Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic intimacy-term preserved as in Romans 8:15.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  CRITICAL: Iranian civil law itself uses سرپرستی (sarparasti, custodianship/guardianship) rather than full adoption terminology specifically because Shia fiqh, like Sunni fiqh, follows the Quranic principle (33:4-5) that an adopted child does not take the adoptive father's lineage or full inheritance rights.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  CRITICAL: Iranian civil law itself uses the weaker sarparasti (custodianship) rather than full adoption terminology, reflecting the same Quranic restriction (33:4-5) found across Sunni and Shia fiqh.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Unlike Arabic da'wah, Persian da'vat is genuinely everyday vocabulary (inviting someone to dinner or a wedding) and carries less exclusively religious-missionary weight; still needs the direction of address (God calling a person, not a person inviting others) made explicit.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Also covers generic pledges and treaties in everyday Persian; retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated biblical covenant sense.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Shared, positively-regarded Quranic prophet-king figure; supply the covenant-king typology pointing to Messiah explicitly, since the Quranic portrayal does not include it.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Davud is a shared, positively-regarded Quranic prophet-king, but without the covenant-king typology pointing forward to a promised messianic heir; this background must be taught, not assumed.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature, the paradigm case of shirk from a tawhid standpoint shared by Persian Shia Islam.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  Persian da'vat is genuinely everyday invitation-vocabulary, less exclusively religious-missionary than Arabic da'wah; still needs the direction of address (God calling a person) made explicit.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Shia Islam's Imamate doctrine of specific divine appointment can serve as a bridge concept, but its lineage-based, ongoing-office content must not be imported onto Romans 9's election to salvation through faith.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Unlike Sunni qadar-fatalism, Shia Islam has its own robust doctrine of specific divine election - God appointing Ali and his descendants as the Imamate's infallible successors.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  CRITICAL: shares Arabic's tawhid-anthropomorphism objection to Father-language for God.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  Jalal carries deep devotional-poetic resonance in Persian mystical (Sufi) literature (e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: unlike Arabic's total dependence on Allah, Khoda is a native pre-Islamic Persian word (from Middle Persian 'khwatay') used across Zoroastrian, Christian, and Muslim Persian traditions alike - a genuine linguistic asset.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: carries the same pre-loaded Quranic content as Arabic's al-Masih, with an added Shia displacement: popular messianic expectation centers primarily on the Hidden Twelfth Imam (Mahdi) as the awaited deliverer, with Isa al-Masih in a secondary, supporting role at his return.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: beyond the shared Quranic Masih content, popular Shia messianic expectation centers on the Hidden Twelfth Imam (Mahdi), with Isa in a secondary role at his return.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.9.5