Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Established, unambiguous term.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Apostol is unambiguous and consistent across Romanian Christian traditions.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call; Orthodox synergism (grace and free will cooperating) sits in real tension with a monergistic reading of 'effectual,' and this curriculum must translate Paul's actual argument without forcing either a Reformed-monergist or a synergist gloss beyond what the text supports.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Orthodox theology generally holds a synergistic view of salvation (cooperation between divine grace and human free will) and resists monergistic double predestination as taught in Reformed Protestantism.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Standard term; avoid the pejorative 'păgâni.'

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: Orthodox Palamite theology understands grace as uncreated divine energies in which the believer really participates toward theosis, distinct from both a Catholic created-and-infused-through-merit reading and a purely forensic Protestant favor-only reading.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: Orthodox theology, following Gregory Palamas' essence-energies distinction, understands har as the uncreated energies of God in which the believer really participates, enabling theosis (îndumnezeire) — not a created substance infused through merit (the Catholic/Tridentine reading) nor merely a legal favor bestowed without ontological change (a purely forensic Protestant reading).

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: Orthodox theology tends to read îndreptățire as being made actually righteous through ongoing transformation toward theosis, integrated with sanctification, rather than as a separate forensic declaration as in Western Protestant (Reformed) theology assumed by the Cornilescu translation tradition.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care, already well-supported by the established Orthodox theological term 'pronie'; avoid fatalistic 'soartă/destin' framing.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  'Pronie' is an established Orthodox theological term for God's personal, purposive governance; avoid fatalistic 'soartă/destin' framing.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: right standing before God granted through faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Orthodox theology understands mântuire primarily as theosis, a lifelong synergistic process, rather than primarily a one-time forensic declaration.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: standard term across Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Romanian Bibles alike — unlike most terms in this glossary, there is no rival word to reject.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Must translate with full theological clarity; lower direct social-hierarchy charge in the Romanian context than caste or racial-hierarchy contexts elsewhere in this pipeline, but still requires care given the historic entanglement of Orthodoxy with national identity ('neam').

  ROM.11.17-24