Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  HIGH: Established Alkitab usage retains Rasul (e.g.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk: Rasul is also the specific Islamic category for a major scripture-bearing prophet-messenger, preeminently Muhammad.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign, personal call that secures the salvation of the called, distinguished from takdir-style impersonal predetermination.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  God's sovereign, personal choosing for salvation.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Bangsa bukan Yahudi ('peoples who are not Jewish') is the ethnically neutral Bible term.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Unmerited favor apart from amal soleh (righteous deeds).

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Kasih kurnia ('loving favor') is a native Malay-Sanskrit compound rather than an Arabic loanword, established in Alkitab usage specifically to convey unearned favor apart from merit, distinct from rahmat, which still functions within a framework where deeds matter for final judgment.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Proper name; established Alkitab form.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  A forensic-legal declaration (being 'made/declared right'), not merely forgiveness.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care, at real risk of collapsing into takdir-style fatalism rather than the specifically good, Father-hearted purpose Romans 8:28 asserts.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care, especially Romans 8:28.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: Kebenaran can ambiguously mean 'truth/correctness' as well as moral righteousness in everyday Malay; context must make clear this is right standing before God, not merely factual accuracy.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Salvation received now through Christ's finished work, not an outcome deferred to Allah's undisclosed judgment.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Keselamatan shares its root with selamat, an extremely common everyday word ('selamat pagi,' good morning; 'selamat datang,' welcome), which risks the doctrine reading as a vague, generic well-wishing rather than a specific, present deliverance secured by Christ.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires full theological clarity given Malaysia's own ethnic-religious plurality (Malay-Muslim, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous East Malaysian communities) and constitutionally defined categories linking Malay ethnicity to Islam.

  ROM.11.17-24