Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (Destination Language: Persian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire book of Luke, chapter by chapter. Terms marked [TM] are already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly as recorded there; this glossary does not alter their rendering, only documents their Luke-specific occurrences and any Luke-specific contextual notes. New terms (not present in the baseline) are proposed here for incorporation into the Luke-curriculum translation memory in Phase 1 Step 2, with a recommended risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| English Term | Persian [TM] | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Key Luke Occurrences | Luke-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel / good news | انجیل | Injil | High | 1:19 (angelic), 4:18, 7:22, 8:1, 9:6, 20:1 | Verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι recurs constantly as Jesus’ core activity; render verb as بشارت دادن, keep root visible. |
| grace/favor | فیض | feyz | High | 1:30, 2:40, 2:52, 4:22 | 4:19’s “year of the Lord’s favor” (δεκτός) shares theological DNA with χάρις; teach connection. |
| faith | ایمان | iman | High | 5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42, 22:32 | Frequently paired with σῴζω wordplay (healed/saved); see Ch.8, 17 notes. |
| righteousness | عدالت | edalat | Critical | 1:6, 1:75 | Zechariah/Elizabeth “righteous” (δίκαιος) — teach as right standing, not Zoroastrian-parsa’i virtue-achievement. |
| justification | عادل شمرده شدن | adel shomorde shodan | Critical | 18:14 | Direct narrative occurrence (Pharisee/tax collector parable) — full compound phrase required. |
| salvation | نجات | nejat | Critical | 1:69, 1:71, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9, 19:10 | Central to “Jesus as Savior” doctrine; see σωτήρ (new term) below. |
| apostle | رسول | rasul | High | 6:13, 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10 | Naming of the Twelve (6:13); reinforce Imamate-succession caution from baseline. |
| called / calling | دعوتشده / دعوت | da’vat-shode / da’vat | High / Medium | 5:32, 14:7-24 (banquet invitations) | Banquet-invitation parables (Ch.14) use calling/invitation language literally and theologically; disambiguate. |
| holy | مقدس | moqaddas | Medium | 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 2:23, 4:34 | ”Holy One of God” (4:34, demon’s confession) — a hostile-witness Christological title; teach carefully. |
| sanctification | تقدیس | taqdis | High | (thematic, not lexical, in Luke) | No direct lexical occurrence; theme present in discipleship holiness calls. |
| adoption | فرزندخواندگی | farzand-khandegi | Critical | (thematic in “children of God/Abraham,” 3:8, 19:9) | No direct lexical occurrence in Luke; Abraham’s “children” language (3:8) is a related but distinct covenant-lineage motif — do not conflate. |
| resurrection | قیامت | qiyamat | Critical | 9:22, 14:14, 18:33, 20:27-38, 24:6-7, 24:34, 24:46 | The book’s climactic doctrine; see also new terms ἀνάστασις-adjacent in Ch.20, 24. |
| lord | خداوند | Khodavand | Critical | throughout (Κύριος used of both God and Jesus from 1:43 onward) | Luke uses Κύριος of Jesus even in narration (not just address) from very early — reinforce exclusive Lordship consistently. |
| son of god | پسر خدا | pesar-e khoda | Critical | 1:32, 1:35, 3:38 (Adam, distinct sense — see analysis), 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 9:35, 22:70 | 3:38’s “Adam, son of God” requires an explicit footnote distinguishing creaturely from unique divine sonship (see Ch.3 analysis). |
| incarnation | تجسد | tajassod | Critical | 1:31-35, 2:7 (thematic — the Word made flesh in narrative, not lexical in Luke) | Luke’s infancy narrative is the primary Incarnation text of the book; no single Greek lexeme, but the doctrine is fully present. |
| peace | سلام | salam | Medium | 1:79, 2:14, 7:50, 10:5-6, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36 | 19:42 “if you had known… the things that make for peace” — Jerusalem’s tragic missed peace; 24:36 risen Christ’s greeting. |
| church | کلیسا | kelisa | High | (not lexically present in Luke; ἐκκλησία absent from the Gospel, appears from Acts onward) | No direct occurrence; note for curriculum sequencing (Luke-Acts continuity). |
| kingdom of god | ملکوت خدا | malakut-e khoda | Medium | 4:43, 6:20, 7:28, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:11, 9:60, 9:62, 10:9-11, 11:20, 13:18-29, 14:15, 16:16, 17:20-21, 18:16-29, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 22:29-30, 23:42 | The single most frequent theological phrase in Luke; see Ch.10, 17 present/future nuance notes. |
| law | ناموس | namus | Critical | 2:22-27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44 | ”Law of Moses” — reinforce shari’a-collision caution given Luke’s frequent Torah-observance references in the infancy narrative. |
| sin | گناه | gonah | High | 1:77, 3:3, 5:8, 5:20-24, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:34, 7:37-49, 11:4, 13:2, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 15:18, 17:3-4, 18:13, 19:7, 24:47 | Extremely high-frequency term across Luke; ties tightly to repentance/forgiveness doctrine cluster. |
| gentiles | غیریهودیان | gheyr-yahudian | Medium | 2:32, 21:24, 24:47 | 2:32 “light for revelation to the Gentiles” is a key universal-scope text. |
| glory | جلال | jalal | Medium | 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26, 9:31-32, 21:27, 24:26 | 9:31-32 Transfiguration “glory” — Sufi jalal/jamal resonance caution applies. |
| power of god | قدرت خدا | qodrat-e khoda | Medium | 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 8:46, 9:1, 10:19, 24:49 | 24:49 “power from on high” anticipates Pentecost. |
| messiah / christ | مسیح | Masih | Critical | 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 20:41, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46 | See σωτήρ, χριστὸς κύριος (new/compound entries) for Luke’s distinctive title-stacking. |
| prophet | پیامبر | payambar | High | 1:76, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 7:39, 9:8, 9:19, 11:47-50, 13:33-34, 16:29-31, 20:6, 24:19, 24:27, 24:44 | Very high-frequency; Jesus repeatedly identified as “a prophet” — must be paired with fuller Christological titles per baseline caution. |
| prophecy | نبوت | nabovat | Low | 1:67 (thematic), 24:25-27 | Low independent risk beyond prophet entry. |
| covenant | عهد | ’ahd | Medium | 1:72, 22:20 | 22:20 “new covenant” — see new compound entry below. |
| election | برگزیدگی خدا | bargozidegi-ye khoda | High | 9:35, 23:35 (mocking “the Chosen One”) | 23:35’s mocking use of “Chosen One” at the cross is a bitter irony worth flagging in teaching. |
| intercession | شفاعت | shafa’at | Critical | (thematic — Jesus’ Gethsemane and cross prayers function intercessorily; no direct lexeme) | See baseline caution on Karbala/Hussein parallel; reinforced by Ch.22-23 body/blood analysis. |
| providence | تدبیر الهی | tadbir-e elahi | Medium | 12:6-7, 12:22-31 (thematic) | “Do not be anxious” material (12:22-31) is Luke’s key providence-teaching block. |
| mission | ماموریت | ma’muriyat | Medium | 9:1-6, 10:1-12, 24:47-49 | Sending of the Twelve and the Seventy; avoid رسالت per baseline. |
| david | داوود | Davud | Medium | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 18:38-39, 20:41-44 | See new term “Son of David” below. |
| israel | اسرائیل | Esra’il | High | 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21 | Frequent in infancy narrative covenant-hope language; same political-sensitivity caution as baseline. |
| jesus | عیسی | Isa | Critical | throughout | No change from baseline; Luke’s own name for the child (1:31, 2:21). |
| god | خدا | Khoda | Critical | throughout | No change from baseline. |
| holy spirit | روحالقدس | Ruh-ol-Qods | Critical | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12, 24:49 | Luke has the highest concentration of Holy Spirit references among the Synoptics — directly grounds “The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History.” |
| father | پدر | pedar | Critical | 1:32, 1:55, 1:73, 2:49, 3:38 (Adam), 6:36, 9:26, 10:21-22, 11:2-13, 12:30-32, 15:11-32, 22:29, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46, 24:49 | Extremely frequent; the prodigal son parable (Ch.15) is the book’s richest Father-image text. |
| exhort | تشویق کردن | tashviq kardan | Low | (general teaching contexts) | No independent new risk. |
| seed of david | نسل داوود | nasl-e Davud | High | 1:32-33 (throne of David), 1:69 | See new term “Son of David” (υἱὸς Δαυίδ, distinct address-form) below. |
| imputed righteousness | عدالت محسوبشده | edalat-e mahsub-shode | Critical | (thematic in 18:14, not lexical) | Underlies the tax collector’s justification (18:14) though the specific Pauline compound-phrase term itself is not lexically present in Luke. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced in the Luke Curriculum (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| English Term | Original Greek | Transliteration | Persian Rendering | Transliteration | Proposed Risk | Doctrine | Key Chapters | Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | نجاتدهنده | nejat-dahande | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 2:11 | Title-defining term for the curriculum’s central doctrine; must not dilute to “helper/teacher”; must assert primacy against Mahdi-centered expectation. |
| Repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | توبه | towbeh | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3-5, 15:7, 15:10, 17:3-4, 24:47 | Core Islamic tawbah vocabulary; must be taught as Spirit-enabled turning that receives (not earns) grace-secured forgiveness. |
| Forgiveness (of sins) | ἄφεσις (ἁμαρτιῶν) | aphesis (hamartiōn) | بخشش (گناهان) / آمرزش | bakhshesh (gonāhān) / āmorzesh | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 24:47 | Same Greek noun also means “release” (4:18, captives) — wordplay must be taught explicitly since Persian requires two different words. |
| Release (captivity sense) | ἄφεσις | aphesis | آزادی | āzādi | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | See above; social/physical liberation sense, linked doctrinally (not lexically, in Persian) to forgiveness. |
| Poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | فقیر | faqir | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20-22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:3 | Collides with the Sufi faqir/darvish voluntary-poverty ideal; must retain concrete socioeconomic reference. |
| Disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | شاگرد | shāgerd | Medium | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:30, 6:13, 6:17, 6:40, 7:18, 9:14, 9:54, 10:23, 11:1, 12:1, 14:26-33, 17:1, 19:29-39, 22:11, 22:39 | شاگرد avoids the Sufi morid (disciple-of-a-pir) master-disciple framework; retain committed personal-following sense. |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | پسر انسان | pesar-e ensān | High | Kingdom Present and Future; Jesus as Savior | 5:24, 6:5, 6:22, 7:34, 9:22, 9:26, 9:44, 9:56, 9:58, 11:30, 12:8, 12:10, 12:40, 17:22-30, 18:8, 18:31, 19:10, 21:27, 21:36, 22:22, 22:48, 22:69, 24:7 | Islamic “ibn Adam” phrase for generic human frailty risks flattening the Daniel-7 divine-authority claim. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | رحمت | rahmat | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 10:37, 18:38-39 | Shared with Quranic divine name al-Rahim; bridge concept, teach as Christ’s personal, active mercy, not one of 99 abstract names. |
| Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splagchnizomai | دلش به رحم آمد / شفقت | delash be rahm āmad / shafaqat | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 7:13, 10:33, 15:20 | Retain visceral, action-producing force; central Lukan compassion-vocabulary cluster. |
| Joy | χαρά | chara | شادی | shādi | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future; Repentance | 1:14, 1:44, 2:10, 6:23, 10:17, 10:21, 15:7, 15:10, 19:6, 19:37, 24:41, 24:52 | Must retain God’s own joy (not merely human relief) at repentance and salvation events. |
| Lost | ἀπολωλός | apolōlos | گمشده | gomshode | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 15:4, 15:6, 15:8-9, 15:17, 15:24, 15:32, 19:10 | Must retain the active, costly seeking (shepherd/woman/father/Son of Man) rather than passive self-recovery. |
| Tax collector | τελώνης | telōnēs | باجگیر | bājgir | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 3:12, 5:27-30, 7:29, 7:34, 15:1, 18:10-14, 19:2 | Despised-collaborator social marker; useful but risky political-analogy potential for Iranian audience. |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | گناهکار | gonahkar | Low | Compassion and Table Fellowship; Repentance | 5:8, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:34, 7:37, 7:39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7 | Straightforward compound on already-fixed گناه; low independent risk. |
| Pharisee | Φαρισαῖος | Pharisaios | فریسی | Farisi | Medium | Repentance; Table Fellowship | 5:17-30, 6:2-11, 7:30-39, 11:37-53, 14:1-3, 15:1-2, 16:14, 18:9-14, 19:39 | Proper noun; must not be used to caricature contemporary Islamic clergy broadly — handle pastorally. |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | Samaritēs | سامری | Samari | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations; Compassion | 9:52-56, 10:25-37, 17:11-19 | Documented collision: the Quran names a distinct figure “al-Sāmirī” (20:85-97) as the golden-calf maker — an unrelated figure from an unrelated era; must be footnoted every occurrence to prevent audience conflation. |
| Virgin | παρθένος | parthenos | باکره | bākereh | High | Jesus as Savior; (Incarnation, baseline Critical) | 1:27, 1:34 | Unusual point of Quranic agreement (19:20); risk is audience assuming shared full Christology follows, which it does not. |
| Angel | ἄγγελος | angelos | فرشته | fereshte | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:11-38, 2:9-15, 9:26, 12:8-9, 15:10, 16:22, 22:43, 24:23 | Shared Islamic angelology; must not be conflated with the Holy Spirit despite popular Jibril-identification tafsir. |
| Baptism | βάπτισμα | baptisma | تعمید | ta’mid | High | Holy Spirit’s Work; Repentance | 3:3, 3:7, 3:12, 3:16, 3:21, 7:29, 12:50, 20:4 | Documented collision: Sabian-Mandaean community (present in Iran/Iraq) reveres John the Baptist and practices frequent ritual baptism while rejecting Jesus; must be distinguished from both Mandaean sacramental system and Islamic ritual ablution. |
| Demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον | daimonion | روح پلید / دیو | ruh-e palid / div | High | Kingdom Present and Future; Holy Spirit’s Work | 4:33-41, 6:18, 7:21, 8:2, 8:27-38, 9:1, 9:37-42, 9:49, 10:17, 11:14-20, 13:32 | دیو carries Zoroastrian cosmic-dualism baggage (independent adversarial daevas); teach demons as defeated, subordinate created beings. |
| Devil / Satan | διάβολος / Σατανᾶς | diabolos / Satanas | شیطان | sheytān | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future | 4:2-13, 8:12, 10:18, 11:18, 13:16, 22:3, 22:31 | شیطان recommended over ابلیس (the specific Quranic calf-narrative-adjacent proper name tied to Adam’s creation account) for the general adversary figure. |
| Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | مثل | masal | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future | 5:36, 6:39, 8:4-15, 8:9-10, 12:16-21, 12:41, 13:6-21, 14:7-24, 15:3-32, 16:1-31, 18:1-14, 19:11-27, 20:9-19, 21:29-33 | Must retain dual revealing/veiling function (8:10), not read as merely illustrative fable. |
| Word of God | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | logos tou theou | کلامِ خدا | kalām-e Khodā | High | Holy Spirit’s Work; Kingdom | 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28 | Collides with Islamic doctrine of the Quran as eternal, uncreated Kalām Allāh; must be taught as the proclaimed gospel message, not a dictated text. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | همسایه | hamsāye | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 10:27, 10:29, 10:36 | Redefined by the Good Samaritan parable from in-group category to anyone in need. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | حیات ابدی | hayāt-e abadi | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future | 10:25, 18:18, 18:30 | Must retain relational, present-beginning-by-faith sense against deferred deeds-weighing (mizan) framework. |
| Prayer | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | proseuchē / proseuchomai | دعا | do’ā | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 1:13, 3:21, 5:16, 6:12, 9:18, 9:28-29, 11:1-13, 18:1-14, 19:46, 20:47, 22:32, 22:40-46, 24:53 | Genuine bridge to everyday Islamic supplication vocabulary; must retain filial (Father-directed) intimacy, not merely petitionary formula. |
| Rich (person) | πλούσιος | plousios | ثروتمند / غنی | servatmand / ghani | Medium | Good News to the Poor; Cost of Discipleship | 1:53, 6:24, 12:16, 14:12, 16:1, 16:19-22, 18:23-25, 19:2, 21:1 | Central to the rich/poor doctrine axis; avoid both romanticizing poverty and demonizing wealth as such. |
| Follow (discipleship) | ἀκολουθέω | akoloutheō | پیروی کردن | peyravi kardan | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:11, 5:27-28, 9:23, 9:57-62, 18:22-28 | Committed, costly, personal accompaniment; distinct from generic admiration or rule-obedience. |
| Count the cost | ἀριθμήσαι τὴν δαπάνην | arithmēsai tēn dapanēn | هزینه را حساب کردن | hazine rā hesāb kardan | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 14:28-33 | Sober, deliberate discipleship-commitment vocabulary. |
| Mammon / wealth (personified) | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | مالِ دنیا | māl-e donyā | Medium | Good News to the Poor; Discipleship | 16:9, 16:11, 16:13 | Retain stark, exclusive-allegiance either/or framing (rival master to God). |
| Hades | Ἅιδης | Hadēs | هادس | Hādes | High | Good News to the Poor (rich man/Lazarus) | 16:23 | Illustrative parable-language; avoid absorbing into full comparative debate with Islamic Jahannam/barzakh doctrine. |
| Kingdom “among/within” you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | entos hymōn | در میانِ شما | dar miyān-e shomā | High | Kingdom Present and Future | 17:21 | Prefer corporate/christocentric “among you” over individualistic “within you” to avoid Sufi indwelling-of-the-divine-self resonance. |
| Redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις | apolytrōsis | رهایی | rahā’i | High | Kingdom Present and Future | 21:28 | Must retain ransom-price background (φιδیه), not flatten to generic “relief/escape.” |
| Passover | πάσχα | pascha | عید فِصح | eyd-e fesh | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work; Kingdom | 22:1, 22:7-15 | OT exodus/lamb-sacrifice typological background frames the Last Supper reinterpretation. |
| New covenant | ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη | hē kainē diathēkē | عهدِ جدید | ’ahd-e jadid | High | Holy Spirit’s Work; Repentance/Forgiveness | 22:20 | Full continuity/fulfillment logic with Mosaic covenant required, not abrupt replacement. |
| Body / blood (Eucharistic) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | بدن / خون | badan / khun | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness; Compassion | 22:19-20 | Documented collision: parallels baseline’s Karbala/Hussein martyrdom-intercession Critical risk (salvation, intercession); must be taught as categorically unique, once-for-all atonement, distinct from Ashura blood-commemoration devotional patterns. |
| Cross / crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / stauroō | صلیب / به صلیب کشیدن | salib / be salib keshidan | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness | 9:23, 14:27, 23:21-33 | Direct confrontation with Quran 4:157’s crucifixion denial; requires theologian-level review at every occurrence. |
| Paradise | παράδεισος | paradeisos | فردوس | ferdows | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness | 23:43 | Immediate post-death presence with Christ for a repentant sinner with no meritorious works; contrast with deeds-weighing (mizan) entry to Jannah. |
| Flesh and bones (bodily resurrection) | σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα | sarka kai ostea | گوشت و استخوان | gusht va ostokhān | Critical | Jesus as Savior; (Resurrection, baseline Critical) | 24:39 | Luke’s own explicit anti-docetic apologetic; must retain full physical concreteness. |
| Ascension | ἀνελήμφθη | anelēmphthē | به آسمان بالا برده شد / صعود | be āsemān bālā borde shod / so’ud | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Holy Spirit’s Work | 24:51 | Documented collision: must sequence explicitly (died → rose → ascended) to prevent conflation with Quran 4:158’s “raised instead of killed” substitution narrative. |
| Son of David (title) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | پسرِ داوود | pesar-e Dāvud | High | Jesus as Savior; (Davidic Covenant, baseline High) | 18:38-39, 20:41-44 | Distinct address-form from the narrative “seed of David” (نسل داوود); a direct messianic-title confession by petitioners. |
| Savior-title stack: “Christ the Lord” | χριστὸς Κύριος | christos Kyrios | مسیحِ خداوند | Masih-e Khodāvand | Critical | Jesus as Savior | 2:11 | Compound of two already-Critical baseline terms; teach as unified confession. |
| Humility / exaltation (kingdom reversal) | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω | tapeinoō / hypsoō | فروتن ساختن / سرافراز کردن | forutan sākhtan / sarafrāz kardan | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future; Poor and Marginalized | 1:52, 14:11, 18:14 | Kingdom-reversal motif; ties Magnificat, banquet-humility teaching, and the tax collector’s justification together. |
| Love (agapē, esp. enemies) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | محبت | mohabbat | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship; Discipleship | 6:27-35, 7:42-47, 10:27, 11:42 | Keep distinct from Persian Sufi-poetic عشق (eshq, passionate/romantic mystical love). |
| Blessed (Beatitudes) | μακάριος | makarios | خوشا به حال | khoshā be hāl | Medium | Good News to the Poor | 1:45, 6:20-22, 7:23, 10:23, 11:28, 12:37-38, 14:14-15, 23:29 | Retain paradoxical kingdom-reversal force, not ordinary good fortune. |
Section C — Chapter Coverage Index
Every chapter of Luke has been reviewed for load-bearing theological vocabulary; the table below maps each chapter to its primary new-term or key-reuse contributions for quick curriculum-planning reference.
| Chapter | Primary Contribution |
|---|---|
| 1 | Angel, Gabriel, servant/handmaid, virgin, Most High, power of the Most High, Magnificat/Benedictus vocabulary (horn of salvation, oath, tender mercy) |
| 2 | Savior (σωτήρ), Christ the Lord, glory of the Lord, goodwill/favor, light for revelation to the Gentiles, circumcision |
| 3 | Baptism of repentance, repentance, baptism, wrath, genealogy (Adam “son of God” caution) |
| 4 | CORE PASSAGE (4:16-21) — anointed, proclaim good news, poor, release/captives, sight to the blind, oppressed, year of the Lord’s favor, today, fulfilled; plus temptation, devil/Satan, authority, demon/unclean spirit |
| 5 | Fishers of men, leprosy, Son of Man (first use), forgiveness of sins, fasting |
| 6 | Blessed/woe (Beatitudes), love your enemies (agapē), merciful/compassionate, apostle (naming the Twelve) |
| 7 | Centurion’s faith, compassion (splagchnizomai, first use), sinner, “her sins are forgiven” |
| 8 | Parable, word of God, demon-possessed, “your faith has saved/healed you” (sōzō wordplay) |
| 9 | ”My Son, my Chosen One” (Transfiguration), follow/discipleship, deny himself/take up his cross |
| 10 | Kingdom has come near (present/future tension), neighbor, Samaritan (collision term), eternal life |
| 11 | Lord’s Prayer, prayer, Beelzebul, finger of God |
| 12 | Rich fool, watchfulness, faithful steward |
| 13 | Repentance (reuse), narrow door, kingdom-growth parables (reuse) |
| 14 | Great banquet, poor/crippled/lame/blind guest list, count the cost, salt |
| 15 | Lost (sheep/coin/son), joy in heaven, compassion (reuse), “dead and alive again” |
| 16 | Mammon, rich man and Lazarus, Hades, Moses and the Prophets |
| 17 | Stumbling block, Samaritan (reuse — second collision-teaching opportunity), kingdom “among you”, faith/saved (reuse) |
| 18 | Persistent prayer, Pharisee and tax collector, justified (direct occurrence), camel/needle’s eye |
| 19 | Zacchaeus, “today salvation has come,” “Son of Man came to seek and save the lost,” triumphal entry acclamation, house of prayer |
| 20 | Vineyard/tenants (Son typology), cornerstone, Caesar and God, resurrection debate |
| 21 | Temple, great tribulation, Son of Man coming in a cloud, redemption |
| 22 | Passover, new covenant, body/blood (Critical), Satan (reuse), sweat like blood |
| 23 | Cross/crucify (Critical), King of the Jews, paradise (Critical), temple curtain torn |
| 24 | Risen (reuse, Critical), flesh and bones (Critical), opened their minds to understand Scripture, promise of the Father/power from on high, ascension (Critical) |
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: عدالت
Transliteration: edalat
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: پارسایی
Original: δίκαιος / δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Zechariah and Elizabeth are called δίκαιος (1:6) and Zechariah speaks of serving God ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ (1:75); teach as right standing/covenant faithfulness, never پارسایی’s Zoroastrian-inflected virtue-achievement sense.
Justification
Approved rendering: عادل شمرده شدن
Transliteration: adel shomorde shodan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιωθεὶς
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:14 is a direct narrative occurrence: the tax collector ‘went down… justified’ though he offered no meritorious act, only a plea for mercy (18:13) — use the full compound phrase, never ‘made righteous by deeds.‘
Salvation
Approved rendering: نجات
Transliteration: nejat
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Benedictus/Nunc Dimittis (1:69,71,77; 2:30) and to 19:9-10 (‘today salvation has come to this house’); keep categorically distinct from the Karbala/Hussein martyrdom-intercession framework, a risk sharpened by Luke’s own body/blood language in 22:19-20.
Adoption
Approved rendering: فرزندخواندگی
Transliteration: farzand-khandegi
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: سرپرستی
Original: υἱοθεσία (thematic; cf. τέκνα Ἀβραάμ)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. No direct lexical occurrence in Luke; the related but distinct ‘children of Abraham’ covenant-lineage motif (3:8, 19:9) must not be conflated with the full NT adoption doctrine — flag this distinction explicitly wherever Abrahamic descent language occurs.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: قیامت
Transliteration: qiyamat
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω / ἀνίστημι
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s climactic doctrine (9:22; 14:14; 18:33; 20:27-38; 24:1-49); 24:39’s ‘flesh and bones’ (see new term) is Luke’s own explicit anti-docetic apologetic, read together with this entry to counter Quran 4:157’s crucifixion-denial framework.
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: Khodavand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: سرور
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke uniquely uses Κύριος of Jesus even in the narrator’s own voice from as early as 1:43 (not only in address); this narrative-voice usage intensifies the exclusive-Lordship claim and must be rendered consistently as خداوند throughout.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: پسر خدا
Transliteration: pesar-e khoda
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: برگزیده خدا
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:32, 1:35, 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 9:35, 22:70. Luke 3:38 also calls Adam ‘son of God’ in a creaturely, non-unique sense — every teaching context must explicitly flag this as categorically different from Christ’s unique, eternal sonship. Never substitute برگزیده خدا (documented Hezare No controversy).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: تجسد
Transliteration: tajassod
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: (thematic — Luke 1:26-38, 2:1-20; cf. John 1:14 ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s infancy narrative (1:26-38; 2:1-20) is the primary Incarnation text of the entire NT; must be taught as the eternal Son’s unique, singular assumption of human nature, not one more Amesha Spentas-style intermediary emanation.
Law
Approved rendering: ناموس
Transliteration: namus
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: شریعت
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s infancy narrative repeatedly shows Torah-observant practice (2:22-27, 2:39); Jesus affirms the Law’s abiding authority while asserting its fulfillment in himself (16:16-17; 24:44) — retain ناموس, never شریعت.
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / Χριστὸς Κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:11’s compound title ‘Christ the Lord’ stacks two Critical baseline terms as the earliest Christological confession in the book (see christ_the_lord); every occurrence must actively assert Christ’s own primary, sufficient redemptive role against the Mahdi-centered popular Shia expectation.
Intercession
Approved rendering: شفاعت
Transliteration: shafa’at
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: (thematic — Gethsemane and cross prayers, 22:32, 22:41-44, 23:34)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. No single Lukan lexeme, but Jesus’ prayers for Peter (22:32), in Gethsemane, and for his executioners (23:34) function intercessorily; teach as exclusive and complete, directly engaging the popularly central Karbala/Hussein intercession-seeking devotion, sharpened by the body/blood language of 22:19-20.
Jesus
Approved rendering: عیسی
Transliteration: Isa
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s own naming account (1:31, 2:21) confirms settled Persian Christian usage عیسی; the Quranic prophet-only, non-crucified, non-divine content risk must be actively corrected throughout, intensified in Luke by the extensive crucifixion (ch.23) and resurrection (ch.24) detail.
God
Approved rendering: خدا
Transliteration: Khoda
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الله
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. No change from baseline; خدا used throughout Luke without exception.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روحالقدس
Transliteration: Ruh-ol-Qods
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke has the densest Holy Spirit vocabulary of the Synoptics (1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:16,22; 4:1,14,18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:12; 24:49). The Jibril=Ruh al-Qudus tafsir identification is intensified because created angels appear extensively in the same infancy chapters; distinguish explicitly at every occurrence, especially ch.1.
Father
Approved rendering: پدر
Transliteration: pedar
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent in Luke (1:32,55,73; 2:49; 6:36; 9:26; 10:21-22; 11:2-13; 12:30-32; 15:11-32; 22:29,42; 23:34,46; 24:49); the Prodigal Son parable (ch.15) is the book’s richest Father-image text and the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) its clearest teaching occasion.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: عدالت محسوبشده
Transliteration: edalat-e mahsub-shode
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: عدالت کسبشده
Original: (thematic — 18:14, cf. Rom 4:3)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the tax collector’s justification (18:14) though the Pauline compound lexeme is not itself lexically present in Luke; teach the narrative as a concrete illustration of this doctrine.
Savior
Approved rendering: نجاتدهنده
Transliteration: nejat-dahande
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: منجی
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. Luke 2:11 announces ‘a Savior has been born to you’ to shepherds. منجی is explicitly rejected: in Persian Shia eschatological literature منجی (montazir-e monji, ‘the awaited savior’) is the standard term for the Hidden Twelfth Imam (Mahdi), making it an especially acute collision risk beyond a generic ‘helper/teacher’ softening. Must be reinforced against Mahdi-centered expectation — Jesus is himself named Savior at birth, not merely a forerunner.
Christ The Lord
Approved rendering: مسیح خداوند
Transliteration: Masih-e Khodavand
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: χριστὸς Κύριος
Category: Christology
New Luke term. Compound of two already-fixed Critical terms (مسیح + خداوند), Luke 2:11 — the earliest Christological confession in the book; teach as one unified confession, not a list of separable honorifics.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: بدن / خون
Transliteration: badan / khun
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper: Body and Blood as the New Covenant
Rejected alternatives: جان او (his life), قربانی او (his sacrifice, as a euphemistic substitute)
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. Occurs at 22:19-20. This is the single most culturally sensitive new-vocabulary cluster in Luke: Twelver Shia devotional culture centers an entire annual ritual calendar (Muharram/Ashura) on the shed blood of the martyred Imam Hussein at Karbala, with practices explicitly framed as drawing benefit/intercession from that blood. Euphemistic softening is rejected — the literal بدن/خون must be retained and taught as once-for-all, categorically unique, personally efficacious atonement, genuinely distinct from the Karbala martyrdom-commemoration framework.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: صلیب / به صلیب کشیدن
Transliteration: salib / be salib keshidan
Doctrine: The Historical Reality of Christ’s Crucifixion
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
New Luke term. Occurs at 9:23; 14:27; 23:21-33. This is the central, direct point of confrontation with Quran 4:157’s explicit denial (‘they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but it was made to appear so to them’). Every occurrence in ch.23 must affirm a real, historical, physical death, requiring the same theologian-level review routing as resurrection and humanity_of_christ.
Paradise
Approved rendering: فردوس
Transliteration: ferdows
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 23:43 (‘today you will be with me in paradise,’ to the repentant criminal). فردوس shares an ancient Persian etymology also borrowed into Quranic Arabic (الفردوس), a documented shared-etymology point of contact; the doctrinal weight lies in the immediate, grace-secured promise to a sinner with no meritorious works, which must be explicitly contrasted with any deeds-weighing (mizan) framework for entry to Jannah.
Flesh And Bones
Approved rendering: گوشت و استخوان
Transliteration: gusht va ostokhan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: بدن واقعی (real/true body, as a paraphrase substitute)
Original: σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 24:39 (‘a ghost/spirit does not have flesh and bones as I have’). A softer paraphrase such as ‘real body’ is rejected because it weakens the specific evidentiary, anti-docetic force of Luke’s own deliberate apologetic; must be rendered with full physical concreteness, doubly relevant given the Quran’s crucifixion-denial.
Ascension
Approved rendering: به آسمان بالا برده شد / صعود
Transliteration: be aseman bala borde shod / so’ud
Doctrine: The Ascension of Christ
Rejected alternatives: صعود (used alone, without the full sequencing clause)
Original: ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 24:51. A bare single-word صعود without the fuller descriptive clause is rejected because it would allow silent absorption into the Quran 4:158 ‘raised to Himself instead of killed’ substitution narrative. The full sequence — real death (ch.23) → real bodily resurrection (24:1-43) → ascension of that same glorified body (24:51) — must be made explicit at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: مژده
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke uses the verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι constantly for Jesus’ own core activity (4:18, 4:43, 7:22, 8:1, 9:6, 20:1); render the verb as بشارت دادن, keeping the انجیل root visible so learners connect Jesus’ preaching to the fixed noun. Same tahrif assumption caution as baseline applies.
Grace
Approved rendering: فیض
Transliteration: feyz
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: لطف
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:30, 2:40, 2:52, 4:22 use χάρις of Jesus himself; 4:19’s δεκτός (‘the acceptable/favorable year’) shares theological DNA with χάρις and should be taught alongside it so feyz is read as God’s freely willed favor culminating in Christ’s Jubilee announcement, not an Illuminationist/Mulla Sadra-style automatic emanation.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frequently paired in Luke with the σῴζω wordplay (‘your faith has saved/healed you,’ 8:48, 17:19, 18:42); teach physical healing as a sign pointing to the fuller salvation ایمان secures, not a magical formula. Shia Imamate-assent caution from baseline still applies.
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 6:13 records Jesus formally naming the Twelve ἀποστόλους; reinforce the Imamate-succession caution at this naming moment, since Shia audiences may hear an implicit competing claim to unique post-founder authority.
Called
Approved rendering: دعوتشده
Transliteration: da’vat-shode
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 5:32 (‘I have come to call sinners to repentance’) and the banquet-invitation parables of 14:7-24 use the same root literally (social invitations) and theologically (God’s summons) in close proximity — disambiguate direction of address in each occurrence.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: تقدیس
Transliteration: taqdis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Greek lexeme in Luke; theme present throughout discipleship-holiness material (9:23; 14:25-33) — teach as the fruit of the Spirit’s presence introduced narratively in Luke 1-4, not ritual purification.
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسا
Transliteration: kelisa
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: امت
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. ἐκκλησία is not lexically present in the Gospel of Luke (first appears in Acts); note for curriculum sequencing across Luke-Acts continuity, while the gathered new-covenant people is anticipated narratively (the Twelve, the Seventy, the post-resurrection community of 24:33).
Sin
Approved rendering: گناه
Transliteration: gonah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely high-frequency in Luke (1:77; 3:3; 5:8,20-24,30-32; 7:37-49; 11:4; 15:1-2,7,10,18; 17:3-4; 18:13; 19:7; 24:47), tightly bound to the repentance/forgiveness doctrine cluster; keep distinct from ritual impurity and the mizan/Chinvat Bridge deeds-weighing intuition.
Prophet
Approved rendering: پیامبر
Transliteration: payambar
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus is repeatedly identified merely as ‘a prophet’ by others (7:16, 7:39, 9:8,19, 24:19) — every such occurrence must be paired with fuller Christological titles so پیامبر is never read as Jesus’ complete or final identity, given the khatam al-anbiya finality-of-prophethood collision.
Election
Approved rendering: برگزیدگی خدا
Transliteration: bargozidegi-ye khoda
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλελεγμένος / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 9:35 (‘my Son, my Chosen One’) joins Sonship and election directly; 23:35’s mocking reuse of the title at the cross is a bitter irony worth flagging in teaching. Neither occurrence should import the Shia Imamate’s lineage-succession content.
Israel
Approved rendering: اسرائیل
Transliteration: Esra’il
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent in the infancy narrative’s covenant-hope language (1:16,54,68,80; 2:25,32; 4:25,27; 22:30; 24:21); the Iranian state anti-Israel political-sensitivity caution applies with full force.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داوود
Transliteration: nasl-e Davud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (thematic; cf. θρόνος Δαυίδ 1:32-33)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:32-33 (Gabriel’s promise of ‘the throne of his father David’) and 1:69 use this covenant-lineage language; distinct from the direct address-form ‘Son of David’ (see son_of_david).
Repentance
Approved rendering: توبه
Transliteration: towbeh
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. توبه is core, load-bearing Islamic vocabulary (an entire Quranic surah, at-Tawbah, is named for it), typically the sinner’s own self-initiated act reinforced by restorative works. Biblical metanoia (3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3-5; 15:7,10; 17:3-4; 24:47) must be taught as a Spirit-enabled reorientation that receives, not earns, forgiveness secured through Christ — always pair with فیض.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: بخشش گناهان
Transliteration: bakhshesh-e gonahan
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν / ἀφίημι
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. Occurs at 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 24:47. آمرزش is an acceptable devotional-register variant but بخشش گناهان is the standardized fixed compound. The same Greek noun ἄφεσις also means ‘release’ (see release_captivity) — Persian requires two different words; the doctrinal linkage between social liberation and spiritual forgiveness must be taught explicitly.
Release Captivity
Approved rendering: آزادی
Transliteration: azadi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἄφεσις (captivity sense)
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. Luke 4:18 (‘proclaim release to the captives’); linked doctrinally, though not lexically, to forgiveness_of_sins — teach that liberation and forgiveness are one integrated mission, not two separate agendas.
Poor
Approved rendering: فقیر
Transliteration: faqir
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Ethics
New Luke term. Occurs at 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13,21, 16:20-22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:3. فقیر also names the Sufi mendicant-ascetic (voluntary faqir/darvish renunciant), risking a reading of endorsed spiritual poverty rather than Jesus’ concrete concern for real economic and social destitution. Must always be anchored to the concrete companion-lists (captives, blind, oppressed, crippled, lame).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: پسر انسان
Transliteration: pesar-e ensan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: پسر آدم
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New Luke term. Occurs extensively from 5:24 (tied to the divine prerogative of forgiving sins) through 19:10 to 21:27 and 22:69. پسر آدم is rejected as a primary rendering because it echoes the Islamic idiomatic ‘ibn Adam’ phrase for generic human frailty/mortality, which would flatten the Daniel 7:13-14 divine-authority claim Jesus intends.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: پسر داوود
Transliteration: pesar-e Davud
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New Luke term. Occurs at 18:38-39 (the blind beggar’s cry) and 20:41-44 (Jesus’ own question about the title); distinct from the narrative genealogical phrase نسل داوود — this is a direct petitionary confession of messianic kingship.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: سامری
Transliteration: Samari
Doctrine: The Samaritan and the Redefinition of Neighbor-Love
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Compassion
New Luke term. Documented collision: the Quran (20:85-97) names an unrelated figure ‘al-Sāmirī,’ the golden-calf maker, using the same Persian transliteration سامری. Retained (not paraphrased away) because it is the correct proper-noun rendering; every occurrence (10:25-37; 17:11-19) requires a MANDATORY footnote distinguishing the NT ethnic-religious Samaritans from the unrelated Quranic figure.
Virgin
Approved rendering: باکره
Transliteration: bakereh
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Virgin Birth
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New Luke term. Occurs at 1:27,34. The Quran affirms Mary’s virginal conception (19:20) — a point of agreement, not collision; the risk runs the opposite direction: audiences must not assume shared agreement on the virgin birth implies shared agreement on Christ’s deity and sonship, which the Quran explicitly denies.
Baptism
Approved rendering: تعمید
Transliteration: ta’mid
Doctrine: Baptism and the Rite of Repentance
Rejected alternatives: غسل, وضو
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
New Luke term. Documented collision: the Sabian-Mandaean community, present in Iran and Iraq, reveres John the Baptist as central prophet and practices frequent ritual baptism (masbuta) as an ongoing sacrament while explicitly rejecting Jesus’ divinity. غسل/وضو (Islamic ritual ablution) are rejected as they carry no repentance-unto-forgiveness content. Occurs 3:3,7,12,16,21; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4.
Demon
Approved rendering: روح پلید
Transliteration: ruh-e palid
Doctrine: Spiritual Conflict and Deliverance from Evil Spirits
Rejected alternatives: دیو (as primary rendering)
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New Luke term. Occurs throughout Luke’s exorcism narratives (4:33-41; 6:18; 7:21; 8:2,27-38; 9:1,37-42,49; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32). دیو is a native pre-Islamic Persian word (Zoroastrian daeva) carrying independent cosmic-dualism baggage (near-equal adversarial forces against Ahura Mazda) and is rejected as the default; روح پلید is primary, with دیو acceptable only as a secondary descriptive synonym once Christ’s total, non-negotiable authority over these defeated, subordinate created beings is explicitly taught.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: کلامِ خدا
Transliteration: kalam-e Khoda
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
New Luke term. Occurs at 5:1; 8:11,21; 11:28. Islamic theology holds the Quran itself to be the eternal, uncreated Kalam Allah in a strong ontological sense — a functionally and theologically different category from Luke’s proclaimed, seed-like, variably-received gospel message. Must be taught explicitly so کلام خدا is not silently assumed to mean a fixed dictated book in the Quranic sense.
Prayer
Approved rendering: دعا
Transliteration: do’a
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: نماز
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
New Luke term. Extremely frequent (1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 19:46; 20:47; 22:32,40-46; 24:53). نماز (the obligatory ritual salat) is rejected as a translation option, since it names a different, scheduled ritual category; دعا’s personal, filial, unscheduled character is the point, not a lesser substitute. The Lord’s Prayer’s filial پدر-address (11:2) must retain full intimacy.
Hades
Approved rendering: هادس
Transliteration: Hades
Doctrine: Kingdom Reversal: Rich and Poor
Rejected alternatives: جهنم
Original: Ἅιδης
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 16:23. جهنم (Jahannam) is rejected because it would import the extensively developed, systematic Islamic afterlife doctrine (barzakh, Jahannam, Jannah) the parable does not intend to teach; retain the Greek proper noun هادس and keep the parable’s ethical-theological point (present treatment of the poor has eternal consequences) primary.
Kingdom Among You
Approved rendering: در میانِ شما
Transliteration: dar miyan-e shoma
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: درون شما
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
Category: Kingdom
New Luke term. Occurs at 17:21. درون شما (‘within you,’ individualistic) is explicitly rejected: it risks resonance with Sufi wahdat al-wujud-adjacent notions of divine indwelling of the self. The corporate, christocentric در میانِ شما (the kingdom present in Jesus’ own person standing among his questioners) is the fixed translator default.
Redemption
Approved rendering: رهایی
Transliteration: rahayi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 21:28 (‘your redemption draws near’); must not be flattened into a generic ‘escape/relief,’ losing the ransom-price background (فدیه) that ties eschatological hope directly to the cost of Christ’s own atoning death, taught alongside 22:19-20.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: عهدِ جدید
Transliteration: ‘ahd-e jadid
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper: Body and Blood as the New Covenant
Original: ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
New Luke term. The direct institution-text of the Lord’s Supper (22:20); must be taught with full continuity/fulfillment logic relative to the Mosaic covenant already established under ناموس/عهد, not as an abrupt replacement severing OT promise from NT fulfillment.
Medium Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: دعوت
Transliteration: da’vat
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. See called for banquet-parable disambiguation; keep the sovereign-summons sense distinct from ordinary Persian everyday-invitation usage of دعوت.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: moqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 4:34 records a demon’s hostile confession, ‘the Holy One of God’ — a genuine Christological title from an unwilling witness; teach as ironic confirmation of Jesus’ identity, not merely a ritual-purity descriptor.
Peace
Approved rendering: سلام
Transliteration: salam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: آرامش
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 19:41-42’s lament over Jerusalem’s missed peace and 24:36’s risen Christ’s greeting both reuse سلام; never آرامش, per baseline forbidden-substitution rule.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملکوت خدا
Transliteration: malakut-e khoda
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. The single most frequent theological phrase in Luke (30+ occurrences); consistently distinguish present-nearness statements (10:9, 11:20, 17:21) from future-consummation statements (13:29, 21:31, 22:16-18), against both Velayat-e Faqih political conflation and Sufi mystical-inwardness misreadings.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیریهودیان
Transliteration: gheyr-yahudian
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: امتها
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:32’s ‘light for revelation to the Gentiles’ and 24:47 (‘to all nations’) are key universal-scope texts; never substitute امتها.
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalal
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Transfiguration (9:31-32) is Luke’s densest جلال text; the Sufi jalal/jamal resonance caution applies directly — teach as a specific historical event, not a generalized mystical-aesthetic category.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قدرت خدا
Transliteration: qodrat-e khoda
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:35 (the Spirit’s overshadowing power at the Incarnation), 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, and 24:49 (‘power from on high,’ anticipating Pentecost); teach 24:49 as the direct forward link to the Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History.
Covenant
Approved rendering: عهد
Transliteration: ‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:72 (God’s oath-covenant with Abraham) and 22:20 (the new covenant, see new_covenant) are the key occurrences; retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated sense.
Providence
Approved rendering: تدبیر الهی
Transliteration: tadbir-e elahi
Doctrine: Providence
Original: (thematic — 12:6-7, 12:22-31, “do not be anxious”)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s ‘do not be anxious’ teaching block (12:22-31) is the book’s key providence text; keep distinct from folk qadar-style fatalism.
Mission
Approved rendering: ماموریت
Transliteration: ma’muriyat
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: رسالت
Original: (thematic — 9:1-6, 10:1-12, 24:47-49)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Sending of the Twelve (9:1-6) and of the Seventy (10:1-12) enact this theme narratively; avoid رسالت, and note the real legal/safety stakes of evangelism vocabulary for underground house-church readers.
David
Approved rendering: داوود
Transliteration: Davud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout the infancy narrative and beyond (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44); supply covenant-king typology explicitly, since the Quranic Davud lacks it.
Disciple
Approved rendering: شاگرد
Transliteration: shagerd
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: مرید
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New Luke term. مرید (Sufi disciple-of-a-pir) is explicitly rejected: it centers on submission to a living human spiritual guide’s ongoing mystical authority, a different doctrine entirely from Christ’s unique, non-successional discipleship call (5:30; 6:13,17,40; 9:14; 14:26-33; 22:11,39).
Mercy
Approved rendering: رحمت
Transliteration: rahmat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New Luke term. Occurs in the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:50,54,58,72,78) and elsewhere (10:37; 18:38-39); shares its root with the Quranic divine name al-Rahim — a genuine bridge, but must be taught as Christ’s personal, active mercy toward specific individuals, not one of the ninety-nine abstract divine names.
Compassion
Approved rendering: دلش به رحم آمد / شفقت
Transliteration: delash be rahm amad / shafaqat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
New Luke term. Used of Jesus at the widow of Nain’s funeral (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), and the prodigal’s father (15:20); the visceral, action-producing force must not be flattened into abstract pity.
Joy
Approved rendering: شادی
Transliteration: shadi
Doctrine: Joy in Repentance and Salvation
Original: χαρά
Category: Faith
New Luke term. Occurs at 1:14,44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17,21; 15:7,10; 19:6,37; 24:41,52; must retain heaven’s/God’s own joy over repentance and salvation events, not merely human relief.
Lost
Approved rendering: گمشده
Transliteration: gomshode
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπολωλός / ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Salvation
New Luke term. Central to the lost sheep/coin/son parables (15:4,6,8-9,17,24,32) and the programmatic 19:10; must retain the sense of active, costly seeking by the shepherd/woman/father/Son of Man, not passive self-recovery.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: باجگیر
Transliteration: bajgir
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion
New Luke term. Occurs at 3:12; 5:27-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-14; 19:2; the despised-collaborator social dynamic may resonate analogically with Iranian sensitivities around foreign political influence — a useful illustrative bridge that must not displace the parable’s actual point (humble repentance vs. self-righteous confidence).
Pharisee
Approved rendering: فریسی
Transliteration: Farisi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: Φαρισαῖος
Category: Church
New Luke term. Occurs across 5:17-30; 6:2-11; 7:30-39; 11:37-53; 14:1-3; 15:1-2; 16:14; 18:9-14; 19:39; proper noun requiring careful, non-caricaturing handling so it is never used to stereotype contemporary Islamic clergy or piety broadly.
Angel
Approved rendering: فرشته
Transliteration: fereshte
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
New Luke term. Frequent in the infancy narrative (1:11-38; 2:9-15) and beyond (9:26; 12:8-9; 15:10; 16:22; 22:43; 24:23); teach as created, obedient messengers under God’s authority, and never conflate with the divine Person of the Holy Spirit despite popular tafsir’s Jibril-identification.
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: شیطان
Transliteration: sheytan
Doctrine: Spiritual Conflict and Deliverance from Evil Spirits
Rejected alternatives: ابلیس
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New Luke term. Occurs at 4:2-13; 8:12; 10:18; 11:18; 13:16; 22:3,31. ابلیس is rejected because it is the specific Quranic proper name tied to the refusal to prostrate before Adam (Quran 2:34; 7:11-18), a fixed, unrelated narrative; شیطان is the safer, general, already-established Persian Bible choice.
Parable
Approved rendering: مثل
Transliteration: masal
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New Luke term. Extremely frequent teaching form (5:36; 6:39; 8:4-15; 12:16-21; 13:6-21; 14:7-24; 15:3-32; 16:1-31; 18:1-14; 19:11-27; 20:9-19; 21:29-33); must retain the dual revealing/veiling function assigned at 8:10 (quoting Isaiah 6:9-10), not a merely illustrative moral fable.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: همسایه
Transliteration: hamsaye
Doctrine: The Samaritan and the Redefinition of Neighbor-Love
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
New Luke term. Occurs at 10:27,29,36; the Good Samaritan parable’s entire rhetorical force depends on redefining this from an ethnic/religious in-group category to universal neighbor-love, taught with the Samaritan’s specific outsider-status intact.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: حیات ابدی
Transliteration: hayat-e abadi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
New Luke term. Occurs at 10:25; 18:18,30; shares broad conceptual territory with Islamic eschatology’s eternal Hereafter, but that framework typically defers this life entirely to a post-judgment future secured by mizan; must be taught with the relational, present-beginning, faith-received sense.
Rich
Approved rendering: ثروتمند
Transliteration: servatmand
Doctrine: Kingdom Reversal: Rich and Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Ethics
New Luke term. Occurs at 1:53; 6:24; 12:16; 14:12; 16:1,19-22; 18:23-25; 19:2; 21:1; must avoid both romanticizing poverty and demonizing wealth as such — the point is idolatrous self-sufficiency, not wealth per se.
Follow
Approved rendering: پیروی کردن
Transliteration: peyravi kardan
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
New Luke term. Occurs at 5:11,27-28; 9:23,57-62; 18:22-28; must retain ongoing, costly, personal accompaniment specifically of Jesus, not generic admiration or rule-obedience, which risks collapsing into the baseline’s obedience_of_faith caution.
Count The Cost
Approved rendering: هزینه را حساب کردن
Transliteration: hazine ra hesab kardan
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀριθμήσαι τὴν δαπάνην
Category: Discipleship
New Luke term. Occurs at 14:28-33 (building a tower / going to war); must retain the sober, deliberate-calculation sense as a serious warning against superficial commitment.
Mammon
Approved rendering: مالِ دنیا
Transliteration: mal-e donya
Doctrine: Kingdom Reversal: Rich and Poor
Rejected alternatives: ممونا
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Ethics
New Luke term. Occurs at 16:9,11,13 (‘you cannot serve God and mammon’). Transliterating the Aramaic loanword ممونا is rejected in favor of the already-idiomatic Persian compound, which carries the needed rival-master connotation without requiring heavy first-occurrence explanation.
Passover
Approved rendering: عید فِصح
Transliteration: eyd-e fesh
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper: Body and Blood as the New Covenant
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
New Luke term. Occurs at 22:1,7-15; retain the OT exodus/lamb-sacrifice typological background as the interpretive frame for the meal Jesus reinterprets, even though Luke does not use explicit ‘lamb’ language here.
Humility Exaltation
Approved rendering: فروتن ساختن / سرافراز کردن
Transliteration: forutan sakhtan / sarafraz kardan
Doctrine: Kingdom Reversal: Rich and Poor
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Kingdom
New Luke term. Ties the Magnificat (1:52), the banquet-humility teaching (14:11), and the tax collector’s justification (18:14) together; central to the kingdom-reversal logic underlying Good News to the Poor and Marginalized.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: محبت
Transliteration: mohabbat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: عشق
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
New Luke term. Occurs at 6:27-35 (‘love your enemies’); 7:42-47; 10:27; 11:42. عشق (the passionate, romantic/mystical love of Persian Sufi poetry, Rumi/Hafez) is explicitly rejected even for stylistic elevation: agape’s willed, ethical, even-toward-enemies character must not be conflated with eshq’s passionate, reciprocity-seeking devotional register.
Blessed
Approved rendering: خوشا به حال
Transliteration: khosha be hal
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μακάριος
Category: Ethics
New Luke term. Occurs in the Lukan Beatitudes (6:20-22) and elsewhere (1:45; 7:23; 10:23; 11:28; 12:37-38; 14:14-15; 23:29); must retain the paradoxical, kingdom-reversal force, not ordinary worldly good fortune.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوت
Transliteration: nabovat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Low independent risk beyond the prophet entry; recurs thematically at 1:67 and 24:25-27.
Exhort
Approved rendering: تشویق کردن
Transliteration: tashviq kardan
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. General teaching contexts; no independent new risk in Luke.
Sinner
Approved rendering: گناهکار
Transliteration: gonahkar
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
New Luke term. Straightforward compound on already-fixed گناه. The ‘sinful woman’ (7:37,39) and the tax-collector cluster (15:1-2; 18:13; 19:7) name social outcasts whom Jesus receives at table; low independent lexical risk, high doctrinal weight for Table Fellowship.
Referenced passages