Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Stable, shared term across all Italian Bible traditions.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Stable, established term; minimal risk of reduction to a generic teacher role.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  'Elezione' is also the everyday word for political elections; Catholic theology's more synergistic (Thomistic) view of election also differs from Reformed-tradition assumptions a translator might otherwise import.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  HIGH RISK: 'elezione' is also the standard everyday word for political elections ('elezioni politiche'), risking a democratic-choice misreading.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Carries the same pejorative 'uncivilized/irreligious' connotation as French 'païens'; 'genti' (peoples, echoing Latin gentes) is a gentler alternative in some translations.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Catholic sacramental grace and Waldensian/evangelical sola gratia are the same Italian word carrying different doctrinal freight; must always reinforce 'apart from merit'.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Same word used by Catholic and Waldensian/evangelical traditions, but with different doctrinal freight: Catholic catechesis ties grazia to sacramental mediation ('stato di grazia' maintained via confession); Waldensian/evangelical tradition holds sola gratia apart from sacramental mediation.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Contemporary Middle East politics make it easy for readers to conflate biblical Israel (the covenant people) with the modern nation-state; keep the referent historical/theological in this curriculum.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: the historic Trent/Reformation flashpoint, live within Italy itself via its own indigenous Waldensian minority tradition.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  Personal, purposive divine care; Manzoni's literary treatment of 'la Provvidenza' in 'I Promessi Sposi' gives Italian readers a strong but sometimes more fatalistic cultural reference point than Romans 8's promise.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  'La Provvidenza' also carries a specific Italian literary resonance via Alessandro Manzoni's 'I Promessi Sposi' (a canonical novel studied by every Italian schoolchild), which has its own literary theology of Providence, distinct from and sometimes more fatalistic than Romans 8's promise.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: 'giustizia di Dio' (Romans 1:17) must be read as God's saving, gift-status righteousness.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  Reconciliation with a personal God through Christ; must not imply salvation is mediated only through institutional membership.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  Relatively stable shared term; risk is general biblical illiteracy amid rapid de-churching of a nominally still-Catholic population, rather than a competing rendering.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires historically aware handling given Italy's own Jewish community history and contemporary Middle East political sensitivity.

  ROM.11.17-24