Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  प्रेषितः ('one sent,' from √preṣ) is a plain, non-technical formation naming a sent, authorized messenger.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk: reducing apostleship to a guru within a guru-śiṣya-paramparā lineage, or to a ṛṣi who perceives eternal truth rather than one commissioned with a historical message.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call that ensures the salvation of the called, not an impersonal karmic or fated outcome (daiva).

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  God's sovereign personal choice, not भाग्यम् (fortune) or दैवम् -- the latter a genuine philosophical category debated in texts like the Mahābhārata's daiva-puruṣakāra discussions (the relative weight of fate versus human effort), not the same as a personal God's deliberate choice of specific people.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  म्लेच्छाः is explicitly rejected: in classical Sanskrit usage this term for 'foreigner/outsider' carries a ritual-impurity and cultural-contempt connotation (those outside varṇa society and Vedic ritual competence) far more pejorative than the neutral 'non-Jew' sense Paul intends.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Unmerited favor directly contradicts the karma-mīmāṃsā framework in which ritual and moral action produce their own automatic result (karmaphala), and must also be distinguished from prasāda's ritual food-offering-and-return structure.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  प्रसादः is explicitly rejected because in Sanskrit it names a concrete ritual category: food or an object offered to a deity and returned to the worshipper as a sanctified gift (prasādam), a transactional cultic exchange, not unmerited relational favor.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Proper name, transliterated.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  निर्णयः is deliberately borrowed from Mīmāṃsā/Nyāya argumentative method, where it names the definitively ascertained conclusion (siddhānta) reached after stating an objection (pūrvapakṣa) and refuting it (uttarapakṣa) -- i.e.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care, not the impersonal karmaphala causal law or the daiva/puruṣakāra (fate versus effort) framework debated in the Mahābhārata.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive governance.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL AND UNAVOIDABLE: unlike in any vernacular in this pipeline, there is no way to fully escape dharma's weight in Sanskrit -- धार्मिकता is an abstract noun built directly on धर्म, the first and organizing category of the four puruṣārthas (dharma, artha, kāma, mokṣa) and the entire subject of the Mīmāṃsā school's scriptural-injunction hermeneutics and of the dharmaśāstra legal-ritual literature (varṇāśrama-dharma).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Never मोक्षः, मुक्तिः, or निर्वाणम्.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: NEVER मोक्षः or मुक्तिः -- both name the precise, fully theorized fourth puruṣārtha: liberation from saṃsāra achieved through jñāna-mārga (Advaita's Self-realization that ātman is Brahman), bhakti-mārga, or karma-mārga, depending on school.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Directly challenges varṇa-based ritual and spiritual hierarchy embedded in classical dharmaśāstra social theory.

  ROM.11.17-24