
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: teacher (flattens the rhetorical target of Jesus’ critique at 23:7-8)
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE. A living, actively used title within contemporary Judaism, distinct from other Matthew loanwords which are purely historical; Jesus’ own critique of its misuse (23:7-8) targets a specific practice, and this present-tense denominational-sensitivity note should not be missed.
Low Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: adoption
Transliteration: adoption
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew’s nearest conceptual parallel is ‘children of God’ (huioi theou, 5:9), granted to peacemakers — see the new children_of_god entry below, which must be kept distinct from this baseline doctrine’s fuller Pauline inheritance-rights emphasis and, crucially, from the singular Son_of_God title.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: thanksgiving
Transliteration: thanksgiving
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Not a prominent distinct term in Matthew; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew’s most frequently recurring proper name tied to a specific curriculum doctrine (1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45); most readers’ independent knowledge of David comes only from the David-and-Goliath narrative, not the covenant promise (2 Sam. 7) this recurring title depends on.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhort
Transliteration: exhort
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Not a prominent distinct term in Matthew’s own vocabulary; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Beelzebul
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
NEW REGISTRY CANDIDATE. A name for Satan, ‘prince of demons’ (10:25; 12:24). Obsolescence risk only; no competing modern secular sense requiring correction.
Referenced passages