Passage
Romans 1
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Glossary Term
Apostle
CRITICAL: Rasul is the established Indonesian Bible term but is also the specific Islamic title for the line of major messenger-prophets sent with a book, understood in Islam to culminate and close with Muhammad as the final rasul.
ROM.1.1
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Doctrine
Apostleship
CRITICAL: Rasul is the specific Islamic title for the closed line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad.
ROM.1.1
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Glossary Term
Called
Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Glossary Term
Calling
Noun form for the act/state of being called.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Doctrine
Christian Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.12
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Glossary Term
Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God; needs context to carry more weight than an ordinary negotiated agreement (perjanjian is also the everyday word for 'contract').
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
David
Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Davidic Covenant
Requires explicit OT background teaching; Islamic tradition venerates Daud (David) as a prophet-king but does not carry the specific messianic royal-line covenant promise developed in the OT.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Deity of Christ
CRITICAL: Direct contradiction of the Islamic doctrine of tawhid (God's absolute oneness) and the explicit Quranic rejection of associating partners with Allah (shirk).
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Divine Calling
God's personal call must be distinguished from takdir (impersonal divine decree/fate in Islamic theology).
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
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Glossary Term
Exhort
Context-sensitive: use memohon for entreaty and menasihati for building up in encouragement.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Faith
Iman shares its name with the Islamic six pillars of faith; must be anchored to personal trust in Christ specifically, not generic religious assent.
ROM.1.17
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Glossary Term
Faith
Iman is the established Bible term but is also the foundational Islamic concept of the six pillars of faith (rukun iman: belief in Allah, angels, books, prophets, the day of judgment, and divine decree).
ROM.1.17
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Glossary Term
Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Fulfillment of Prophecy
Historical, redemptive-historical fulfillment (OT to NT); should not be read through the lens of Islamic prophetic succession culminating in Muhammad.
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Glory
God's radiant honor and majesty; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
God
Allah has been the established Indonesian Christian term since the earliest Malay-language Bible translations of the 17th century, predating and distinct from the later Malaysian legal dispute restricting the word to Muslim-only use.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Gospel
Injil is also the Quranic name for a scripture Muslims believe was given to Isa and later lost or corrupted; must be anchored specifically to the New Testament proclamation of Christ crucified and risen.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Gospel
Injil is the established Indonesian Bible term, but it is also the Quranic name for the revelation Muslims believe was given to Isa (Jesus) and later lost or corrupted.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Humanity of Christ
Christ's humanity was fully real physical existence; must be affirmed alongside, not instead of, his full deity, since Islamic theology affirms Jesus's humanity but denies his deity entirely.
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
Imputed Righteousness
Righteousness credited by God, not earned.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Incarnation
CRITICAL: Islamic theology (tanzih) holds God's transcendence makes it inconceivable for him to take on physical or human form.
ROM.1.3
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Glossary Term
Incarnation
CRITICAL: Islamic theology holds to tanzih, God's absolute transcendence and incomparability, and rejects the idea that God takes on physical or human form.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Inspiration of Scripture
Distinguish God-breathed Scripture, written by chosen human authors under the Spirit's guidance, from the Islamic doctrine of direct verbatim revelation (wahyu) dictated to a single final prophet.
ROM.1.2
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Glossary Term
Jesus
CRITICAL: Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic framing of Jesus as a prophet who, per mainstream Islamic teaching, was not crucified (Quran 4:157).
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Justification
CRITICAL: The forensic declaration of right standing has no equivalent concept in Islamic soteriology, where standing before God is determined by the weighing of deeds and God's mercy, not a substitutionary legal verdict.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Law
The Mosaic Law, anchored to Taurat (Torah).
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Lord
In Romans 10:9 the confession 'Jesus is Lord' = Yesus adalah Tuhan.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Lordship of Christ
Romans 10:9's confession is the salvation-defining statement.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Messiah
CRITICAL: The Quran also names Jesus 'Al-Masih' (Isa al-Masih), but as a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin.
ROM.1.3-4
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Doctrine
Messianic Promise
CRITICAL: The Quran's Isa al-Masih is a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin.
ROM.1.3-4
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Glossary Term
Mission
Misi carries colonial-era Dutch missionary-society connotation in Indonesian historical memory; pekabaran Injil (proclamation of the gospel) keeps the focus on the message rather than the historical institution.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
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Doctrine
Mission to the Nations
Use pekabaran Injil rather than misi, which carries colonial-era Dutch missionary-society connotations in Indonesian historical memory.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
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Doctrine
Mutual Edification
Building one another up in faith; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.12
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Doctrine
Obedience of Faith
Obedience flowing from faith, not ketaatan syariat (legal/religious-code compliance as the basis of standing before God).
ROM.1.5
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Glossary Term
Obedience Of Faith
Romans 1:5 and 16:26.
ROM.1.5
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Glossary Term
Power Of God
God's own power to save; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Power of God for Salvation
God's own power to save; well-established term with comparatively low syncretism risk.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Prophecy
A distinctively biblical-Indonesian term with less Islamic vocabulary overlap than 'prophet' itself; low risk.
ROM.1.2-4
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Glossary Term
Prophet
Nabi is shared vocabulary with Islam's doctrine of a closed line of prophets ending with Muhammad (khatam an-nabiyyin).
ROM.1.2
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Glossary Term
Resurrection
Islam affirms a general bodily resurrection of all people at the day of judgment, so the concept of resurrection itself is not foreign, but Christ's specific, historical resurrection as vindication of his divine sonship and firstfruits of believers' own resurrection must be distinguished from that generic end-times expectation.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Resurrection of Christ
Islam affirms a general resurrection at judgment day but denies Jesus was crucified at all (Quran 4:157), making his specific historical resurrection, not just resurrection in general, the point requiring careful distinction.
ROM.1.4
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Glossary Term
Righteousness
Right standing before God received by faith.
ROM.1.16
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Doctrine
Sainthood (Called to be Holy)
All believers are saints; not a venerated elite comparable to the wali (Islamic Sufi saints) honored at Indonesian pilgrimage sites.
ROM.1.7
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Doctrine
Salvation
CRITICAL: Islamic soteriology frames ultimate standing before God as submission plus deeds weighed against mercy at judgment, categorically different from salvation secured once through faith in a finished, substitutionary atoning death.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Salvation
CRITICAL: Keselamatan is the established Bible term, but Islamic soteriology frames ultimate standing before God as submission (islam) plus deeds weighed against God's mercy at judgment, not a salvation secured once through faith in a finished, substitutionary atoning death.
ROM.1.16
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Glossary Term
Seed Of David
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.
ROM.1.3
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Doctrine
Separation unto God's Service
Must not be confused with formal religious devotion practices (ibadah) understood as ritual obligations; biblical separation is devoted service to God flowing from relationship, not ritual compliance.
ROM.1.1
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Glossary Term
Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God; shared vocabulary across Indonesian Muslim and Christian usage with reasonably compatible core meaning, but must be anchored to relational offense rather than left as a purely legal infraction against a code.
ROM.1.18
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Glossary Term
Son Of God
CRITICAL: The single most theologically sensitive term in this Language Package.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Sonship of Christ
CRITICAL: The single most theologically explosive doctrine in this registry, given the Quran's explicit and repeated denial that Allah has a son.
ROM.1.4
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Doctrine
Spiritual Gifts
Spirit-given enablements for service; well-established term with comparatively low syncretism risk.
ROM.1.11
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Glossary Term
Spiritual Gifts
Spirit-given enablements for service; standard, well-established term.
ROM.1.11
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Doctrine
Thanksgiving
Standard term shared broadly across Indonesian religious usage; minimal doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
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Glossary Term
Thanksgiving
Standard term shared broadly with Indonesian religious usage generally; no significant doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
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Doctrine
Universal Human Accountability
All humanity stands equally guilty before a personal God; must be retained without softening into a deeds-weighing framework where sufficient good deeds could offset sin.
ROM.1.18
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Doctrine
Universal Scope of the Gospel
No ethnic or religious-community barrier to the gospel; must retain unqualified universality in a society organized significantly around religious-community (agama) identity categories.
ROM.1.16