Passage
Romans 6
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Doctrine
Christian Identity in Christ
Identity located in union with Christ, not in clan/lineage standing or accumulated merit (功德).
ROM.6.1-11
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Doctrine
Grace
Unmerited favor directly contradicts the Buddhist merit-accounting worldview (功德, 阴德) present in Chinese folk religion, where good outcomes are earned through accumulated good deeds.
ROM.6.1, ROM.6.14-15
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Glossary Term
Grace
CRITICAL: NEVER use 功德 (gōngdé) — Buddhist accumulated merit earned through good deeds, transferable and quantifiable.
ROM.6.1, ROM.6.14-15
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Glossary Term
Holy
圣洁 = set apart for God and morally pure.
ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22
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Glossary Term
Holy Spirit
CRITICAL: always use the compound 圣灵; NEVER use 灵 (líng, 'spirit') alone, which in folk usage covers ancestral spirits (祖灵), nature spirits, and ghosts, and is invoked in ancestor-veneration ritual.
ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22
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Glossary Term
Resurrection
CRITICAL: NEVER use 轮回 (lúnhuí, the cycle of reincarnation) or 投胎 (tóutāi, being reborn into a new womb) — both are Buddhist rebirth concepts describing an ongoing cycle, the opposite of a once-for-all bodily resurrection.
ROM.6.4-5
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Doctrine
Resurrection of Christ
CRITICAL: 复活, not 轮回 (reincarnation cycle) or 投胎 (rebirth into a new womb) or 还魂 (folk ghost-story reanimation).
ROM.6.4-5
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Doctrine
Sanctification
CRITICAL: 成圣 is a direct borrowing of the Neo-Confucian technical term for self-cultivation into sagehood through personal moral effort (Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming).
ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22
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Glossary Term
Sanctification
CRITICAL: 成圣 ('becoming a sage/holy one') is itself a technical term in Neo-Confucian philosophy (Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming) for the process of self-cultivation by which a person perfects their innate moral nature into sagehood through personal effort.
ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22
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Doctrine
Separation unto God's Service
Must not be confused with the Daoist/Buddhist ideal of withdrawing from worldly life to pursue ritual purity or immortality through seclusion.
ROM.6.22