Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Established Thai Christian term for a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one; อาจารย์ใหญ่ (senior teacher) understates the delegated authority.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk of reducing apostleship to a respected senior teacher (อาจารย์ใหญ่) role rather than a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Never conflate with โชคชะตา (fixed fate/destiny), a common Thai folk-astrological frame for a person's life path.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, not merely social association within a temple-affiliated lay community.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  A relational, binding bond initiated by God; more than a negotiated agreement (ข้อตกลง).

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Established Thai Bible proper-name form.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit OT background teaching; there is no analogous royal-line covenant concept in Thai religious tradition, though the concept of a divinely sanctioned royal line is culturally familiar and can be used as a teaching bridge with care.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: Co-equal, eternal divine nature; not a deva (เทวดา) or an enlightened teacher elevated by merit, and not merely a wielder of the same royal-honorific vocabulary applied to the Thai monarchy.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign call must be distinguished from โชคชะตา (fixed astrological destiny) and from a revocable social invitation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: use วิงวอน for entreaty and หนุนใจ for building up in encouragement.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  The cognate ศรัทธา (Buddhist devotional confidence) exists in Thai and lowers total incomprehension risk, but the object of faith must be clearly a person, Christ, not a set of teachings verified by practice.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Object of faith must always be specified as Christ.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, deeper than ordinary friendship (มิตรภาพ).

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear, one-time historical fulfillment (OT to NT), not the cyclical world-ages of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  บารมี (the accumulated moral perfection and charisma attributed to great monks and to the monarchy across lifetimes) must never substitute for พระสิริ; God's glory is his own inherent radiance and honor, not something built up over time.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: Never use เทวดา (a deva, one of many minor deities in the Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology) or พระพรหม (Brahma, worshipped at popular shrines such as the Erawan Shrine).

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Must be distinguished from any pleasant announcement (ข่าวดี).

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Established Thai Bible term meaning 'excellent news'.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Christ's humanity was fully real physical existence, not a temporary manifestation of a deity as in stories of Hindu-derived deities appearing in human or animal form.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Imputed Righteousness

  Righteousness credited by God, not earned.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on human nature, once.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: NEVER use การอวตาร (avatar).

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  Distinguish God-breathed Scripture from the authority of the Pali Canon, which rests on the Buddha's own enlightened insight rather than a personal God speaking through chosen human authors.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  CRITICAL: Standard Thai Bible form.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  Compound phrase required; no single Thai word carries the forensic sense.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  Mosaic Law.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  CRITICAL: In Romans 10:9 the confession 'Jesus is Lord' = พระเยซูทรงเป็นองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Romans 10:9's confession is the salvation-defining statement.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: Never use พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (Phra Si Ariya Metrai), the future Buddha of popular Thai millenarian expectation.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Must not be conflated with popular Thai expectation of Phra Si Ariya Metrai (the future Buddha Maitreya).

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Established, religion-neutral Thai Christian term for a commissioned task.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Use พันธกิจ rather than religion-propagation language, since Thai national identity is closely tied to Buddhism and evangelism can otherwise sound like an attack on that identity.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; minimal doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience that flows from faith, not strict precept-observance performed to raise one's merit standing.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5 and 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  God's own personal power to save; never the sacred potency ascribed to amulets and holy objects (วัตถุมงคล) in Thai folk practice.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า required; never the sacred potency ascribed to amulets and holy objects.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration, distinct from horoscope-style fortune-telling (คำทำนายดวงชะตา).

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  God's spokesperson; do not confuse with หมอดู (fortune-teller), a widely consulted figure in Thai popular religion.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: NEVER use การเกิดใหม่ or การกลับชาติมาเกิด (rebirth/reincarnation into a new existence within the cycle of samsara).

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: Never use บุญกุศล (merit and wholesome karma) or generic ความดี (goodness).

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  All believers are saints; not an ascetic elite comparable to a พระอรหันต์ (arahant) who has personally achieved enlightenment through monastic discipline.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Never การบรรลุนิพพาน (attaining nibbana).

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: NEVER use การบรรลุนิพพาน (attaining nibbana) or การหลุดพ้น (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not be confused with ordination into monkhood (บวช) or withdrawal from ordinary life into a monastic community.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  บาป is shared vocabulary with Thai Buddhism, so it must always be anchored to an offense against a personal God, not left as the impersonal negative-karma sense of อกุศลกรรม that simply lowers one's merit balance.

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: Full phrase required.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Eternal, unique Sonship, not a lesser celestial being (เทพบุตร) or a temporary avatar-son.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for service, not merit-earned or occult powers associated with amulets and folk-magic (saiyasat) practitioners.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for service.

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term; minor risk of collapsing into generic merit-dedication language.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity stands equally guilty before a personal God, which must be retained without softening into a graded merit-scale where some are simply further along the path than others.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No ethnic, social, or class barrier to the gospel; must retain unqualified universality despite the strong link between Thai national identity and Buddhist religious identity.

  ROM.1.16