Passage

Romans 13

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: التزكية (tazkiyah) is a Quranic term for self-purification through deeds - a process, not a forensic declaration.

  ROM.13.11

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: al-birr appears in the Quran (2:177) as a checklist of pious deeds - charity, prayer, honesty - i.e.

  ROM.13.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology weighs deeds on a scale (mizan) with no assured outcome, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of another's sin (6:164).

  ROM.13.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology has no assured salvation - a soul's fate rests on a deeds-weighing scale (mizan) judged at the end, and the Quran explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of sin ('no bearer of burdens shall bear another's burden,' 6:164).

  ROM.13.11