Passage

Romans 10

• Doctrine

  Evangelism

  Tabshir (evangelism) intersects with apostasy norms in many Muslim-majority contexts, where leaving Islam can carry serious social or legal consequence; use language of witness and proclamation with awareness of the real safety stakes for both speaker and hearer.

  ROM.10.14-15

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Islamic iman is primarily creedal assent to six articles of belief, paired with practice; Pauline faith is personal trust/reliance in Christ specifically.

  ROM.10.9-10, ROM.10.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Iman is one of Islam's six articles of belief - primarily creedal assent paired with practice (islam) and excellence (ihsan).

  ROM.10.9-10, ROM.10.17

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Islamic naskh (abrogation) doctrine treats later revelation as superseding earlier revelation; Romans' claim that Christ fulfills rather than abrogates the OT promise needs deliberate framing against this default.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  الكفار (unbelievers) is a loaded Islamic religious-judgment term and must never be used for the ethnic-neutral sense of 'Gentiles.' الأمم (the nations, plural) shares a root with the loaded singular الأمة (Ummah) but the plural generic sense is safe and standard.

  ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Must be taught as the NT record itself, not conceded as a corrupted successor to a lost original revelation, per mainstream Islamic tahrif doctrine.

  ROM.10.15-16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Established term shared with Quranic usage (Injil = the revelation given to 'Isa).

  ROM.10.15-16

• Glossary Term

  Intercession

  Shafa'ah is a live, contested category in Islamic theology - mainstream Sunni hadith affirms Muhammad's 'greater intercession' for his ummah at Judgment, while some reform currents restrict all intercession to guard tawhid.

  ROM.10.1

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  In contemporary spoken Arabic 'Isra'il' is overwhelmingly associated with the modern nation-state and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, not primarily with Jacob's given name or the biblical people.

  ROM.10.12

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  CRITICAL: established Eastern Christian Arabic form (predates Islam).

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: التزكية (tazkiyah) is a Quranic term for self-purification through deeds - a process, not a forensic declaration.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Glossary Term

  Law

  CRITICAL: established Arabic Bible tradition (Van Dyck) deliberately uses the Greek loanword الناموس for the Mosaic Law rather than الشريعة, because 'shari'a' today overwhelmingly denotes the total Islamic religious-legal-political system.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  CRITICAL: al-Rabb is a defining title of Allah (Rabb al-'Alamin, opening of the Quran).

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: al-Rabb is a defining title of Allah in the Quran's opening surah.

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Prayer and Intercession

  Shafa'ah (intercession) is a live, contested Islamic category (Muhammad's 'greater intercession' at Judgment).

  ROM.10.1

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  Shares root with nabi; low independent risk.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: al-birr appears in the Quran (2:177) as a checklist of pious deeds - charity, prayer, honesty - i.e.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology weighs deeds on a scale (mizan) with no assured outcome, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of another's sin (6:164).

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology has no assured salvation - a soul's fate rests on a deeds-weighing scale (mizan) judged at the end, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of sin ('no bearer of burdens shall bear another's burden,' 6:164).

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires careful pastoral framing given the contemporary political weight of 'Isra'il' in Arabic-speaking contexts (see the 'israel' glossary term); Romans 9-11's redemptive-historical argument must not be flattened into or read as a statement on the present conflict.

  ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  Challenges tribal, clan, and sectarian (e.g.

  ROM.10.12-13