Passage

Romans 3

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ specifically, not assent to the pillars of Islamic iman in the abstract.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Iman is shared with Islamic vocabulary (the pillars of belief: Allah, angels, books, prophets, the last day, qada' and qadar).

  ROM.3.22-28

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment culminating in Christ contrasts with a pattern of successive, largely self-contained prophets each restating the same core message; Romans' cumulative, converging OT argument needs explicit unpacking.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Bangsa bukan Yahudi ('peoples who are not Jewish') is the ethnically neutral Bible term.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Unmerited favor apart from amal soleh (righteous deeds).

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  Kasih kurnia ('loving favor') is a native Malay-Sanskrit compound rather than an Arabic loanword, established in Alkitab usage specifically to convey unearned favor apart from merit, distinct from rahmat, which still functions within a framework where deeds matter for final judgment.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Proper name; established Alkitab form.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Glossary Term

  Law

  Refers to the Mosaic law given through the Taurat (Torah).

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration pointing to Christ, an established Alkitab term.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Dosa is the standard shared term, but Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists inherited universal sinfulness; Romans 5:12-19's doctrine of inherited sin needs explicit teaching support.

  ROM.3.23

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires full theological clarity given Malaysia's own ethnic-religious plurality (Malay-Muslim, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous East Malaysian communities) and constitutionally defined categories linking Malay ethnicity to Islam.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists inherited, universal sinfulness; Romans' 'all have sinned' must be taught as a deliberate claim, not softened into 'most people sin sometimes.'

  ROM.3.23