Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Timothy — English → Persian
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all four chapters of 2 Timothy. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reuse and must be rendered exactly as recorded there. New terms for this curriculum are marked New and are proposed here for addition to translation memory, pending Phase 1 Step 17-style theologian review for every Critical/High entry. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
Core Passage Terms (2 Timothy 3:14–4:5)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Key Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Scripture | γραφή (graphē) | کتاب مقدس | ketab-e moqaddas | High | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Tahrif (corruption) assumption applies as with انجیل |
| 2 | sacred/holy writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata) | نوشتههای مقدس | neveshtehha-ye moqaddas | Medium | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Same tahrif risk, secondary term |
| 3 | God-breathed / inspired by God | θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | الهامشده از خدا | elham-shode az khoda | Critical | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Wahy/tanzil (dictation) vs. ilham (subjective/lesser) collision on both sides; reject نازلشده |
| 4 | profitable | ὠφέλιμος (ōphelimos) | مفید | mofid | Low | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | — |
| 5 | doctrine/teaching | διδασκαλία / διδαχή (didaskalia/didachē) | تعلیم | ta’lim | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Generic Islamic religious-instruction register; qualify as apostolic teaching |
| 6 | reproof | ἔλεγχος (elenchos) | توبیخ | tabikh | Low-Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 7 | correction | ἐπανόρθωσις (epanorthōsis) | اصلاح | eslah | Low-Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Minor political-reformist resonance in modern Iran |
| 8 | instruction/training | παιδεία (paideia) | تربیت | tarbiat | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Keep Scripture-driven, righteousness-oriented sense |
| 9 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | عدالت | edalat | Critical | Reuse | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Baseline TM; never پارسایی |
| 10 | man of God | ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ | مرد خدا | mard-e khoda | Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Sufi honorific-saint overtone must be avoided |
| 11 | complete | ἄρτιος (artios) | کامل | kamel | Low | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Functional fitness, not sinless perfection |
| 12 | thoroughly equipped | ἐξηρτισμένος (exartizō) | مجهز | mojahhaz | Low | New | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | — |
| 13 | good work | ἔργον ἀγαθόν | عمل نیکو | amal-e niku | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | اعمال/a’mal deeds-weighing echo; fruit not means |
| 14 | solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι | با جدیت سفارش میکنم | ba jeddiyat sefaresh mikonam | Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Preserve formal, testimonial weight |
| 15 | judge | κρίνειν / κριτής | داوری کردن / داور | davari kardan / davar | High | New | Assurance of Reward | Mizan/Chinvat deeds-judgment default; Christ specifically judges |
| 16 | living and dead | ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί | زندگان و مردگان | zendegan va mordegan | Low | New | Assurance of Reward | — |
| 17 | appearing | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | ظهور | zohur | Critical | New | Assurance of Reward / Resurrection | Direct collision with Shia Mahdi-zohur expectation; never render unqualified — always “ظهور مسیح” |
| 18 | kingdom | βασιλεία | ملکوت (خدا) | malakut(-e khoda) | Medium | Reuse | Assurance of Reward | Baseline TM; distinguish from political/Velayat-e Faqih state |
| 19 | preach/proclaim | κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | اعلام کردن | e’lam kardan | High | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Real legal/social danger of public proclamation in Iran |
| 20 | word | λόγος (logos) | کلام | kalam | Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Ilm al-Kalam resonance; disambiguate as God’s word |
| 21 | be urgent/ready | ἐφίστημι | آماده و مصمم باش | amadeh va mosammam bash | Low | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | — |
| 22 | rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω | سرزنش کن | sarzanesh kon | Low-Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 23 | exhort | παρακαλέω | تشویق کردن / نصیحت کردن | tashviq/nasihat kardan | Low | Reuse | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Baseline TM, context-sensitive |
| 24 | longsuffering | μακροθυμία | بردباری | bordbari | Low-Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | — |
| 25 | sound doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | تعلیم سالم | ta’lim-e salem | High | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Reject تعلیم صحیح (echoes hadith “sahih” authentication) |
| 26 | endure/bear with | ἀνέχομαι | تحمل کردن | tahammol kardan | Low | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 27 | desires/lusts | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | هوسهای نفسانی | havas-haye nafsani | Medium-High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Nafs-jihad bridge; not a willpower-only remedy |
| 28 | itching ears (idiom) | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν | میل به شنیدن سخنان خوشایند | meyl be shenidan-e sokhanan-e khoshayand | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Idiom-handling; no literal calque |
| 29 | truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | حقیقت | haqiqat | Medium-High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Sufi haqiqat (esoteric mystical truth) collision |
| 30 | turn away | ἀποστρέφω | روی برمیگردانند | ru’i bar-migardanand | Low | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 31 | myths/fables | μῦθος (mythos) | افسانهها | afsaneh-ha | Low | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 32 | turned aside | ἐκτρέπομαι | منحرف میشوند | monharef mishavand | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Political-religious “deviant” resonance in Iranian discourse |
| 33 | sober/watchful | νήφω (nēphō) | هوشیار باش | hoshyar bash | Low | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | — |
| 34 | endure hardship | κακοπαθέω | سختی بکش | sakhti bekesh | Medium | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Connect to Christ’s own suffering, not stoicism |
| 35 | evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής | مبشر | mobasher | High | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Real apostasy-law danger for public gospel proclamation |
| 36 | ministry | διακονία (diakonia) | خدمت | khedmat | Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Also generic secular “service”; disambiguate |
| 37 | fully accomplish | πληροφορέω | بهطور کامل انجام بده | be tor-e kamel anjam bedeh | Low | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | — |
Chapter 1 Terms (2 Timothy 1:1-18)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Key Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 38 | apostle | ἀπόστολος | رسول | rasul | High | Reuse | Faithful Transmission | Baseline TM |
| 39 | mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | رحمت | rahmat | High | New | Faithful Transmission | Central Qur’anic divine-attribute vocabulary (Rahman/Rahim) |
| 40 | pure conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | وجدان | vejdan | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Modern secular-philosophical term; reinforce God-accountable sense |
| 41 | unfeigned faith | ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις | بدون ریا | bedun-e riya | Medium | New | Faithful Transmission | ریا = Islamic hypocrisy-vice; useful bridge |
| 42 | laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | دستگذاری | dast-gozari | Medium | New | Faithful Transmission | Unfamiliar rite; needs explanation |
| 43 | gift (of God) | χάρισμα (charisma) | عطای خدا | ata-ye khoda | Medium | Reuse concept | Faithful Transmission | Cf. baseline عطایای روحانی |
| 44 | spirit of fear/timidity | δειλία (deilia) | روح ترس | ruh-e tars | Low | New | Perseverance under Suffering | — |
| 45 | power | δύναμις (dynamis) | قدرت | qodrat | Low-Medium | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Cf. baseline قدرت خدا |
| 46 | love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | محبت | mohabbat | Medium-High | New | Faithful Transmission | Reject عشق (Sufi erotic-mystical love); محبت is measured |
| 47 | sound mind/self-discipline | σωφρονισμός | عقل سلیم | aql-e salim | Medium | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Spirit-given, not natural rationality |
| 48 | ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι (epaischynomai) | شرمنده شدن | sharmande shodan | High | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Real honor/shame social-familial cost of discipleship |
| 49 | holy calling | κλήσις ἁγία | دعوت مقدس | da’vat-e moqaddas | High/Medium | Reuse | Faithful Transmission | Baseline TM components |
| 50 | purpose | πρόθεσις (prothesis) | قصد | qasd | Medium | New | Faithful Transmission | Cf. baseline تدبیر الهی/برگزیدگی |
| 51 | Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | نجاتدهنده | nejat-dahande | High | New | Faithful Transmission / Salvation | Exclusive title; distinguish from Karbala/Hussein intercession pattern |
| 52 | abolished death | καταργέω (katargeō) | مرگ را بیاثر ساخت | marg ra bi-asar sakht | Medium | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Active victory, not fatalistic qadar |
| 53 | immortality | ἀφθαρσία (aphtharsia) | بیفسادی | bi-fasadi | Medium | New | Assurance of Reward | Avoid خلد (generic Paradise term) as primary |
| 54 | preacher/herald | κήρυξ (kēryx) | واعظ | va’ez | Medium | New | The Charge to Preach the Word | Reject مبلغ (Islamic missionary/tabligh term) |
| 55 | teacher | διδάσκαλος | معلم | mo’allem | Low-Medium | New | Faithful Transmission | — |
| 56 | deposit entrusted | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | امانت | amanat | High | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Strong Islamic amanah/al-Amin bridge; specify gospel content |
| 57 | guard | φυλάσσω (phylassō) | محافظت کردن | mohafezat kardan | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 58 | indwelling (Spirit) | ἐνοικέω (enoikeō) | ساکن بودن در | saken budan dar | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Avoid Sufi hulul (absorption/merger) confusion |
| 59 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | روحالقدس | Ruh-ol-Qods | Critical | Reuse | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Baseline TM |
Chapter 2 Terms (2 Timothy 2:1-26)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Key Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | commit/entrust | παρατίθεμαι (paratithemai) | سپردن | sepordan | High | New | Faithful Transmission | Core verse (2:2); chain-of-custody image |
| 61 | faithful | πιστός (pistos) | امین | amin | High | New | Faithful Transmission / Guarding Sound Doctrine | Shares A-M-N root with ایمان/امانت — pedagogical asset |
| 62 | soldier | στρατιώτης | سرباز | sarbaz | Low | New | Perseverance under Suffering | — |
| 63 | athlete | ἀθλέω | ورزشکار | varzeshkar | Low | New | Perseverance under Suffering | — |
| 64 | farmer | γεωργός | کشاورز | keshavarz | Low | New | Perseverance under Suffering | — |
| 65 | resurrection | ἀνάστασις | قیامت | qiyamat | Critical | Reuse | Apostasy & False Teachers | Baseline TM; Hymenaeus/Philetus false-teaching example |
| 66 | seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ | نسل داوود | nasl-e Davud | High | Reuse | Faithful Transmission | Baseline TM |
| 67 | word of God not bound | ὁ λόγος οὐ δέδεται | کلام خدا در بند نیست | kalam-e khoda dar band nist | Low | New | Perseverance under Suffering | — |
| 68 | the elect | ἐκλεκτοί | برگزیدگان | bargozidegan | High | Reuse | — | Baseline TM (برگزیدگی خدا) |
| 69 | eternal glory | δόξα αἰώνιος | جلال ابدی | jalal-e abadi | Medium | Reuse | Assurance of Reward | Baseline TM جلال |
| 70 | reign together | συμβασιλεύω | با او سلطنت خواهیم کرد | ba u saltanat khahim kard | Medium | New | Assurance of Reward | Not a this-worldly political reign |
| 71 | deny | ἀρνέομαι (arneomai) | انکار کردن | enkar kardan | High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Reject کفر ورزیدن (Islamic kofr/apostasy juridical category) |
| 72 | approved | δόκιμος (dokimos) | تاییدشده / آزموده | ta’yid-shode / azmude | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Tested-and-proven, not self-declared |
| 73 | rightly dividing | ὀρθοτομέω (orthotomeō) | بهدرستی تبیین کردن | be-dorosti tabyin kardan | High | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Careful honest handling; not literalism nor mystical allegory |
| 74 | vain babbling | κενοφωνία | یاوهگویی | yaveh-gu’i | Low-Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 75 | ungodliness | ἀσέβεια (asebeia) | بیدینی | bi-dini | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Antonym of εὐσέβεια/دینداری |
| 76 | gangrene | γάγγραινα | قانقاریا | ghanghariya | Low | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Preserve vivid medical image |
| 77 | foundation | θεμέλιος | بنیاد | bonyad | Low | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 78 | unrighteousness | ἀδικία | بیعدالتی | bi-edalati | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Antonym of عدالت |
| 79 | vessel; honor/dishonor | σκεῦος, τιμή/ἀτιμία | ظرف؛ عزت/خفت | zarf; ezzat/kheffat | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Honor/shame register |
| 80 | youthful lusts | νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι | هوسهای جوانی | havas-haye javani | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Cf. ἐπιθυμία above |
| 81 | servant (of the Lord) | δοῦλος κυρίου (doulos) | بنده (خداوند) | bandeh(-ye Khodavand) | High | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Central Islamic self-designation; always couple with خداوند |
| 82 | meekness | πραΰτης | فروتنی | forutani | Low | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | — |
| 83 | repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | توبه | towbeh | Critical | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Central Islamic tawba ritual-legal category; must be taught as God-granted, not self-achieved |
| 84 | devil | διάβολος | شیطان | Sheytan | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Shared Qur’anic vocabulary; reinforce NT’s decisively-defeated portrait |
Chapter 3 Terms (2 Timothy 3:1-13; see Core Passage table above for 3:14-17)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Key Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85 | last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι | روزهای آخر | ruzha-ye akher | High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Parallels Shia “zaman-e zohur” apocalyptic framework |
| 86 | perilous times | καιροὶ χαλεποί | زمانهای دشوار | zamanha-ye doshvar | Low-Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 87 | vice-list terms (grouped) | φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι, ἀλαζόνες, etc. | خودپرست، پولپرست، لافزن، متکبر، کفرگو، نافرمان به والدین، ناسپاس، بیمحبت طبیعی، عهدشکن، تهمتزن، بیبندوبار، وحشی، دشمن خوبی، خیانتکار، خودسر، مغرور | (see term list) | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | کفرگو flagged for disambiguation from Islamic kofr/apostasy sense |
| 88 | lovers of pleasure vs. lovers of God | φιλήδονοι / φιλόθεοι | لذتپرست / خداپرست | lezzat-parast / khoda-parast | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 89 | godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | دینداری | dindari | High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Reject تقوا (central Qur’anic virtue-term); parallels baseline’s پارسایی rejection pattern |
| 90 | form of godliness | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας | ظاهر دینداری | zaher-e dindari | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 91 | deceive/lead astray | πλανάω (planaō) | گمراه کردن | gomrah kardan | Medium-High | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Qur’anic dalal/gumrahi bridge; specify apostolic-truth referent |
| 92 | impostor | γόης (goēs) | فریبکار | fraybkar | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Reject جادوگر (occult-specific narrowing) |
| 93 | mind | νοῦς (nous) | ذهن | zehn | Low | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | — |
| 94 | disqualified | ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | فاقد صلاحیت | faqed-e salahiyat | Medium | New | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Antonym of δόκιμος |
| 95 | manner of life | ἀγωγή (agōgē) | شیوه زندگی | shive-ye zendegi | Medium | New | Faithful Transmission | Reject سیره (Islamic Sira-genre term) |
| 96 | persecutions/afflictions | διωγμοί, παθήματα | آزار و اذیت / رنج | azar-o aziyat / ranj | Medium | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Connect to Christ’s own suffering pattern |
| 97 | deliver | ῥύομαι (rhyomai) | رهانید | rahanid | Medium-High | New | Perseverance under Suffering | Distinguish from Karbala/intercessory-figure rescue pattern |
Chapter 4 Terms (2 Timothy 4:6-22; see Core Passage table above for 4:1-5)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Key Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 98 | departure (death euphemism) | ἀνάλυσις (analysis) | رحلت | rehlat | Medium | New | Assurance of Reward | Borrows Islamic religious-honorific death vocabulary (used of the Prophet) |
| 99 | poured out (as offering) | σπένδομαι | مانند هدیهای ریخته میشوم | manand-e hadyeh-i rikhte mishavam | Low-Medium | New | Assurance of Reward | Unfamiliar sacrificial image; needs brief gloss |
| 100 | fought the good fight | ἀγωνίζομαι | مبارزه کردم | mobarezeh kardam | Low | New | Assurance of Reward | — |
| 101 | finished the course | δρόμος τετέλεκα | دویدن را به پایان رساندم | davidan ra be payan resandam | Low | New | Assurance of Reward | — |
| 102 | kept the faith | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | ایمان را حفظ کردم | iman ra hefz kardam | Low-Medium | Reuse concept | Faithful Transmission | Reuse baseline ایمان |
| 103 | crown of righteousness | στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (stephanos) | تاج عدالت | taj-e edalat | High | New | Assurance of Reward | Deeds-weighing (a’mal/mizan) risk; must flow from grace already secured |
| 104 | loved this present age | τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα (aiōn) | این دنیا | in donya | Medium | New | Apostasy & False Teachers | Dunya/akhira bridge; fill in Christ-centered content |
| 105 | works/deeds | ἔργα (erga) | اعمال | a’mal | High | New | Assurance of Reward | Islamic deeds-record term; contextual, not general soteriological statement |
| 106 | preserved unto heavenly kingdom | ῥύσεταί… σώσει εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν | مرا… برای ملکوت آسمانی خود نگاه خواهد داشت | — | Medium | Reuse concept | Assurance of Reward | Reuse ملکوت |
| 107 | glory forever, Amen | δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας, ἀμήν | جلال تا ابدالآباد، آمین | jalal ta abad-ol-abad, amin | Low-Medium | Reuse | Assurance of Reward | Baseline TM جلال + established آمین transliteration |
| 108 | grace be with you | ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν | فیض با شما باد | feyz ba shoma bad | High | Reuse | — | Baseline TM فیض exactly |
| 109 | proper names (Demas, Crescens, Titus, Luke, Mark, Tychicus, Carpus, Alexander, Prisca, Aquila, Erastus, Trophimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia) | — | دیماس، کریسکیس، تیتوس، لوقا، مرقس، تیخیکوس، کارپوس، اسکندر، پریسکا، آکیلا، ارستوس، تروفیموس، یوبولوس، پودیس، لینوس، کلادیا | — | Low | New | — | Transliteration consistency only; no doctrinal risk |
Risk Summary (2 Timothy New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 (θεόπνευστος, ἐπιφάνεια, μετάνοια) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 17 | Human theologian |
| Medium | ~40 | Native speaker review |
| Low | ~30 | Automated review sufficient |
Note: This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json (versioned as an increment, per the baseline’s Language Package update protocol) before any Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy begins. All Critical and High entries above require the same non-negotiable enforcement priority the baseline establishes for Romans; none may be substituted or paraphrased once approved.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: عدالت
Transliteration: edalat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: پارسایی
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 2 Timothy 3:16 and 4:8 extends from forensic standing to Scripture-formed righteous living and the ‘crown of righteousness’ — always عدالت, never پارسایی (Zoroastrian-inflected virtue-achievement).
Justification
Approved rendering: عادل شمرده شدن
Transliteration: adel shomorde shodan
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not a distinct lexical item in 2 Timothy, but the underlying forensic-declaration concept must govern the teaching of 4:7-8’s crown of righteousness: the crown is the grace-consistent culmination of a life already secured by justification, never an independently earned merit balance.
Salvation
Approved rendering: نجات
Transliteration: nejat
Doctrine: Salvation and the Savior
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must remain categorically distinct from the Karbala/Hussein martyrdom-intercession devotional pattern documented in the baseline; 3:15 explicitly ties it to faith in Christ Jesus.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: قیامت
Transliteration: qiyamat
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2:8 affirms Christ’s true historical resurrection; 2:18 records Hymenaeus and Philetus’s false teaching that ‘the resurrection is past already’ — a concrete in-text false-teaching example. Must be taught as a definite future bodily event, never displaced onto Mahdi-centered eschatology nor over-spiritualized as already complete.
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: Khodavand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: سرور
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. High-frequency recurrence in this short letter (1:2, 1:8, 2:19, 2:22, 4:1, 4:8, 4:22) raises cumulative exposure risk if softened even once.
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Salvation and the Savior
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Always paired with عیسی in this letter; must actively assert Christ’s own primary, sufficient redemptive role, never displaced by Mahdi-centered expectation.
Jesus
Approved rendering: عیسی
Transliteration: Isa
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Always paired with مسیح in 2 Timothy’s greeting/closing formulas.
God
Approved rendering: خدا
Transliteration: Khoda
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Rejected alternatives: الله
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روحالقدس
Transliteration: Ruh-ol-Qods
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Source of power/love/self-discipline (1:7) and personally indwelling the believer (1:14), enabling the guarding of the gospel deposit.
Father
Approved rendering: پدر
Transliteration: pedar
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL, inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Source of grace, mercy, and peace in the letter’s opening (1:2).
God Breathed
Approved rendering: الهامشده از خدا
Transliteration: elham-shode az khoda
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: نازلشده از خدا
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. NEW. θεόπνευστος (3:16), the single most load-bearing term for Inspiration of Scripture. Reject نازلشده (nazel-shode, ‘sent down’), the precise technical term for Qur’anic tanzil/wahy verbatim dictation through an angelic intermediary. Conversely, bare الهام in Islamic theology denotes a lesser, private, non-authoritative inspiration (given even to ordinary believers/Sufi mystics) as distinct from wahy given only to prophets, risking undershooting Scripture’s full authority. NEVER RENDER BARE: every occurrence requires the qualifying gloss that Scripture’s inspiration is neither mechanical dictation nor a private mystical impression, but God superintending human authors to write his own authoritative word in their own voice.
Appearing
Approved rendering: ظهور مسیح
Transliteration: zohur-e Masih
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: ظهور (bare, unqualified)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Assurance of Reward
CRITICAL. NEW. ἐπιφάνεια (4:1, 4:8). ظهور مهدی (the reappearance of the Hidden Twelfth Imam) is the central, popularly anticipated eschatological event in Twelver Shia Islam. NEVER RENDER BARE: always pair with مسیح (‘ظهور مسیح’), reinforced with ‘بازگشت مسیح’ where space allows, so Christ’s own primacy as the one who appears and judges is never subordinated within the Mahdi-centered framework.
Repentance
Approved rendering: توبه
Transliteration: towbeh
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
CRITICAL. NEW. μετάνοια (2:25). توبه (tawba) is one of the most central and ritually-developed concepts in Islamic practice, with an entire Qur’anic sura bearing its name and jurisprudentially specified human-initiated conditions (remorse, cessation, restitution, resolve) that God then accepts. Retain the established Persian Christian usage, but NEVER RENDER BARE without the qualifying clause: 2:25’s ‘God peradventure will give them repentance’ must be taught as a Spirit-wrought gift God grants, not a human achievement of sufficient willpower and ritual correctness that earns divine acceptance.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injil
Doctrine: Salvation and the Savior
Rejected alternatives: مژده
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 2 Timothy (1:8, 1:10, 2:8-9) the gospel is explicitly the content Timothy must not be ashamed of and must guard/transmit; reinforces the tahrif (corruption-of-prior-scripture) caution already documented for this term.
Grace
Approved rendering: فیض
Transliteration: feyz
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Rejected alternatives: لطف
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Appears in the letter’s opening (1:2) and closing (4:22) greeting formulas; must not collapse into feyz’s Illuminationist/Mulla Sadra ‘automatic emanation’ sense.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith as Personal Trust in Christ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:5 traces a three-generation transmission of this faith (Lois, Eunice, Timothy); 3:15’s ‘faith which is in Christ Jesus’ and 4:7’s ‘kept the faith’ require the object of faith (Christ specifically) to remain explicit, guarding against Shia iman’s Imamate-assent overtone.
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul’s self-designation in 1:1, opening the letter’s authority claim.
Called
Approved rendering: دعوتشده
Transliteration: da’vat-shode
Doctrine: Divine Purpose and Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Component of the composite ‘holy calling’ (κλῆσις ἁγία, 1:9); direction of address (God calling the person) must be explicit.
Election
Approved rendering: برگزیدگی خدا
Transliteration: bargozidegi-ye khoda
Doctrine: Servanthood and Identity in Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies ‘the elect’ (برگزیدگان, 2:10); guard against Shia Imamate lineage-succession overtones.
Sin
Approved rendering: گناه
Transliteration: gonah
Doctrine: Sin and Moral Corruption in the Last Days
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 3:6, the burden weighing down the weak-willed women false teachers exploit.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داوود
Transliteration: nasl-e Davud
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Cited in 2:8 alongside Christ’s resurrection as the core content of ‘my gospel.‘
Scripture
Approved rendering: کتاب مقدس
Transliteration: ketab-e moqaddas
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW. γραφή (3:16). Standard Persian Christian term for the Bible but shares generic ‘Holy Book’ register with Islamic usage and triggers the same tahrif (corruption) assumption documented for انجیل. Must be taught as the reliable, uncorrupted, complete written revelation, not a corrupted predecessor superseded by later revelation.
Judge
Approved rendering: داوری کردن
Transliteration: davari kardan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and Judgment
Original: κρίνειν / κριτής
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. κρίνειν / κριτής (4:1). Persian Islamic (mizan) and Zoroastrian (Chinvat Bridge) piety already carry a deeply-rooted deeds-weighing judgment framework; must be taught that it is specifically Christ, the risen Lord, who judges — not a generic tribunal parallel to Islamic eschatology — while still affirming genuine final accountability.
Preach
Approved rendering: اعلام کردن
Transliteration: e’lam kardan
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: موعظه کردن
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. κηρύσσω (4:2). اعلام کردن preserves the herald’s public, authoritative proclamation better than موعظه کردن (which narrows to homiletical genre). High risk primarily because open, public gospel proclamation carries genuine legal and social danger for Muslim-background believers under Iran’s apostasy norms; handle with full awareness of the underground house-church context.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: تعلیم سالم
Transliteration: ta’lim-e salem
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: تعلیم صحیح
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (4:3), ‘healthy teaching.’ Reject تعلیم صحیح (‘correct/authentic teaching’), which echoes the Islamic hadith-authentication category of ‘sahih’ (Sahih Bukhari/Sahih Muslim), framing sound doctrine as chain-of-transmission authentication rather than health/wholeness in Christ. سالم preserves Paul’s own bodily-health metaphor.
Truth
Approved rendering: حقیقت
Transliteration: haqiqat
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἀλήθεια (4:4). حقیقت is also the technical term for the innermost, esoteric level of reality in the classical Sufi tariqat-shari’at-haqiqat scheme. Must be taught as revealed, propositional, historically-anchored apostolic truth, not an esoteric mystical attainment reserved for spiritual elites.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: مبشر
Transliteration: mobasher
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. εὐαγγελιστής (4:5). Doctrinally sound rendering (echoes انجیل), but the real-world act it names — proclaiming the gospel to Muslim-background hearers — carries serious legal and social danger under Iran’s apostasy norms; pair with pastoral wisdom for the underground house-church context.
Mercy
Approved rendering: رحمت
Transliteration: rahmat
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ἔλεος (1:2), part of the Pastoral Epistles’ unique salutation triad ‘grace, mercy, peace.’ رحمت opens 113 of 114 Qur’anic suras and names two of Allah’s most repeated attributes (al-Rahman, al-Rahim); must be taught as flowing specifically and exclusively through Christ’s atoning work, not one of Allah’s ninety-nine names abstracted from the cross.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: محبت
Transliteration: mohabbat
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered Character
Rejected alternatives: عشق
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ἀγάπη (1:7). Reject عشق, the central term of Persian Sufi mystical devotional poetry (Rumi, Hafez) for intense, often erotically-coded, passionate divine-human love culminating in mystical union (fana); محبت is the safer, measured established choice for the Spirit’s gift of self-giving, others-oriented love.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: شرمنده شدن
Transliteration: sharmande shodan
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ἐπαισχύνομαι (1:8, 1:12, 1:16), a repeated refrain. Iranian culture is deeply structured around family and social honor; the real social, familial, and legal shame attached to identifying with Christ for Muslim-background converts makes this far more than an abstract emotional term — it names the actual cost of discipleship many readers face.
Holy Calling
Approved rendering: دعوت مقدس
Transliteration: da’vat-e moqaddas
Doctrine: Divine Purpose and Calling
Original: κλῆσις ἁγία
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW (composite of baseline components). κλῆσις ἁγία (1:9), God’s own sovereign summons to salvation and ministry, not according to human works.
Savior
Approved rendering: نجاتدهنده
Transliteration: nejat-dahande
Doctrine: Salvation and the Savior
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW. σωτήρ (1:10). Must be taught as Christ’s exclusive, sufficient title — not one savior-figure among several intercessory or salvific figures — directly engaging the baseline’s Karbala/Hussein martyrdom-intercession caution.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: امانت
Transliteration: amanat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. παραθήκη (1:12, 1:14). امانت is a richly developed Islamic ethical-legal concept (Qur’anic amanah; Muhammad’s title al-Amin). A strong, positive bridge concept, but the specific content of the trust — the apostolic gospel message, to be guarded and passed on — must always be made explicit; never leave امانت bare/generic.
Commit Entrust
Approved rendering: سپردن
Transliteration: sepordan
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παρατίθεμαι
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. παρατίθεμαι (2:2), the four-generation transmission chain (Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others), the doctrinal core of gospel transmission. Shares the A-M-N root family with امانت and امین; reinforce this chain-of-custody image strongly.
Faithful
Approved rendering: امین
Transliteration: amin
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστός
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. πιστός (2:2, 2:13). ایمان (faith), امین (faithful), and امانت (deposit/trust) all derive from the same Arabic root A-M-N inherited into Persian — a genuine linguistic asset allowing ‘guard the faith,’ ‘faithful men,’ and ‘the trust entrusted’ to be taught as one coherent family of ideas, provided the specific gospel content is never left implicit.
Deny
Approved rendering: انکار کردن
Transliteration: enkar kardan
Doctrine: Servanthood and Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: کفر ورزیدن
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἀρνέομαι (2:12), ‘if we deny him, he also will deny us.’ Reject کفر ورزیدن (‘to commit disbelief/kofr’), the maximally loaded Islamic theological-legal category for disbelief/apostasy from Islam; انکار is the more neutral, general-purpose verb, keeping the concept anchored in its own NT context.
Rightly Dividing
Approved rendering: بهدرستی تبیین کردن
Transliteration: be-dorosti tabyin kardan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ὀρθοτομέω (2:15), accurate, honest handling of the word of truth. Must be taught as careful, honest exposition — not rigid literalism, not allegorical manipulation, and not an esoteric mystical reading reserved for initiates (cf. حقیقت entry).
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: بنده (خداوند)
Transliteration: bandeh(-ye Khodavand)
Doctrine: Servanthood and Identity in Christ
Original: δοῦλος κυρίου
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. δοῦλος κυρίου (2:24). بنده is the standard, central Islamic self-designation for every Muslim as ‘servant/slave of God.’ A strong, ready-made bridge concept, but must always be coupled explicitly with خداوند (‘bandeh-ye Khodavand’) so the reader’s existing bandeh-identity is redirected specifically to Christ’s Lordship — never render bare.
Last Days
Approved rendering: روزهای آخر
Transliteration: ruzha-ye akher
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἔσχαται ἡμέραι (3:1). Directly parallels — and risks being absorbed into — the popular Twelver Shia apocalyptic expectation of ‘zaman-e zohur’ (the time of the Hidden Twelfth Imam’s reappearance). Must be taught as an already-inaugurated period (the entire church age since Christ’s first coming), not a specific imminent countdown tied to a particular expected messianic figure’s reappearance.
Godliness
Approved rendering: دینداری
Transliteration: dindari
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: تقوا
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. εὐσέβεια (3:5), always paired in this letter with its counterfeit. Reject تقوا, the single most theologically central virtue-term in the Qur’an, carrying an entire well-developed Islamic ethical-devotional framework; using تقوا would make Paul’s warning against mere outward religiosity sound like a critique internal to Islamic piety-development rather than his own distinct point that godliness flows from the gospel’s transforming power, not law-observance. Parallels the baseline’s rejection of پارسایی and شریعت.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: تاج عدالت
Transliteration: taj-e edalat
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW (reuses baseline عدالت). στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (4:8), the victor’s-wreath reward laid up for Paul and all who love Christ’s appearing. The reward-for-faithfulness framing risks being read through the Islamic deeds-weighing (a’mal/mizan) framework as an independently-earned reward; must be taught as the grace-consistent culmination of a life already secured by justification, not a separate merit-based transaction. Check jointly with اعمال (4:14), which occurs only six verses later.
Works Deeds
Approved rendering: اعمال
Transliteration: a’mal
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and Judgment
Original: ἔργα
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. ἔργα (4:14), Alexander the coppersmith’s specific wrongdoing, for which Paul commits final recompense to the Lord’s justice. اعمال is the precise technical term for the Islamic deeds-record (a’mal-nameh) weighed on the mizan at Judgment; contextually appropriate for this one specific instance of temporal/eschatological recompense, but must never be generalized into a statement supporting a deeds-weighing basis for salvation. Check jointly with تاج عدالت (4:8), which occurs only six verses earlier.
Grace Be With You
Approved rendering: فیض با شما باد
Transliteration: feyz ba shoma bad
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Original: ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW (reuses baseline فیض exactly). The letter’s closing benediction (4:22), closing the epistle on the same grace-note it opened with (1:2).
Medium Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: دعوت
Transliteration: da’vat
Doctrine: Divine Purpose and Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Everyday Persian invitation-vocabulary, less exclusively religious-missionary than Arabic da’wah; direction of address must still be made explicit.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: moqaddas
Doctrine: Divine Purpose and Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Component of ‘holy calling’ (1:9).
David
Approved rendering: داوود
Transliteration: Davud
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies ‘seed of David’ (2:8), part of ‘my gospel.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: سلام
Transliteration: salam
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Rejected alternatives: آرامش
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never آرامش (secular wellness-culture ‘inner calm’).
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalal
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Christ’s Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies ‘eternal glory’ (2:10) and the closing doxology (4:18).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملکوت خدا
Transliteration: malakut-e khoda
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Christ’s Kingdom
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (rendered ملکوت/ملکوت خدا as context requires), unchanged. Christ’s future heavenly kingdom (4:1, 4:18) and the shared reign promised to persevering believers (2:12); distinguish from any political state per baseline’s Velayat-e Faqih caution.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قدرت خدا
Transliteration: qodrat-e khoda
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered Character
Inherited from Romans package (concept reused as bare قدرت in 1:7’s Spirit-given power triad).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: عطایای روحانی
Transliteration: ‘ataya-ye ruhani
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Household Faith
Inherited from Romans package (concept reused in singular form عطای خدا for Timothy’s specific χάρισμα, 1:6).
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: نوشتههای مقدس
Transliteration: neveshtehha-ye moqaddas
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
NEW. ἱερὰ γράμματα (3:15), the OT scrolls of Timothy’s Jewish upbringing. Same tahrif risk as کتاب مقدس, secondary term, lower frequency.
Doctrine Teaching
Approved rendering: تعلیم
Transliteration: ta’lim
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. διδασκαλία / διδαχή (3:16; 4:2). Broadly neutral but also generic religious-instruction vocabulary across Persian Islamic contexts (madrasa ta’lim); must be consistently qualified as apostolic/biblical teaching.
Correction
Approved rendering: اصلاح
Transliteration: eslah
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἐπανόρθωσις (3:16). Common and safe but carries minor political resonance in modern Iran (the Eslah-talaban/Reformist movement); context disambiguates.
Instruction Training
Approved rendering: تربیت
Transliteration: tarbiat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: παιδεία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. παιδεία (3:16). A strong natural Persian word for character formation; must retain the specifically Scripture-driven, righteousness-oriented sense over generic secular education.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: مرد خدا
Transliteration: mard-e khoda
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ (3:17). In Persian Sufi mystical literature ‘مرد خدا’ is used honorifically for a holy man/saint with elevated spiritual attainment; must be taught as an ordinary Scripture-shaped believer or minister, not a title implying mystical sainthood.
Good Work
Approved rendering: عمل نیکو
Transliteration: amal-e niku
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἔργον ἀγαθόν
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἔργον ἀγαθόν (3:17). عمل echoes the Islamic a’mal deeds-weighing framework flagged in the baseline; must be taught as fruit of grace already received, never a means of meriting standing.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: در حضور خدا با جدیت سفارش میکنم
Transliteration: dar hozur-e khoda ba jeddiyat sefaresh mikonam
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. διαμαρτύρομαι (4:1). Must preserve courtroom-like solemnity; avoid softening into a gentle suggestion.
Word
Approved rendering: کلام
Transliteration: kalam
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: λόγος
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. λόγος (4:2), the specific apostolic gospel message entrusted to Timothy. کلام is also the term for the Islamic theological discipline Ilm al-Kalam; context (کلام خدا) disambiguates but should be used consistently.
Desires Lusts
Approved rendering: هوسهای نفسانی
Transliteration: havas-haye nafsani
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἐπιθυμία (4:3). نفس is a major category in Islamic spiritual psychology (jihad al-nafs); a useful bridge, but must not be reframed as an ascetic self-mastery project achievable by willpower alone — Scripture’s remedy is sound doctrine received by grace.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: میل به شنیدن سخنان خوشایند
Transliteration: meyl be shenidan-e sokhanan-e khoshayand
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: ایجاد خارش در گوش (literal calque)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (4:3), an idiom with no natural Persian equivalent; render meaning plainly, never a literal ‘itching ear’ calque.
Turned Aside
Approved rendering: منحرف میشوند
Transliteration: monharef mishavand
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐκτρέπομαι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἐκτρέπομαι (4:4). منحرف carries loaded political-religious connotations in Iranian public discourse (‘ideological/religious deviants’); theological sense must be made explicit by context.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: سختی بکش
Transliteration: sakhti bekesh
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. κακοπαθέω (4:5; also 2:9). Must connect explicitly to Christ’s own sufferings and future glory, not merely stoic endurance for its own sake.
Ministry
Approved rendering: خدمت
Transliteration: khedmat
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. διακονία (4:5). Also ordinary secular vocabulary (customer/military service); the specifically spiritual, Christ-appointed sense must be reinforced by context.
Conscience
Approved rendering: وجدان
Transliteration: vejdan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. συνείδησις (1:3). A modern, secular-philosophical Persian term lacking inherent theological weight; reinforce as an inner faculty accountable to God, not a self-generated moral sense.
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: بدون ریا
Transliteration: bedun-e riya
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις (1:5). ریا (religious hypocrisy/showing off piety) is a major Islamic ethical vice-category; a useful bridge, provided the positive content (personal trust in Christ) is made explicit, not just the negative absence of performance.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: دستگذاری
Transliteration: dast-gozari
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Household Faith
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν (1:6). An unfamiliar liturgical practice for most Muslim-background readers; needs brief explanation as a biblical commissioning rite, not a magical or superstitious act.
Spiritual Gift Singular
Approved rendering: عطای خدا
Transliteration: ata-ye khoda
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Household Faith
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. χάρισμα (1:6), singular — Timothy’s specific ministry enablement.
Power
Approved rendering: قدرت
Transliteration: qodrat
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered Character
Original: δύναμις
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. δύναμις (1:7). Cf. baseline قدرت خدا concept.
Sound Mind
Approved rendering: عقل سلیم
Transliteration: aql-e salim
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered Character
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. σωφρονισμός (1:7). Must be understood as Spirit-given discipline, not mere natural rationality.
Purpose
Approved rendering: قصد
Transliteration: qasd
Doctrine: Divine Purpose and Calling
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. πρόθεσις (1:9). Tied to the baseline’s providence/election cautions regarding Shia Imamate lineage-succession overtones.
Abolished Death
Approved rendering: مرگ را بیاثر ساخت
Transliteration: marg ra bi-asar sakht
Doctrine: Salvation and the Savior
Original: καταργέω
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. καταργέω (1:10). Contrasts with fatalistic views of death as an appointed, unchangeable decree (qadar); affirm Christ’s active victory specifically through the resurrection.
Immortality
Approved rendering: بیفسادی
Transliteration: bi-fasadi
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Christ’s Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: خُلد
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. ἀφθαρσία (1:10). Avoid خُلد (associated with Dar al-Khuld, a name for Paradise) as the primary rendering, since it would tie the concept too specifically to a generic Paradise-reward framework rather than the specific, resurrection-grounded immortality secured in Christ.
Preacher Herald
Approved rendering: واعظ
Transliteration: va’ez
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: مبلغ
Original: κήρυξ
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. κήρυξ (1:11). Reject مبلغ, the standard word for an Islamic missionary/propagator (from tabligh, as in the Tablighi Jama’at movement), which could import an Islamic missionary-methodology framework; واعظ is the more neutral, church-tradition term.
Guard
Approved rendering: محافظت کردن
Transliteration: mohafezat kardan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. φυλάσσω (1:12, 1:14). Pairs with امانت for the letter’s core Guarding Sound Doctrine imagery.
Indwelling
Approved rendering: ساکن بودن در
Transliteration: saken budan dar
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐνοικέω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἐνοικέω (1:14). Guard against confusion with the Sufi doctrine of hulul (a created being’s dissolution into the divine essence, associated with mystics like Hallaj); biblical indwelling is the personal, distinct third Person of the Trinity present in the believer, not an absorption of identity.
Eternal Glory
Approved rendering: جلال ابدی
Transliteration: jalal-e abadi
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: δόξα αἰώνιος
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW (baseline جلال + ابدی). δόξα αἰώνιος (2:10), obtained through salvation in Christ, for which Paul endures all things.
Reign Together
Approved rendering: با او سلطنت خواهیم کرد
Transliteration: ba u saltanat khahim kard
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Christ’s Kingdom
Original: συμβασιλεύω
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. συμβασιλεύω (2:12). Keep distinct from a this-worldly political reign, per baseline’s ملکوت خدا caution.
Approved
Approved rendering: تاییدشده
Transliteration: ta’yid-shode
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: δόκιμος
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. δόκιμος (2:15), tested and proven genuine before God. Preserve the ‘tested and proven’ nuance, not mere official certification.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: بیدینی
Transliteration: bi-dini
Doctrine: Sin and Moral Corruption in the Last Days
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἀσέβεια (2:16), direct antonym of εὐσέβεια (godliness). Should be explicitly linked as the negative counterpart to دینداری for pedagogical consistency.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: بیعدالتی
Transliteration: bi-edalati
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἀδικία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἀδικία (2:19), the moral corruption from which everyone who names the Lord must depart. Reuse the established عدالت root for consistency.
Vessel Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: ظرف؛ عزت/خفت
Transliteration: zarf; ezzat/kheffat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σκεῦος, τιμή, ἀτιμία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. σκεῦος, τιμή, ἀτιμία (2:20-21). عزت/خفت carry the strong honor/shame cultural register already flagged under ἐπαισχύνομαι (1:8).
Youthful Lusts
Approved rendering: هوسهای جوانی
Transliteration: havas-haye javani
Doctrine: Sin and Moral Corruption in the Last Days
Original: νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι (2:22), to be fled in favor of righteousness, faith, love, and peace. Cf. ἐπιθυμία entry for the nafs-bridge caution.
Devil
Approved rendering: شیطان
Transliteration: Sheytan
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. διάβολος (2:26), whose snare traps those without repentance. شیطان is also the standard Qur’anic term for the tempter; the NT’s specific portrait (a defeated but still active adversary, decisively judged at the cross) should be reinforced rather than assumed.
Vice List
Approved rendering: خودپرست، پولپرست، لافزن، متکبر، کفرگو، نافرمان به والدین، ناسپاس، بیمحبت طبیعی، عهدشکن، تهمتزن، بیبندوبار، وحشی، دشمن خوبی، خیانتکار، خودسر، مغرور
Transliteration: various
Doctrine: Sin and Moral Corruption in the Last Days
Original: φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι, ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι, βλάσφημοι, ἀπειθεῖς γονεῦσιν, ἀχάριστοι, ἀνόσιοι, ἄστοργοι, ἄσπονδοι, διάβολοι, ἀκρατεῖς, ἀνήμεροι, ἀφιλάγαθοι, προδόται, προπετεῖς, τετυφωμένοι, φιλήδονοι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. The eighteen-term vice catalogue (3:2-4). کفرگو (blasphemers) must be disambiguated from the Islamic kofr/apostasy juridical category (denial of Islam); here it denotes specifically verbal blasphemy/slander, not religious apostasy.
Lovers Of Pleasure Vs God
Approved rendering: لذتپرست بهجای خداپرست
Transliteration: lezzat-parast be-jay-e khoda-parast
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι (3:4). A memorable structural contrast worth preserving in translation.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: ظاهر دینداری
Transliteration: zaher-e dindari
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας (3:5), outward religious appearance without transforming power. Reinforces the دینداری entry above.
Deceive Lead Astray
Approved rendering: گمراه کردن
Transliteration: gomrah kardan
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλανάω
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. πλανάω (3:13). گمراه closely parallels Qur’anic dalal/gumrahi vocabulary for straying from true guidance (hidayah); the specific path being strayed from (apostolic gospel truth) must be made explicit.
Impostor
Approved rendering: فریبکار
Transliteration: fraybkar
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: جادوگر
Original: γόης
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. γόης (3:13). Reject جادوگر (‘sorcerer/magician’), which narrows false teachers to occult practitioners specifically, when Paul’s broader point concerns religious/doctrinal fraud generally.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: فاقد صلاحیت
Transliteration: faqed-e salahiyat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἀδόκιμος (3:8), direct antonym of δόκιμος. Reinforces the tested-and-failed image, in deliberate contrast to δόκιμος’s tested-and-approved.
Manner Of Life
Approved rendering: شیوه زندگی
Transliteration: shive-ye zendegi
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: سیره
Original: ἀγωγή
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ἀγωγή (3:10), Timothy’s observed manner of life modeled on Paul’s own example. Reject سیره, the specific Islamic technical genre-term for the biographical Sira of the Prophet Muhammad’s life as normative model; using سیره would imply Paul’s biography functions as revealed normative law.
Persecutions Afflictions
Approved rendering: آزار و اذیت / رنج
Transliteration: azar-o aziyat / ranj
Doctrine: Deliverance and Divine Rescue
Original: διωγμοί, παθήματα
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. διωγμοί, παθήματα (3:11; 4:17-18). Connect explicitly to the pattern of Christ’s own suffering, not generic misfortune.
Deliver
Approved rendering: رهانید
Transliteration: rahanid
Doctrine: Deliverance and Divine Rescue
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ῥύομαι (3:11; 4:17-18). Must not be conflated with the popular Shia devotional expectation of intercessory rescue through the Imams’ suffering (Karbala/Hussein pattern); here it is the Lord himself who rescues, directly and without an intermediary intercessor.
Departure
Approved rendering: رحلت
Transliteration: rehlat
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. ἀνάλυσις (4:6), Paul’s euphemism for his approaching death, a dignified departure toward reward. رحلت is the standard, respectful Persian term for the death/departure of a revered religious figure (notably used for the Prophet Muhammad’s death, ‘rehlat-e payambar’); translators should be aware they draw on vocabulary with strong prior Islamic religious-honorific association.
Kept Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان را حفظ کردم
Transliteration: iman ra hefz kardam
Doctrine: Faith as Personal Trust in Christ
Original: τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW (reuses baseline ایمان). τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα (4:7), Paul’s capstone testimony of guarding the faith to the end.
Loved Present Age
Approved rendering: این دنیا
Transliteration: in donya
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα (4:10), Demas’s defection. دنیا-versus-آخرت is a major structuring dualism in Islamic ethics too — a useful bridge, provided the specifically Christ-centered content of ‘the age to come’ is filled in rather than assumed to map one-to-one onto the Islamic akhira framework.
Preserved Heavenly Kingdom
Approved rendering: مرا برای ملکوت آسمانی خود نگاه خواهد داشت
Transliteration: mara baraye malakut-e asemani-ye khod negah khahad dasht
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ῥύσεταί με… καὶ σώσει εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW (reuses baseline ملکوت). ῥύσεταί με… καὶ σώσει εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον (4:18), Paul’s confident expectation of final rescue into Christ’s heavenly kingdom.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: تشویق کردن
Transliteration: tashviq kardan
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Part of the 4:2 ministry triad reprove-rebuke-exhort; here the encouraging sense balances sharper reproof and rebuke, per baseline’s context-sensitivity note.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: شکرگزاری
Transliteration: shokr-gozari
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Prayer for Others
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:3, Paul’s opening thanksgiving for Timothy.
Profitable
Approved rendering: مفید
Transliteration: mofid
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
NEW. ὠφέλιμος (3:16). No significant collision risk.
Reproof
Approved rendering: توبیخ
Transliteration: tabikh
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἔλεγχος / ἐλέγχω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἔλεγχος / ἐλέγχω (3:16; 4:2). Ensure it conveys exposure/conviction, not mere scolding.
Complete
Approved rendering: کامل
Transliteration: kamel
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
NEW. ἄρτιος (3:17). Avoid implying sinless moral perfection; functional completeness/fitness for the task.
Thoroughly Equipped
Approved rendering: مجهز
Transliteration: mojahhaz
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
NEW. ἐξηρτισμένος (3:17). Pairs with کامل to state Scripture’s sufficiency for every good work.
Living And Dead
Approved rendering: زندگان و مردگان
Transliteration: zendegan va mordegan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and Judgment
Original: ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί (4:1). Comprehensive scope of Christ’s future judgment.
Be Urgent
Approved rendering: همیشه آماده و مصمم باش
Transliteration: hamishe amadeh va mosammam bash
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐφίστημι
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. ἐφίστημι (4:2). Constant readiness regardless of convenience.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: سرزنش کن
Transliteration: sarzanesh kon
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. ἐπιτιμάω (4:2), a sharp, authoritative correction.
Longsuffering
Approved rendering: بردباری
Transliteration: bordbari
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. μακροθυμία (4:2). The manner in which reproof/rebuke must be carried out.
Endure Bear With
Approved rendering: تحمل کردن
Transliteration: tahammol kardan
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀνέχομαι
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἀνέχομαι (4:3).
Turn Away
Approved rendering: روی برمیگردانند
Transliteration: ru’i bar-migardanand
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀποστρέφω
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. ἀποστρέφω (4:4).
Myths Fables
Approved rendering: افسانهها
Transliteration: afsaneh-ha
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. μῦθος (4:4), invented, unhistorical religious tales.
Sober Watchful
Approved rendering: هوشیار باش
Transliteration: hoshyar bash
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: νήφω
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. νήφω (4:5), the antidote to last-days drift.
Fully Accomplish
Approved rendering: بهطور کامل انجام بده
Transliteration: be tor-e kamel anjam bedeh
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. πληροφορέω (4:5).
Spirit Of Fear
Approved rendering: روح ترس
Transliteration: ruh-e tars
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered Character
Original: δειλία
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. δειλία (1:7), negative culpable fearfulness, contrasted with the Spirit’s gift.
Teacher
Approved rendering: معلم
Transliteration: mo’allem
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Household Faith
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. διδάσκαλος (1:11), Paul’s self-designation alongside apostle and herald.
Soldier
Approved rendering: سرباز
Transliteration: sarbaz
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. στρατιώτης (2:3-4), military-service metaphor for undistracted ministry devotion.
Athlete
Approved rendering: ورزشکار
Transliteration: varzeshkar
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἀθλέω
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ἀθλέω (2:5), competing according to the rules.
Farmer
Approved rendering: کشاورز
Transliteration: keshavarz
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: γεωργός
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. γεωργός (2:6), the hardworking farmer first to share the crop.
Word Not Bound
Approved rendering: کلام خدا در بند نیست
Transliteration: kalam-e khoda dar band nist
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται (2:9), Paul’s imprisonment cannot chain the gospel’s advance.
Vain Babbling
Approved rendering: یاوهگویی
Transliteration: yaveh-gu’i
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κενοφωνία
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. κενοφωνία (2:16), empty profane talk that increases ungodliness.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: قانقاریا
Transliteration: ghanghariya
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. γάγγραινα (2:17). Preserve the vivid, alarming medical image of doctrinal error (Hymenaeus, Philetus) spreading destructively.
Foundation
Approved rendering: بنیاد
Transliteration: bonyad
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. θεμέλιος (2:19), God’s unshakeable foundation, standing firm despite the defection of some. بنیاد is also a common secular-institutional word in Iran; context disambiguates.
Meekness
Approved rendering: فروتنی
Transliteration: forutani
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. πραΰτης (2:25), gentleness required in correcting those who oppose sound teaching.
Perilous Times
Approved rendering: زمانهای دشوار
Transliteration: zamanha-ye doshvar
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: καιροὶ χαλεποί
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. καιροὶ χαλεποί (3:1).
Mind
Approved rendering: ذهن
Transliteration: zehn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: νοῦς
Category: Apostasy and False Teachers
NEW. νοῦς (3:8), the corrupted reasoning faculty of the false teachers.
Poured Out
Approved rendering: مانند هدیهای ریخته میشوم
Transliteration: manand-e hadyeh-i rikhte mishavam
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. σπένδομαι (4:6), Paul’s death framed as a sacrificial drink-offering. Unfamiliar sacrificial image requiring brief explanation.
Fought Good Fight
Approved rendering: مبارزه کردم
Transliteration: mobarezeh kardam
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι (4:7), Paul’s capstone testimony.
Finished Course
Approved rendering: دویدن را به پایان رساندم
Transliteration: davidan ra be payan resandam
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW. τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα (4:7), Paul’s capstone testimony of completed ministry race.
Glory Forever Amen
Approved rendering: جلال تا ابدالآباد، آمین
Transliteration: jalal ta abad-ol-abad, amin
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ᾗ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν
Category: Assurance of Reward
NEW (reuses baseline جلال + established آمین transliteration). The doxology closing Paul’s testimony of deliverance (4:18).
Proper Names Companions
Approved rendering: دیماس، کریسکیس، تیتوس، لوقا، مرقس، تیخیکوس، کارپوس، اسکندر، پریسکا، آکیلا، ارستوس، تروفیموس، یوبولوس، پودیس، لینوس، کلادیا؛ همچنین هومنیوس و فیلیتوس، یانیس و یامبریس
Transliteration: various
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Household Faith
Original: Δημᾶς, Κρήσκης, Τίτος, Λουκᾶς, Μᾶρκος, Τυχικός, Κάρπος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Πρίσκα, Ἀκύλας, Ἔραστος, Τρόφιμος, Εὔβουλος, Πούδης, Λίνος, Κλαυδία
Category: Church
NEW. Paul’s companions, co-workers, and named opponents throughout the letter (1:15-18; 2:17-18; 3:8; 4:9-21). Low doctrinal risk; consistency of transliteration across future lessons is the only concern, per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule.
Referenced passages