Passage

Romans 13

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: compound phrase required to convey the forensic declaration - 'to be counted/reckoned as righteous' - rather than a process of becoming righteous through deeds.

  ROM.13.11

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: پارسایی (parsa'i, piety/virtue) carries a Zoroastrian-inflected ethical-purity connotation, tied to Zoroastrianism's own good-thoughts/good-words/good-deeds ethical triad - an achievement-of-virtue framework.

  ROM.13.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: beyond the shared deeds-weighing (mizan) framework, popular Shia piety's Karbala/Hussein martyrdom-intercession devotion offers a superficially similar but categorically distinct pattern (an innocent holy figure's suffering benefiting those who honor it) that must be carefully distinguished from Christ's unique, sufficient atonement.

  ROM.13.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: beyond the shared Islamic deeds-weighing (mizan) framework, Persian/Shia popular piety has an especially developed doctrine of intercession through the martyred Imam Hussein's suffering at Karbala (widely believed to secure forgiveness for those who properly mourn him).

  ROM.13.11