Passage
Romans 1
-
Glossary Term
Apostle
HIGH: Established Alkitab usage retains Rasul (e.g.
ROM.1.1
-
Doctrine
Apostleship
Risk: Rasul is also the specific Islamic category for a major scripture-bearing prophet-messenger, preeminently Muhammad.
ROM.1.1
-
Glossary Term
Called
Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
-
Glossary Term
Calling
Noun form for the act/state of being called by God.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
-
Doctrine
Christian Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ, not merely ethnic or bumiputera-linked community solidarity (persaudaraan-style belonging).
ROM.1.12
-
Glossary Term
Covenant
Perjanjian (also used for Perjanjian Lama/Perjanjian Baru, Old/New Testament) is the established relational-covenant term.
ROM.1.3
-
Glossary Term
David
Established Alkitab proper name, recognizable from the Qur'anic Dawud, though the Qur'an presents him as a prophet-king without the messianic covenant content Romans assumes.
ROM.1.3
-
Doctrine
Davidic Covenant
The Qur'anic Dawud is a prophet-king; the specific covenant promise of an eternal royal line fulfilled in the Messiah has no Islamic parallel, though Malay royal-lineage tradition (salasilah diraja) gives dynastic descent claims real cultural resonance to build on.
ROM.1.3
-
Doctrine
Deity of Christ
CRITICAL: The single most direct collision with tawhid.
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Divine Calling
God's sovereign call must be distinguished from takdir-style impersonal fate and from a merely optional religious invitation one may decline without consequence to God's purpose.
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7
-
Glossary Term
Exhort
Context-sensitive: use merayu (entreat/beseech) for pleading; menasihati (advise/encourage) for building up.
ROM.1.12
-
Doctrine
Faith
Personal trust in Christ specifically, not assent to the pillars of Islamic iman in the abstract.
ROM.1.17
-
Glossary Term
Faith
Iman is shared with Islamic vocabulary (the pillars of belief: Allah, angels, books, prophets, the last day, qada' and qadar).
ROM.1.17
-
Glossary Term
Fellowship
Persekutuan is the established, well-understood Malay Christian term for shared participation in Christ.
ROM.1.12
-
Doctrine
Fulfillment of Prophecy
Linear historical fulfillment culminating in Christ contrasts with a pattern of successive, largely self-contained prophets each restating the same core message; Romans' cumulative, converging OT argument needs explicit unpacking.
ROM.1.2-4
-
Glossary Term
Glory
God's radiant honor and majesty.
ROM.1.4
-
Glossary Term
God
CRITICAL: Malay Christians have used Allah for God since the earliest Malay Bible translations (from 1629), and it remains the term used in the Alkitab today, particularly established among Christians in Sabah and Sarawak.
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Gospel
Must be distinguished from Injil treated purely as a disputed, allegedly corrupted book (tahrif).
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
-
Glossary Term
Gospel
Injil is the established Alkitab (Malay Bible) term, shared with the Qur'anic name for the revelation given to Isa, which Islamic doctrine treats as historically altered (tahrif).
ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16
-
Doctrine
Humanity of Christ
Islamic theology already affirms Jesus' full, real humanity, so this is common ground; the risk runs opposite to a denial-of-humanity context — readers may over-affirm Christ's humanity and resist the accompanying claim of full deity.
ROM.1.3
-
Doctrine
Incarnation
CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on true human nature.
ROM.1.3
-
Glossary Term
Incarnation
CRITICAL: Penjelmaan ('taking on form') shares its root with penjelmaan dewa, an avatar-like concept surviving from the pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist civilizational layer of the Malay Archipelago (the historic Srivijaya and Majapahit era).
ROM.1.3
-
Doctrine
Inspiration of Scripture
CRITICAL: Tahrif (belief that the Bible has been textually corrupted) is widely taught, and in Malaysia this intersects with an active legal and political controversy over the very vocabulary (notably 'Allah') used in translating and printing Malay-language Scripture, making this more than a purely doctrinal-confidence question.
ROM.1.2
-
Glossary Term
Jesus
CRITICAL: The Alkitab (Malay Bible) deliberately uses Yesus rather than the Qur'anic Isa, precisely to keep the full Christian identity of Jesus distinct from the Qur'anic prophet-Isa and to avoid the appearance of an Islamic-vocabulary ('Insider Movement'-style) translation approach.
ROM.1.4
-
Glossary Term
Justification
A forensic-legal declaration (being 'made/declared right'), not merely forgiveness.
ROM.1.16
-
Glossary Term
Law
Refers to the Mosaic law given through the Taurat (Torah).
ROM.1.2-4
-
Glossary Term
Lord
Established Alkitab term (Tuhan Yesus).
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Lordship of Christ
CRITICAL: Romans 10:9 — Yesus adalah Tuhan is the salvation confession and must be rendered without qualification.
ROM.1.4
-
Glossary Term
Messiah
CRITICAL: Established Alkitab usage (Yesus Kristus) deliberately uses the Greek/English-derived Kristus rather than the Qur'anic Al-Masih title, precisely to avoid the appearance of adopting an Islamic-vocabulary ('Insider Movement'-style) translation strategy that has been a significant point of controversy in Malay/Indonesian Bible translation circles.
ROM.1.3-4
-
Doctrine
Messianic Promise
CRITICAL: The Qur'an grants Isa the al-Masih title but strips it of the OT king-priest-savior content Paul assumes.
ROM.1.3-4
-
Glossary Term
Mission
Penyebaran Injil ('spreading of the Gospel') is used rather than misi, which carries colonial baggage, or dakwah, the specifically Islamic term for religious outreach.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
-
Doctrine
Mission to the Nations
Framed here as the broader theme of God's plan for all nations, distinct from the specific, legally restricted evangelism/proclamation activity addressed separately below.
ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14
-
Doctrine
Mutual Edification
Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.
ROM.1.12
-
Doctrine
Obedience of Faith
Obedience flowing from a faith relationship already secured by grace, not ketaatan agama (generic religious duty-performance) that itself establishes standing before God.
ROM.1.5
-
Glossary Term
Obedience Of Faith
Romans 1:5 and 16:26.
ROM.1.5
-
Glossary Term
Power Of God
Kuasa Allah is the plain, doctrinally clean term for God's sovereign power.
ROM.1.16
-
Doctrine
Power of God for Salvation
Kuasa Allah preferred over kuasa ghaib-adjacent occult/animist power framing found in traditional Malay bomoh folk practice.
ROM.1.16
-
Glossary Term
Prophecy
God-inspired declaration pointing to Christ, an established Alkitab term.
ROM.1.2-4
-
Glossary Term
Prophet
Nabi is the standard shared Islamic-Malay term, and precisely the (exclusive) category Islamic theology places Jesus into (Nabi Isa).
ROM.1.2
-
Glossary Term
Resurrection
CRITICAL: Must affirm real bodily death followed by bodily resurrection.
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Resurrection of Christ
CRITICAL: Qur'an 4:157 denies Jesus actually died on the cross.
ROM.1.4
-
Glossary Term
Righteousness
CRITICAL: Kebenaran can ambiguously mean 'truth/correctness' as well as moral righteousness in everyday Malay; context must make clear this is right standing before God, not merely factual accuracy.
ROM.1.16
-
Doctrine
Sainthood (Called to be Holy)
All believers are orang kudus; this is not an elite class of specially graced figures venerated at keramat grave-sites, as traditional Malay Sufi folk practice might suggest.
ROM.1.7
-
Doctrine
Salvation
CRITICAL: Salvation received now through Christ's finished work, not an outcome deferred to Allah's undisclosed judgment.
ROM.1.16
-
Glossary Term
Salvation
CRITICAL: Keselamatan shares its root with selamat, an extremely common everyday word ('selamat pagi,' good morning; 'selamat datang,' welcome), which risks the doctrine reading as a vague, generic well-wishing rather than a specific, present deliverance secured by Christ.
ROM.1.16
-
Glossary Term
Seed Of David
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise.
ROM.1.3
-
Doctrine
Separation unto God's Service
Must not be confused with Sufi ascetic withdrawal or with keramat-site devotion practiced in traditional Malay folk Islam.
ROM.1.1
-
Glossary Term
Sin
Dosa is the standard shared term, but Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists inherited universal sinfulness; Romans 5:12-19's doctrine of inherited sin needs explicit teaching support.
ROM.1.18
-
Glossary Term
Son Of God
CRITICAL: Full phrase required, never softened.
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Sonship of Christ
CRITICAL: Qur'an 112:3 states Allah 'neither begets nor is begotten.' This is the doctrine at the center of the global 'Son of God' Bible translation controversy; this Language Package explicitly forbids euphemistic substitution and requires Anak Allah to be taught as eternal, non-physical Sonship within the Godhead.
ROM.1.4
-
Doctrine
Spiritual Gifts
Spirit-given enablements for the church's benefit, not keramat (a venerated wali's miraculous grave-site power) or a mark of individual spiritual rank.
ROM.1.11
-
Glossary Term
Spiritual Gifts
Always pair karunia with rohani; keramat specifically denotes the miraculous power attributed to a saint's grave-site in traditional Malay devotional practice and must not be used.
ROM.1.11
-
Doctrine
Thanksgiving
Standard term shared with everyday gratitude-to-God vocabulary; low doctrinal risk and a genuine point of resonance.
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
-
Glossary Term
Thanksgiving
Standard term shared with everyday Islamic-influenced gratitude vocabulary (bersyukur, alhamdulillah-style piety).
ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21
-
Doctrine
Universal Human Accountability
Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists inherited, universal sinfulness; Romans' 'all have sinned' must be taught as a deliberate claim, not softened into 'most people sin sometimes.'
ROM.1.18
-
Doctrine
Universal Scope of the Gospel
No ethnic or national barrier to the gospel; retain unqualified universality even against Malaysia's constitutionally significant Malay-Muslim (bumiputera) identity category.
ROM.1.16