Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  CRITICAL: Rasul is the established Indonesian Bible term but is also the specific Islamic title for the line of major messenger-prophets sent with a book, understood in Islam to culminate and close with Muhammad as the final rasul.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  CRITICAL: Rasul is the specific Islamic title for the closed line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call that secures the salvation of the called; not takdir (impersonal fixed decree).

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  God's sovereign personal choice, not takdir (Islamic divine decree/fate, qadar), which frames the outcome as a fixed, impersonal decree rather than a personal relationship of choosing.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Non-Jews; never use orang kafir (unbeliever/infidel, a loaded Islamic theological category), which imports an entirely different classification than the New Testament's ethnic Jew/Gentile distinction.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Unmerited favor secured through Christ must be distinguished from rahmat (Allah's general mercy) and pahala (merit earned through deeds and weighed at judgment).

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Rahmat (God's mercy/compassion, a core Islamic attribute of Allah) and pahala (merit earned through good deeds, weighed at judgment) both describe favor bound up with human deeds or divine disposition rather than an unconditional, unearned gift secured through Christ.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Imputed Righteousness

  Righteousness credited by God, not earned.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Proper name; established form.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: The forensic declaration of right standing has no equivalent concept in Islamic soteriology, where standing before God is determined by the weighing of deeds and God's mercy, not a substitutionary legal verdict.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care; never takdir (impersonal fixed decree/fate).

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care; never takdir (impersonal divine decree/fate).

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  Right standing before God received by faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Islamic soteriology frames ultimate standing before God as submission plus deeds weighed against mercy at judgment, categorically different from salvation secured once through faith in a finished, substitutionary atoning death.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Keselamatan is the established Bible term, but Islamic soteriology frames ultimate standing before God as submission (islam) plus deeds weighed against God's mercy at judgment, not a salvation secured once through faith in a finished, substitutionary atoning death.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Must never be rendered with orang kafir (infidel/unbeliever), which imports a loaded Islamic theological category rather than the New Testament's ethnic Jew/Gentile distinction.

  ROM.11.17-24