Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  الرسول is Muhammad's own defining title in the shahada (Rasul Allah) - the single most claimed prophetic office in Islam.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Al-rasul is Muhammad's own defining title (Rasul Allah); applying it to Paul is linguistically correct and pre-Islamic in origin but requires explicit distinction from the Islamic prophetic office and its finality claim.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Must be distinguished from folk qadar (fatalistic 'it is written' determinism about all life outcomes); this is God's specific redemptive purpose unto salvation through Christ.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  القدر (qadar, divine decree) is one of Islam's six articles of faith but functions as exhaustive fatalistic determinism over all events ('maktub,' it is written), popularly detached from any particular redemptive purpose.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  الكفار (unbelievers) is a loaded Islamic religious-judgment term and must never be used for the ethnic-neutral sense of 'Gentiles.' الأمم (the nations, plural) shares a root with the loaded singular الأمة (Ummah) but the plural generic sense is safe and standard.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Islamic fadl and rahmah both function as favor responsive to obedience.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  الفضل (Allah's bounty) and الرحمة (mercy, one of Allah's 99 names) both function in Islamic theology as favor responsive to obedience, not favor totally apart from merit.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  In contemporary spoken Arabic 'Isra'il' is overwhelmingly associated with the modern nation-state and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, not primarily with Jacob's given name or the biblical people.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: التزكية (tazkiyah) is a Quranic term for self-purification through deeds - a process, not a forensic declaration.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism, which strips outcomes of relational particularity.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  Leans toward benevolent divine care and attentiveness rather than impersonal decree, but still needs to avoid drifting into folk qadar fatalism (see 'election').

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: al-birr appears in the Quran (2:177) as a checklist of pious deeds - charity, prayer, honesty - i.e.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology weighs deeds on a scale (mizan) with no assured outcome, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of another's sin (6:164).

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology has no assured salvation - a soul's fate rests on a deeds-weighing scale (mizan) judged at the end, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of sin ('no bearer of burdens shall bear another's burden,' 6:164).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires careful pastoral framing given the contemporary political weight of 'Isra'il' in Arabic-speaking contexts (see the 'israel' glossary term); Romans 9-11's redemptive-historical argument must not be flattened into or read as a statement on the present conflict.

  ROM.11.17-24