Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Stable, shared term across all German Bible traditions.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Stable, established term; minimal risk of reduction to a generic teacher role.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call ensuring the salvation of the called; German Reformed and Lutheran traditions differ in emphasis on predestination, requiring care not to over-systematize for a mixed audience.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  German Reformed (Calvinist) tradition, present in parts of western Germany, historically debated double predestination more directly than Lutherans, who tend toward a more pastoral, comfort-oriented emphasis on election.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  HIGH RISK: the traditional Lutheran rendering carries a pejorative 'uncivilized pagan' connotation in modern German.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Luther's 'sola gratia' versus Catholic sacramental grace (Gnadenmittel) is the same word carrying different doctrinal freight; must always reinforce 'apart from merit'.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Luther's 'sola gratia' (Gnade allein) is a Reformation cornerstone.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Germany's post-Holocaust national policy (Staatsräson, explicitly tying German national identity to Israel's security) makes biblical Israel especially prone to conflation with the modern nation-state in German public discourse, a distinctly acute version of this general Western risk.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: 'Rechtfertigungslehre' is the Lutheran material principle of the Reformation (iustificatio sola fide).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  Personal, purposive divine care; Enlightenment-era deist usage of 'die Vorsehung' risks an impersonal-force reading of Romans 8:28.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  Also used in Enlightenment/deist philosophical German (e.g.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: 'Gerechtigkeit Gottes' in Romans 1:17 is the exact phrase behind Luther's own reported breakthrough (Turmerlebnis) — realizing it names a righteousness God gives and credits, received passively by faith, not a righteousness God demands and that must be achieved.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  HIGH RISK, distinctly German: the natural doctrinal word 'Heil' is compromised by its Nazi-era co-optation ('Heil Hitler'), forcing a choice among 'Rettung', 'Erlösung', and cautious, context-dependent use of 'Heil' itself — a genuine German-specific translation and reviewer-sensitivity problem with no parallel in the other five languages in this batch.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  HIGH RISK, distinctly German: three partially overlapping words exist (Heil, Erlösung, Rettung).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Given Germany's specific historical relationship to antisemitism, this pairing requires unusually careful, historically aware handling from reviewers rather than casual paraphrase.

  ROM.11.17-24