Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic intimacy-term preserved in Romans 8:15, as Paul himself preserved it.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  CRITICAL: the Quran (33:4-5) explicitly restricts adoption - adopted sons are declared not to be true sons and must be called by their biological father's name, denying full filial/inheritance status.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  CRITICAL: the Quran (33:4-5) explicitly denies adopted sons true filial and inheritance status.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Da'wah is the standard Islamic term for human missionary invitation to Islam.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  'Ahd also covers generic pledges and treaties in everyday Arabic; retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated biblical covenant sense rather than a mutual contractual one.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Shared Quranic figure (a prophet-king associated with the Zabur/Psalms), generally positively regarded, but the Quranic Dawud carries less of the covenant-king typology pointing forward to a messianic heir; supply that context explicitly.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Dawud is a shared, positively-regarded Quranic prophet-king, but the Quranic portrayal carries none of the covenant-king typology pointing forward to a promised messianic heir; this background must be taught, not assumed.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature, the paradigm case of shirk from an Islamic standpoint.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign summons runs the opposite direction from da'wah, the Islamic term for human invitation of others to Islam; keep the direction of address explicit.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Must be distinguished from folk qadar (fatalistic 'it is written' determinism about all life outcomes); this is God's specific redemptive purpose unto salvation through Christ.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  القدر (qadar, divine decree) is one of Islam's six articles of faith but functions as exhaustive fatalistic determinism over all events ('maktub,' it is written), popularly detached from any particular redemptive purpose.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  CRITICAL: paired risk with 'Son of God' - Islamic tanzih theology treats any begetting language applied to Allah as a form of anthropomorphism verging on shirk.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  God's radiant honor and presence.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: Allah is simply the Arabic word for God, used by Arabic-speaking Christians (Copts, Maronites, Syriac Orthodox) for centuries before and after Islam - there is no viable alternative word and none should be sought.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL - inverse risk pattern from other terms: al-Masih is not an available-but-wrong word, it is the unavoidable and correct word, and it is also 'Isa al-Masih's own Quranic title (4:171) - already loaded with a specific, well-defined, competing narrative (honored prophet, virgin-born, but explicitly not divine, not crucified, not resurrected, not an atoning sacrifice).

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: al-Masih is 'Isa al-Masih's own Quranic title, already loaded with a specific competing narrative - honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not risen.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.9.5