Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  प्रेषितः ('one sent,' from √preṣ) is a plain, non-technical formation naming a sent, authorized messenger.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk: reducing apostleship to a guru within a guru-śiṣya-paramparā lineage, or to a ṛṣi who perceives eternal truth rather than one commissioned with a historical message.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1, called to apostleship; in 1:7, called to be saints; in 8:28-30, effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form sharing its root with 'called'; translators should be aware this term's ordinary Vedic sense is a human ritual act toward a deity, so its use here for God's initiative toward humans should be flagged at first occurrence.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, not the specific satsaṅga devotional-gathering practice of Vaishnava bhakti tradition.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  वाचा (speech/word) is avoided because it activates Vāc theology: in Ṛgvedic and later Mīmāṃsā thought, Vāc is a cosmic principle of speech, and Mīmāṃsā holds the Veda's very sound-form to be eternal (śabda-brahman) -- a rich but unrelated doctrine that would distract from covenant's relational-promise sense.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Proper name, transliterated consistent with the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament tradition.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit Old Testament background explanation; no analogous royal-lineage covenant concept exists in classical Sanskrit political or religious literature.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: Co-equal divine nature, not divine promotion, and not Īśvara-as-māyā-conditioned-manifestation-of-nirguṇa-Brahman (see 'lord' entry in translation_memory.json).

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign call must be distinguished from human ritual invocation of a deity (the ordinary Vedic sense of āhvāna) and from karma-determined destiny.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: use विनयः/प्रार्थना (entreaty) for beseeching; उत्तेजनम् (encouragement/stirring up) for building up.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ specifically, not the guṇa-classified threefold śraddhā of Bhagavad Gītā 17 or the structured bhakti-mārga soteriological path.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  श्रद्धा is rejected not as generically 'too devotional' but because it is a precisely theorized technical term: Bhagavad Gita chapter 17 analyzes śraddhā as threefold (sāttvikī, rājasī, tāmasī), classified by which guṇa of prakṛti dominates the believer's constitution -- a fully worked-out psychological-metaphysical doctrine incompatible with faith as simple trust in a specific person.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  सत्सङ्गः ('association with the good/true') is a specific, well-developed devotional practice-category in Vaishnava bhakti and later Hindu reform movements (gathering with the wise for spiritual discourse); सहभागिता (shared participation) avoids importing that specific institutional practice.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT to NT), not the cyclical time of the four yugas (kṛta, tretā, dvāpara, kali) within which avatāras periodically appear per Gītā 4.7-8.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  तेजस् is rejected because in Sāṃkhya cosmology and Purāṇic narrative it names a specific metaphysical substance -- radiant potency or energy -- famously the combined tejas of the gods from which the goddess Durgā is formed in the Devī Māhātmyam.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: this glossary follows the historical precedent set by the 17th-century Jesuit missionary Roberto de Nobili, who worked in Sanskrit-influenced Tamil theological vocabulary and deliberately chose 'Sarvēśvara' (Lord OF ALL) over 'Dēva' specifically because Dēva is heard as one deity among the many devāḥ of Vedic and Puranic religion.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Must be distinguished from a general auspicious announcement (śubha).

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Follows the precedent of William Carey's 1808 Serampore Sanskrit New Testament, which coined this compound (su- 'good' + samācāra 'report/conduct-account') rather than borrowing a term already tied to a specific school.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Real, physical human nature, not an apparent or illusory body as some avatāra narratives describe, and not to be confused with māyā (the Advaitic doctrine of the illusory, provisionally-real nature of the phenomenal world).

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently assuming human nature, once.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: NEVER अवतारः.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  This is the sharpest possible contrast in this whole registry between two developed doctrines of scriptural authority: the Veda is held to be apauruṣeya (not authored by any person, including God), eternally existent, and merely 'seen' (dṛś) by ṛṣis in a state of heightened perception.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  Follows the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament (1808) precedent, the earliest sustained Christian Sanskrit Bible translation tradition.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  निर्णयः is deliberately borrowed from Mīmāṃsā/Nyāya argumentative method, where it names the definitively ascertained conclusion (siddhānta) reached after stating an objection (pūrvapakṣa) and refuting it (uttarapakṣa) -- i.e.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  विधिः is deliberately chosen from Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, the classical school devoted entirely to interpreting Vedic scriptural injunctions: a vidhi is a positive scriptural command carrying binding authority.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  प्रभुः ('master, one with power/authority') is preferred as the default title precisely because ईश्वरः carries a specific philosophical liability: in Advaita Vedānta, Īśvara is Brahman as viewed through māyā -- a real but only provisionally real (vyāvahārika) qualified (saguṇa) manifestation, ultimately superseded by the attributeless (nirguṇa) Brahman beyond even Īśvara.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Romans 10:9 -- 'Jesus is Lord' is the salvation confession.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  Transliterated term.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Messiah is a specific Jewish Old Testament concept fulfilled exclusively in Jesus.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Describes the activity plainly (proclamation of the good news).

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Given this Language Package's scholarly/liturgical rather than lay-mission-field audience, colonial-connotation caution applies with less force than in vernacular Language Packages, but tone should remain descriptive and non-triumphalist.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience flowing from faith, not dharmācaraṇa (conduct performed to fulfill one's prescribed varṇāśrama duty).

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5 and 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  शक्तिः is rejected with unusual precision here: in Śākta philosophical theology, Śakti is not merely 'a goddess-flavored word' but the personified, hypostasized divine feminine creative power, consort-energy of Śiva, and the subject of an entire Tantric-Śākta theological literature (e.g.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  सामर्थ्यम् required; never शक्तिः, which names the hypostasized, personified divine feminine creative power central to Śākta Tantric theology.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration of what is to come; a straightforward compound with no major competing technical sense.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  ऋषिः is rejected for a precise reason: a Vedic ṛṣi is credited with directly perceiving (√dṛś, hence mantra-draṣṭā, 'seer of the mantra') the eternal, uncreated (apauruṣeya) Veda, not with receiving a historically situated message from a personal God at a point in time.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: NEVER पुनर्जन्म.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: Bodily, once-for-all resurrection.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL AND UNAVOIDABLE: unlike in any vernacular in this pipeline, there is no way to fully escape dharma's weight in Sanskrit -- धार्मिकता is an abstract noun built directly on धर्म, the first and organizing category of the four puruṣārthas (dharma, artha, kāma, mokṣa) and the entire subject of the Mīmāṃsā school's scriptural-injunction hermeneutics and of the dharmaśāstra legal-ritual literature (varṇāśrama-dharma).

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  All believers are saints; not an inspired ṛṣi-elite or a formal saṃnyāsin renunciate class.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Never मोक्षः, मुक्तिः, or निर्वाणम्.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: NEVER मोक्षः or मुक्तिः -- both name the precise, fully theorized fourth puruṣārtha: liberation from saṃsāra achieved through jñāna-mārga (Advaita's Self-realization that ātman is Brahman), bhakti-mārga, or karma-mārga, depending on school.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment via the ablative वंशात् ('from the lineage').

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not be confused with the formal saṃnyāsa (renunciation) life-stage of the varṇāśrama-dharma system.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Moral transgression before a personal God.

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: full phrase required, using परमेश्वर (see 'god' entry) rather than bare ईश्वर for the same Advaita-subordination reasons noted under 'lord'.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Eternal, unique Sonship, not metaphorical sonship, and not a partial 'portion' (aṃśa) of God in the sense sometimes used of avatāras.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements, not the eight classical yogic siddhis (supernatural attainments) systematically catalogued in Yoga Sūtra 3 as products of disciplined practice.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  सिद्धिः is explicitly rejected because it names the eight classical yogic supernatural attainments (aṣṭasiddhi: aṇimā, mahimā, and others) systematically catalogued in Yoga Sūtra chapter 3 as by-products of advanced yogic mastery -- powers earned through disciplined practice, not enablements freely given by the Spirit.

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term; कृतज्ञता ('gratitude') is an acceptable descriptive synonym.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity equally guilty before God undermines varṇa-based ritual-spiritual hierarchy.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No varṇa or ritual-competence barrier to the gospel.

  ROM.1.16