Passage
Romans 9
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Glossary Term
Abba
Aramaic term of intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15.
ROM.9.4
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Glossary Term
Adoption
Full legal son-status with inheritance rights.
ROM.9.4
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Doctrine
Adoption into God's Family
Because Islamic theology treats any parent-child language applied to Allah with extreme caution, this doctrine needs explicit legal/relational framing distinguishing adoption from a claim about physical parentage.
ROM.9.4
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Glossary Term
Called
Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.
ROM.9.11-12
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Glossary Term
Calling
Noun form for the act/state of being called.
ROM.9.11-12
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Glossary Term
Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God; needs context to carry more weight than an ordinary negotiated agreement (perjanjian is also the everyday word for 'contract').
ROM.9.5
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Glossary Term
David
Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
ROM.9.5
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Doctrine
Davidic Covenant
Requires explicit OT background teaching; Islamic tradition venerates Daud (David) as a prophet-king but does not carry the specific messianic royal-line covenant promise developed in the OT.
ROM.9.5
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Doctrine
Deity of Christ
CRITICAL: Direct contradiction of the Islamic doctrine of tawhid (God's absolute oneness) and the explicit Quranic rejection of associating partners with Allah (shirk).
ROM.9.5
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Doctrine
Divine Calling
God's personal call must be distinguished from takdir (impersonal divine decree/fate in Islamic theology).
ROM.9.11-12
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Doctrine
Effectual Calling
God's sovereign call that secures the salvation of the called; not takdir (impersonal fixed decree).
ROM.9.11-12
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Glossary Term
Election
God's sovereign personal choice, not takdir (Islamic divine decree/fate, qadar), which frames the outcome as a fixed, impersonal decree rather than a personal relationship of choosing.
ROM.9.11-12
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Glossary Term
Father
CRITICAL: Islamic theology treats parent-child language applied to Allah as approaching blasphemy, since it can be heard as implying physical procreation, which the Quran explicitly denies.
ROM.9.4
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Glossary Term
Glory
God's radiant honor and majesty; standard, well-established term.
ROM.9.5
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Glossary Term
God
Allah has been the established Indonesian Christian term since the earliest Malay-language Bible translations of the 17th century, predating and distinct from the later Malaysian legal dispute restricting the word to Muslim-only use.
ROM.9.5
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Glossary Term
Messiah
CRITICAL: The Quran also names Jesus 'Al-Masih' (Isa al-Masih), but as a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin.
ROM.9.5
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Doctrine
Messianic Promise
CRITICAL: The Quran's Isa al-Masih is a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin.
ROM.9.5
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Glossary Term
Seed Of David
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.
ROM.9.5