Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Persian)
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (translation_memory.json)
| English Term | Persian | Transliteration | Risk | Galatians References | Baseline Note Applies As-Is? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | انجیل | Injil | High→Critical in Galatians (see Table 2, ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον) | 1:6-11, 1:23, 2:2, 2:5, 2:7, 2:14 | Yes, intensified — see new “different gospel” entry |
| grace | فیض | feyz | High | 1:3, 1:6, 1:15, 2:9, 2:21, 5:4, 6:18 | Yes |
| faith | ایمان | iman | High | 1:23, 2:16 (x2), 2:20, 3:2-9, 3:11-26, 5:5-6, 5:22, 6:10 | Yes; extend with πίστις Χριστοῦ genitive-choice note (Table 2) |
| righteousness | عدالت | edalat | Critical | 2:21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5 | Yes |
| justification | عادل شمرده شدن | adel shomorde shodan | Critical | 2:16 (x3), 2:17, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4 | Yes |
| imputed_righteousness | عدالت محسوبشده | edalat-e mahsub-shode | Critical | 3:6 (direct Gen 15:6 citation) | Yes, verbatim consistency with Romans 4 required |
| law | ناموس | namus | Critical | pervasive, chs. 2-6 | Yes; extend to “law of Christ” (Table 2) |
| sin | گناه | gonah | High | 1:4, 2:17, 3:22 | Yes |
| apostle | رسول | rasul | High | 1:1, 1:17, 1:19 | Yes, intensified given 1:1’s unmediated-authority claim |
| called/calling | دعوتشده / دعوت | da’vat-shode / da’vat | High/Medium | 1:6, 1:15, 5:8, 5:13 | Yes |
| holy | مقدس | moqaddas | Medium | (implicit, sanctification-adjacent) | Yes |
| sanctification | تقدیس | taqdis | High | 4:19 (Christ formed in you), 5:16-25 (walking by Spirit) | Yes |
| adoption | فرزندخواندگی | farzand-khandegi | Critical | 4:5 | Yes, this is the doctrine’s earlier/source text vs. Romans 8 |
| lord | خداوند | Khodavand | Critical | 1:3, 6:14, 6:18 | Yes |
| son_of_god | پسر خدا | pesar-e khoda | Critical | 2:20, 4:4, 4:6 | Yes, NEVER برگزیده خدا |
| incarnation (doctrine) | تجسد | tajassod | Critical | 4:4 (“born of a woman, born under the law”) | Yes |
| peace | سلام | salam | Medium | 1:3, 5:22, 6:16 | Yes, NEVER آرامش |
| fellowship | مشارکت | mosharekat | Low-Medium | 2:9 | Yes |
| church | کلیسا | kelisa | High | 1:2, 1:13, 1:22 | Yes |
| gentiles | غیریهودیان | gheyr-yahudian | Medium | 1:16, 2:2-3, 2:8-9, 2:12-15, 3:8, 3:14 | Yes, NEVER امتها |
| glory | جلال | jalal | Medium | 1:5 | Yes |
| obedience_of_faith (doctrine-adjacent) | اطاعت ایمانی | eta’at-e imani | High | (thematic, not a fixed phrase in Galatians) | Yes, as background doctrine |
| messiah/christ | مسیح | Masih | Critical | pervasive | Yes |
| prophet/prophecy | پیامبر / نبوت | payambar / nabovat | High/Low | (background, OT citations) | Yes |
| covenant | عهد | ’ahd | Medium | 3:15, 3:17 | Yes |
| election (doctrine-adjacent) | برگزیدگی خدا | bargozidegi-ye khoda | High | (background to Abrahamic promise) | Yes |
| david | داوود | Davud | Medium | (background, not named directly in Galatians but relevant to covenant background) | Yes |
| israel | اسرائیل | Esra’il | High | 6:16 (“the Israel of God”) | Yes, intensified — see Table 2 |
| jesus | عیسی | Isa | Critical | pervasive | Yes |
| god | خدا | Khoda | Critical | pervasive | Yes |
| holy_spirit | روحالقدس | Ruh-ol-Qods | Critical | 3:2-5, 3:14, 4:6, 4:29, 5:5, 5:16-25, 6:1, 6:8 | Yes, central to flesh/Spirit antithesis — see Table 2 |
| father | پدر | pedar | Critical | 1:1, 1:3, 1:4, 4:2, 4:6 | Yes |
| abba | ابا | Abba | High | 4:6 | Yes, identical rendering to Romans 8:15 required |
| exhort (context-sensitive) | تشویق کردن / نصیحت کردن | tashviq/nasihat kardan | Low | (general hortatory sections, ch. 5-6) | Yes |
| seed_of_david (adjacent: “seed” concept) | نسل | nasl | High | 3:16, 3:19, 3:29 (as “seed”/“offspring”) | Extend baseline pattern — see Table 2 |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced or Newly Risk-Analyzed in Galatians (by Doctrine)
Justification by Faith / Works of the Law
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | اعمال ناموس | Critical | Distinguish sharply from “good deeds” generally; polemical target of the letter |
| faith of/in Christ (genitive) | πίστις Χριστοῦ (pistis Christou) | ایمان به مسیح | High | Objective-genitive rendering chosen; apply consistently at 2:16 (x2), 2:20, 3:22 |
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | گناهکار | Medium | Built on baseline گناه |
The True Gospel versus False Gospels / Paul’s Apostleship
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον (heteron euangelion) | انجیلی دیگر | Critical | Risk of confirming tahrif narrative rather than opposing it; theologian framing required |
| to pervert/distort (the gospel) | μεταστρέφω (metastrephō) | منحرف کردن / دگرگون ساختن | Critical | AVOID تحریف (tahrif) — collides directly with Islamic scripture-corruption doctrine |
| accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | لعنت شده باد | Critical | Collides with Shia tabarra ritual-cursing practice; distinguish from ritual cursing formulas |
| revelation (of Jesus Christ, to Paul) | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | مکاشفه | Critical | AVOID وحی (wahy) — collides with khatam al-anbiya (finality of prophethood) doctrine |
| traditions of the fathers | πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις (patrikai paradoseis) | سنتهای پدران | High | سنت collides with Islamic Sunnah vocabulary; footnote required |
| set apart (from birth) | ἀφορίζω (aphorizō) | جدا کردن / برگزیدن | High | Ties to baseline “separation unto God’s service”; distinguish from Sufi zuhd |
| slave/servant (of Christ) | δοῦλος (doulos) | غلام | Medium | Positive self-identification; contrast with negative δουλεία below |
| raised (from the dead, verb) | ἐγείρω (egeirō) | برخیزانید / زنده کرد | Critical | Inherits baseline resurrection Critical risk (Mahdi-subordination, crucifixion-denial) |
Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| promise | ἐπαγγελία (epangelia) | وعده | Medium | Ensure specific Abrahamic content is retained, not generic “God keeps promises” |
| seed/offspring | σπέρμα (sperma) | نسل | High | Singular-collective argument (Christ, not the whole nation) must be taught explicitly |
| ratify / annul / add to | κυρόω / ἀθετέω / ἐπιδιατάσσομαι | تصویب کردن / باطل کردن / افزودن | Medium | Legal-covenant vocabulary; low ambiguity |
| the law was added | προστίθημι (prostithēmi) | افزوده شد | High | Temporal/logical subordination of law to promise must be clear |
| mediator | μεσίτης (mesitēs) | واسطه | Critical | Collides with Shia tawassul intercession doctrine; distinguish Moses’ role from devotional intermediation |
| tutor/guardian | παιδαγωγός (paidagōgos) | مربی | High | AVOID سرپرست — reserved/rejected in baseline for “adoption”; use مربی instead |
| shut up / kept in custody | συγκλείω / φρουρέω | محبوس نگاه داشتن / تحت نگهبانی | Medium | Temporary, protective-but-restrictive function of the law pending Christ |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (nomos tou Christou) | ناموس مسیح | High | AVOID شریعت مسیح — same shari’a-collision logic as baseline “law” entry |
| observing days/months/seasons | ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε | نگاهداشتن روزها و ماهها | Medium | Avoid blanket condemnation of all calendared observance (Nowruz, etc.) |
Crucified with Christ
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| crucified with (Christ) | συσταυρόω (synestaurōmai) | با مسیح مصلوب شدهام | Critical | Perfect tense (completed, abiding result); participatory union, not mere substitution |
| have crucified the flesh | σταυρόω τὴν σάρκα (5:24) | نفس را مصلوب کردهاند | Critical | Ethical application of the same doctrine; theologian review with 2:19-20, 6:14 |
| the world crucified to me | κόσμος ἐσταύρωται ἐμοὶ (6:14) | دنیا برای من مصلوب شده است | Critical | Coordinate rendering required across all three crucifixion-with-Christ occurrences |
| cross (of Christ) | σταυρός (stauros) | صلیب | Critical | Standard established Christian term; reinforces historical crucifixion against Quranic denial |
| offense/stumbling block of the cross | σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | لغزش صلیب | High | The “offense” is a gospel with no room for self-achieved righteousness |
The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ (Abraam) | ابراهیم | High | Shared Quranic patriarch; specific sola fide argument (Gen 15:6) must be actively taught |
| blessing / to bless | εὐλογία / εὐλογέω | برکت / برکت دادن | Medium | Genuinely shared vocabulary; anchor to specific covenant-promise content |
| curse / cursed | κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος | لعنت / ملعون | Critical | Collides with Shia tabarra ritual-cursing; forensic-substitutionary sense (3:13) must be explicit |
| redeem | ἐξαγοράζω (exagorazō) | بازخرید کردن | High | AVOID فدیه دادن — collides with Islamic Ramadan/Hajj fidyah compensatory-payment practice |
| tree (cursed on a) | ξύλον (xylon) | دار | High | Reinforces physical, historical crucifixion; counters Quranic denial |
| covenant (ratified) | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | عهد | Medium | Reuse baseline; relational/unilateral sense retained |
| inheritance | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | میراث | Medium | Anticipates ch.4 adoption doctrine’s full-inheritance argument |
| heir | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | وارث | Medium | Paired with میراث above |
Adoption and Sonship
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adoption as sons | υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) | فرزندخواندگی | Critical | Reuse baseline exactly; Galatians 4:5 is the doctrine’s source text |
| Abba, Father | Ἀββᾶ ὁ πατήρ | ابا، پدر | Critical | Identical to Romans 8:15 rendering required |
| minor/child (legal sense) | νήπιος (nēpios) | کودک / صغیر | Low-Medium | Sets up legal-minority-under-law metaphor |
| guardian / steward | ἐπίτροπος / οἰκονόμος | قیم / ناظر اموال | Medium | Distinct from παιδαγωγός; legal estate-management vocabulary |
| elemental/elementary principles | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | اصول ابتدایی این جهان | High | AVOID spiritualized “elemental spirits” rendering — collides with Zoroastrian elemental cosmology and folk-Islamic jinn belief |
| fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | تکمیل زمان | Medium | Ties to baseline providence doctrine; avoid fatalistic reading |
| Christ formed in you | μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν | مسیح در شما شکل بگیرد | Medium-High | Organic, Spirit-wrought growth, not self-effort |
| bondwoman (Hagar) | παιδίσκη (paidiskē) | کنیز | High | Collides with Islamic fiqh’s concubine/slave-woman legal category |
| free woman (Sarah) | ἐλευθέρα (eleuthera) | زن آزاد | Low | Straightforward antonym |
| Jerusalem above | Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἄνω | اورشلیم بالا / آسمانی | High | Extends baseline “israel” note; avoid contemporary Quds-Day political resonance |
Freedom in Christ
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | آزادی | Critical | Collides with modern Iranian political-revolutionary “azadi” discourse; distinguish spiritual/political freedom |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας (zygos douleias) | یوغ بردگی | High | Negative counterpart to ἐλευθερία |
| slavery/bondage | δουλεία (douleia) / καταδουλόω | بردگی / به بردگی درآوردن | High | Consistent negative pairing across chs. 2, 4, 5 |
| severed from Christ / fallen from grace | κατεργέω / ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος | از مسیح جدا شدن / از فیض افتادن | Critical | Context-specific to law-based-righteousness seeking, not general apostasy; coordinate with baseline assurance-of-salvation entry |
Circumcision and the New Creation
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| circumcision | περιτομή (peritomē) | ختنه | Critical | Ongoing observed Islamic Sunnah practice; requires careful distinguishing framing at every occurrence |
| uncircumcision | ἀκροβυστία (akrobystia) | نامختونی | Critical | Paired with περιτομή |
| to Judaize | Ἰουδαΐζειν (Ioudaizein) | مانند یهودیان زیستن | High | Sensitive given Iran’s anti-Israel political discourse; needs historical framing |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | خلقت جدید | High | Letter’s climactic resolution of the circumcision controversy (6:15) |
| a rule/standard | κανών (kanōn) | معیار | Low-Medium | Avoid قانون (civil-law confusion) |
| the Israel of God | Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | اسرائیل خدا | High | Ecclesiological, not geopolitical; extend baseline “israel” Critical note |
Flesh versus Spirit
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| flesh (ethical/moral sense) | σάρξ (sarx) | نفس | Critical | Bridges to Sufi nafs psychology but resolved by Spirit-dependence, not self-purification |
| flesh (neutral/physical sense) | σάρξ (sarx) | جسم | Medium | Context-sensitive counterpart; e.g. 2:20 “life I now live in the flesh” |
| flesh (natural-generation sense) | σάρξ (sarx, 4:23,29) | جسم (بر حسب جسم) | Medium | Third distinct sense: ordinary biological birth vs. promise-birth |
| desire (of the flesh) | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | هوس / شهوت | Medium | Standard vice vocabulary |
| works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | اعمال نفس | High | Structurally parallel but doctrinally distinct from اعمال ناموس (works of the law) |
| walk/keep in step with the Spirit | στοιχέω πνεύματι | با روح هماهنگ رفتار کردن | Medium | Active, cooperative Spirit-dependence, not passive custodial restraint (contrast παιδαγωγός) |
Fruit of the Spirit
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | میوه روح | High | Singular “fruit” (unified character) vs. plural “works”; preserve grammatical contrast |
| love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | محبت | Medium | AVOID عشق — Sufi romantic/mystical-devotional register, distinct register from Pauline agapē |
| joy | χαρά (chara) | شادی | Low | — |
| patience/longsuffering | μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | بردباری | Low | — |
| kindness | χρηστότης (chrēstotēs) | مهربانی | Low | — |
| goodness | ἀγαθωσύνη (agathōsynē) | نیکویی | Low | — |
| faithfulness (fruit sense) | πίστις (pistis, fruit-list sense) | وفاداری | Medium | Distinct from ایمان (faith-as-trust); context-sensitive like baseline “called” |
| gentleness | πραΰτης (prautēs) | ملایمت / فروتنی | Low | — |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια (enkrateia) | خویشتنداری | Low | — |
Faith Working through Love
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith working through love | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | ایمانی که از طریق محبت عمل میکند | High | Not synergistic addition; love as faith’s organic mode of expression |
Bearing One Another’s Burdens
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων | بارهای سنگین یکدیگر را متحمل شوید | Medium-High | βάρος = heavy/excessive weight needing communal help |
| each will bear his own load | τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει | بار خود را متحمل خواهد شد | Medium | φορτίον = normal personal load/responsibility; distinguish from βάρος above |
| restore (a fallen brother) | καταρτίζω (katartizō) | ترمیم کردن | Medium | AVOID اصلاح کردن — collides with Iranian political “Eslah/Reformist” vocabulary |
| sow / reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | کاشتن / درو کردن | Medium-High | Risk of reinforcing deeds-weighing (mizan/Chinvat) intuitions; frame as sanctification, not final-judgment merit |
Supporting / Narrative Terms
| English | Greek (translit.) | Persian | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι (pseudadelphoi) | برادران دروغین | Medium | Internal church-conflict category |
| pillars (church leaders) | στῦλοι (styloi) | ستونها | Low-Medium | Low collision with Islamic “arkan” (pillars of faith) — different root |
| hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) | ریاکاری | Low-Medium | Overlaps constructively with Islamic riya vice-category |
| bewitched | βασκαίνω (baskainō) | جادو/چشمزخم کردن | Medium | Live folk-belief category (evil eye); rhetorical figure, not literal occult claim |
| baptized / clothed with Christ | βαπτίζω / ἐνδύω | تعمید گرفتن / مسیح را پوشیدن | Medium | Standard Christian technical vocabulary |
| marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | نشانهای عیسی | Critical | AVOID داغهای عیسی — collides with Muharram self-flagellation/self-laceration scarring practices |
| cast out | ἐκβάλλω (ekballō) | بیرون انداختن | Low-Medium | Retain decisive, permanent-separation force of OT citation |
| allegory | ἀλληγορέω (allēgoreō) | تمثیل | Low-Medium | Paul’s specific apostolic hermeneutical move, not a general license |
Cross-Reference: Terms Requiring Coordinated Multi-Chapter Consistency
The following term-families appear across multiple chapters and MUST be rendered identically at every occurrence within Galatians, per the baseline’s cross-document consistency principle:
- συσταυρόω / σταυρόω family (crucified with Christ): 2:19-20, 5:24, 6:14 — با مسیح مصلوب شدهام / نفس را مصلوب کردن / دنیا برای من مصلوب شده
- περιτομή / ἀκροβυστία (circumcision/uncircumcision): 2:3, 2:7-9, 2:12, 5:2-6, 5:11, 6:12-13, 6:15 — ختنه / نامختونی
- ἔργα νόμου vs. ἔργα σαρκός vs. καρπὸς πνεύματος (works of the law / works of the flesh / fruit of the Spirit) — اعمال ناموس / اعمال نفس / میوه روح — three structurally parallel but doctrinally distinct phrases; must remain lexically distinct
- πίστις Χριστοῦ genitive (faith in/of Christ): 2:16 (x2), 2:20, 3:22 — ایمان به مسیح (objective genitive, applied consistently)
- σάρξ context-sensitivity: جسم (neutral/physical, 2:20, 4:23,29) vs. نفس (ethical/moral, 5:13-24, 6:8) — flag every occurrence for translator disambiguation
- λογίζομαι εἰς δικαιοσύνην (3:6) — عدالت محسوبشده — must match the Romans 4 baseline rendering verbatim
- ζάω ἐκ πίστεως (3:11, quoting Hab 2:4) — must match the Romans 1:17 rendering verbatim, per baseline’s cross-curriculum consistency rule
Risk Summary (Galatians-Specific New/Elevated Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (new/elevated terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 17 | Human theologian |
| High | 24 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
This glossary must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 processing of any Galatians segment. All new terms listed here require formal addition to translation_memory.json (with version increment) and bible_term_registry.json before batch translation begins — see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: عدالت
Transliteration: edalat
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: پارسایی
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: never پارسایی (Zoroastrian-inflected virtue/piety). Galatians extension: central to 2:21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5; must retain the forensic, credited sense against the law-works alternative the letter polemicizes against.
Justification
Approved rendering: عادل شمرده شدن
Transliteration: adel shomorde shodan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: forensic declaration, never a process verb. Galatians extension: occurs three times in 2:16, the letter’s doctrinal center; must never shift toward ‘becoming righteous.‘
Adoption
Approved rendering: فرزندخواندگی
Transliteration: farzand-khandegi
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: سرپرستی
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Adoption
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: never سرپرستی (Iranian civil-law custodianship, reflecting Quran 33:4-5). Galatians extension: 4:5 is this doctrine’s SOURCE TEXT, textually prior to Romans 8; the full-inheritance argument must be taught here first with the same Iranian legal-default contrast.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: قیامت
Transliteration: qiyamat
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: shares Quran 4:157 crucifixion-denial; Shia Mahdi-centered eschatology subordinates Jesus’s own resurrection/return. Galatians extension: see new ‘raised_egeiro’ entry — Galatians 1:1 uses the verb ἐγείρω, not this baseline noun, but the same Critical risk fully applies.
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: Khodavand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: سرور
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: native pre-Islamic word; collision is the core tawhid objection to ascribing supreme Lordship to a human-born man. Galatians extension: occurs at 1:3, 6:14, 6:18 — the letter’s opening and climactic closing statements both invoke Christ’s exclusive Lordship.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: پسر خدا
Transliteration: pesar-e khoda
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: برگزیده خدا
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: never برگزیده خدا (the discredited Hezare No rendering). Galatians extension: occurs at 2:20, 4:4, 4:6 — 2:20’s ‘Son of God who loved me and gave himself for me’ is the core passage’s climactic Christological statement and must use the full, unsoftened term.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: تجسد
Transliteration: tajassod
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός / γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: shares Arabic’s tawhid-denial problem plus the secondary Zoroastrian emanationist (Amesha Spentas) risk. Galatians extension: 4:4 ‘born of a woman, born under the law’ is the letter’s incarnation statement, reinforcing real, physical human birth against docetic-adjacent readings.
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: Shia Mahdi-centered displacement risk. Pervasive throughout Galatians; every occurrence must actively assert Christ’s own primary, sufficient redemptive role.
Jesus
Approved rendering: عیسی
Transliteration: Isa
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] No naming controversy in Persian; risk is entirely in content (Quranic prophet-only narrative) to be actively corrected at every occurrence. Pervasive throughout Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: خدا
Transliteration: Khoda
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الله
Original: θεός
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Native pre-Islamic word, preferred over الله. Strict tawhid theology must be distinguished from the Trinitarian conception denoted by the same word.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روحالقدس
Transliteration: Ruh-ol-Qods
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: created-being-vs-divine-Person distinction (Jibril/Gabriel identification in tafsir) must be explicit. Galatians extension: central to the flesh/Spirit antithesis of ch. 5 — must never be read as a higher tier of the human nafs but as the divine Holy Spirit himself, whose fruit is his own supernatural work, not the believer’s self-purification achievement.
Father
Approved rendering: پدر
Transliteration: pedar
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Shares Arabic’s tawhid-anthropomorphism objection. Galatians extension: occurs at 1:1, 1:3-4, 4:2, 4:6 (paired with Abba).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: عدالت محسوبشده
Transliteration: edalat-e mahsub-shode
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: عدالت کسبشده
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: never عدالت کسبشده (‘earned righteousness’). Galatians extension: 3:6 directly cites Genesis 15:6, the same verse this term was built around in Romans 4 — the rendering must match verbatim across both curricula.
Law
Approved rendering: ناموس
Transliteration: namus
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: شریعت
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: never شریعت, given Iran’s shari’a-based legal system. Galatians extension: pervasive across chs. 2-6; extend to the letter’s new derived phrase ‘law of Christ’ (νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ) — see new ‘law_of_christ’ entry, which uses ناموس مسیح, never شریعت مسیح.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیلی دیگر
Transliteration: Injil-i digar
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel Integrity
Galatians 1:6-7 (ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον). Because Persian Islamic tradition already assumes the tahrif (corruption) of a lost original Injil into competing versions, this phrase is at real risk of being heard as confirming, rather than opposing, that narrative. Must be explicitly framed: Paul defends the integrity of the one true apostolic gospel against a false legalistic teaching, not textual corruption of Scripture.
Pervert The Gospel
Approved rendering: منحرف کردن
Transliteration: monharef kardan
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: تحریف کردن (tahrif kardan)
Original: μεταστρέφω
Category: Gospel Integrity
Galatians 1:7 (μεταστρέφω). NEVER تحریف — the precise Islamic technical term for the doctrine that Jews and Christians corrupted their own scriptures. Use منحرف کردن or دگرگون ساختن, describing distortion of teaching, not corruption of text.
Anathema
Approved rendering: لعنت شده باد
Transliteration: la’nat shode bad
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel Integrity
Galatians 1:8-9 (ἀνάθεμα). لعنت is the operative term of Shia tabarra ritual cursing of the Imams’ enemies (Muharram observance). Must be taught as a singular, solemn apostolic warning about the gospel’s exclusivity, not assimilated into that familiar communal-cursing pattern.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: اعمال ناموس
Transliteration: a’mal-e namus
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
Galatians 2:16 (x3), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10 (ἔργα νόμου). Reliance on Torah-observance (circumcision, food laws, sabbath) as the basis/badge of covenant membership — the letter’s central polemical target. Must be sharply distinguished from عمل نیک (‘good deeds’ generally, which Galatians 5:6, 6:9-10 does NOT condemn). Requires theologian review at every occurrence.
Mediator
Approved rendering: واسطه
Transliteration: vaseteh
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Law
Galatians 3:19-20 (μεσίτης). واسطه is the exact operative term of the Shia devotional doctrine of tawassul (seeking intercession through the Imams, Fatima, or other holy figures). This is Moses’ historical role in a specific redemptive-historical argument about directness of divine dealing, not a devotional intercessory figure — must be explicitly contrasted with Christ’s own unique mediatorial/intercessory role (already Critical in the baseline).
Revelation Apokalypsis
Approved rendering: مکاشفه
Transliteration: mokashefeh
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: وحی (vahy)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύπτω
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:12, 1:16, 2:2 (ἀποκάλυψις). NEVER وحی — the precise Islamic technical term for verbatim prophetic revelation, tightly bound to khatam al-anbiya (finality of prophethood in Muhammad); using it would maximally activate that doctrine’s alarm even applied to a 1st-century figure. مکاشفه (also the established Persian Bible title for Revelation) conveys direct divine disclosure without invoking wahy vocabulary.
Raised Egeiro
Approved rendering: زنده کرد
Transliteration: zende kard
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Christology
Galatians 1:1 (ἐγείρω, ‘God the Father, who raised him from the dead’). Distinct Greek word from the baseline’s noun ἀνάστασις (قیامت) but the same doctrinal referent; fully inherits the baseline’s Critical risk (Quranic crucifixion-denial, Mahdi-centered eschatology). Flag every occurrence of ἐγείρω applied to Christ for theologian review, not only occurrences of the noun form.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: نشانهای عیسی
Transliteration: neshan-haye Isa
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: داغهای عیسی
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 6:17 (στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ). AVOID the more visceral داغهای عیسی — risks unintended resonance with Iranian Shia Muharram self-flagellation (zanjeer-zani) and self-laceration (qameh-zani) devotional scarring practices honoring Imam Hussein. نشانهای عیسی frames Paul’s scars as involuntary suffering endured for the true gospel, not self-chosen devotional performance.
Cross Of Christ
Approved rendering: صلیب
Transliteration: salib
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
Galatians 5:11, 6:12, 6:14 (σταυρός). Established Persian Christian vocabulary; reinforces the literal, historical instrument of Christ’s execution against the Quranic crucifixion-denial (4:157).
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: با مسیح مصلوب شدهام
Transliteration: ba Masih maslub shode-am
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:19-20 (συσταυρόω, perfect tense). Must preserve (1) the perfect tense — a decisive past event with abiding present result, not an ongoing process; (2) the participatory-union sense, not mere substitution. Doubles the baseline’s Quran-4:157 crucifixion-denial risk: requires affirming both that Christ was actually crucified AND that the believer is mystically united to that crucifixion. Coordinate rendering required with 5:24 and 6:14 — see ‘crucified_the_flesh’ (5:24) and ‘world_crucified_to_me’ (6:14).
World Crucified To Me
Approved rendering: دنیا برای من مصلوب شده است
Transliteration: donya baraye man maslub shode ast
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: κόσμος ἐσταύρωται ἐμοὶ κἀγὼ κόσμῳ
Category: Salvation
Galatians 6:14 (κόσμος ἐσταύρωται ἐμοὶ κἀγὼ κόσμῳ). Direct echo of 2:19-20 and 5:24’s crucifixion-with-Christ language, extended to the believer’s decisive severance from the present social-religious value system. Part of the letter’s coordinated ‘Crucified with Christ’ doctrine; requires theologian review alongside 2:19-20 and 5:24 for consistent rendering.
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: از فیض افتادهاید
Transliteration: az feyz oftade-id
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ / τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε
Category: Salvation
Galatians 5:4 (κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ / τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε). Context-specific to those seeking justification by the law — a warning against a false, law-based gospel — NOT a general statement about believers losing salvation through ordinary sin or struggle. Must avoid feeding either Islamic deeds-weighing anxiety or confusion with the baseline’s Romans 8 assurance-of-salvation teaching.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ختنه
Transliteration: khatneh
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Church
Galatians 2:3, 2:7-9, 2:12, 5:2-6, 5:11, 6:12-13, 6:15 (περιτομή). Unlike most cross-cultural translation contexts, this is an actively observed Sunnah practice for Muslim boys today, tied to living family religious identity. Risk of being misheard as a contemporary polemic against an ongoing family practice rather than a first-century Judaizing controversy. Requires explicit framing distinguishing ‘requiring circumcision as the basis of righteousness’ (rejected) from ‘circumcision as a practice’ (neutral, cf. 1 Cor 7:19) at every occurrence.
Uncircumcision
Approved rendering: نامختونی
Transliteration: na-makhtuni
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἀκροβυστία
Category: Church
Galatians 2:7, 5:6, 6:15 (ἀκροβυστία). Paired with ختنه above; same Critical framing requirement.
Curse
Approved rendering: لعنت
Transliteration: la’nat
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:10, 3:13 (κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος, quoting Deut 21:23). لعنت is the operative vocabulary of Shia tabarra ritual cursing (Muharram formulas condemning the Imams’ enemies). Risk that this flattens Paul’s specific forensic-substitutionary sense (Christ bearing the law’s covenant curse in the sinner’s place) into a simpler ‘condemned/disavowed’ statement. Requires theologian review with an explicit distinguishing footnote at every occurrence; also distinguish from the separate ‘anathema’ entry (1:8-9), a different function of the same root word.
Freedom
Approved rendering: آزادی
Transliteration: azadi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13 (ἐλευθερία). آزادی is one of the most politically charged words in modern Iranian public discourse — a central slogan of the 1979 revolution (‘Esteqlal, Azadi, Jomhuri-ye Eslami’) and ongoing civil movements. Risk that the concept is heard primarily in its contemporary political-civil-liberties register rather than Paul’s meaning (freedom from the law’s condemning power and sin’s dominion, for loving service). No viable lexical alternative exists; requires mandatory theologian-reviewed pastoral framing distinguishing, without dismissing, spiritual from political freedom.
Flesh Ethical
Approved rendering: نفس
Transliteration: nafs
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: جسم (reserved for the neutral/physical sense)
Original: σάρξ (ethical/moral sense)
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 5:13, 5:16-17, 5:19, 5:24, 6:8 (σάρξ, ethical/moral sense). نفس is the precise term of Islamic/Sufi ethical psychology for the lower, appetite-driven self (an-nafs al-ammāra, Quran 12:53), giving real cultural traction for the flesh/Spirit antithesis. However, Sufi psychology resolves this struggle through self-discipline and ascetic purification toward tranquil submission, whereas Paul’s conflict is resolved only by Spirit-empowered dependence on the divine Holy Spirit — a distinct Person given at conversion, not a higher tier of the human self. Requires theologian review at every occurrence with a mandatory distinguishing note. Must remain lexically distinct from جسم (neutral sense) and from اعمال ناموس (works of the law).
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: مژده
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel Integrity
[Inherited from Romans package.] Injil is shared Quranic vocabulary; must be taught as the NT record itself, not a lost predecessor text. Galatians extension: this letter’s argument (1:6-9) concerns a rival ‘gospel’ actively distorting this one; see new ‘different_gospel’ and ‘pervert_the_gospel’ entries below, both Critical, which carry the letter’s intensified risk that Persian tahrif (scripture-corruption) assumptions could be reinforced rather than refuted.
Grace
Approved rendering: فیض
Transliteration: feyz
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: لطف
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Feyz carries a distinct Persian philosophical loading (Illuminationist/Mulla Sadra emanation); must always be qualified as a specific, personal gift secured through Christ. Galatians extension: 2:21 and 5:4 sharpen this into a warning that feyz can be relationally forfeited by seeking law-based righteousness — see new ‘fallen_from_grace’ entry.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Must be anchored as personal trust in Christ, not creedal assent to a list of propositions or successors (Imamate). Galatians extension: see new ‘faith_in_christ’ entry for the pistis Christou genitive-construction decision, applied consistently at 2:16 (x2), 2:20, 3:22.
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
[Inherited from Romans package.] Collides with Muhammad’s rasul title and the Shia Imamate’s succession claim. Galatians extension: 1:1’s ‘not from men nor through man’ is Paul’s most defensive apostleship statement in the NT, intensifying the collision with the Imamate’s own claim to unique, unmediated post-Muhammad authority.
Called
Approved rendering: دعوتشده
Transliteration: da’vat-shode
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Context-sensitive per occurrence. Galatians extension: 1:15 (apostolic calling), 5:8, 5:13 (called to freedom) — the letter presents this calling as actively contested by opponents, so دعوت must retain sovereign, unilateral force under polemical pressure.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: تقدیس
Transliteration: taqdis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός (cf. μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν, 4:19)
Category: Sanctification
[Inherited from Romans package.] The Spirit’s ongoing work, not ritual purification. Galatians extension: imaged at 4:19 as ‘Christ formed in you’ (birth-labor metaphor) and developed fully in 5:16-25’s walking-by-the-Spirit passage — see new ‘christ_formed_in_you’ and ‘walk_by_the_spirit’ entries.
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسا
Transliteration: kelisa
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: امت
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Never امت. Teach with the underground house-church reality in view. Galatians extension: 1:2, 1:13, 1:22 — includes the church as the object of Paul’s former persecution.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: اطاعت ایمانی
Transliteration: eta’at-e imani
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (thematic)
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Must be taught as faith’s fruit, never its ground. Galatians extension: the letter’s entire works-of-the-law polemic reinforces this; see new ‘faith_working_through_love’ entry for the doctrine’s positive Galatians-specific formulation (5:6).
Prophet
Approved rendering: پیامبر
Transliteration: payambar
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης (background)
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Background OT-citation vocabulary in Galatians 3.
Election
Approved rendering: برگزیدگی خدا
Transliteration: bargozidegi-ye khoda
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή (background)
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Shia Imamate election-doctrine bridge/risk. Background to the Abrahamic promise narrative in Galatians 3.
Israel
Approved rendering: اسرائیل
Transliteration: Esra’il
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ (background)
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Iran’s officially propagandized anti-Israel political stance requires deliberate pastoral framing. Galatians extension: see new ‘israel_of_god’ and ‘jerusalem_above’ entries (6:16, 4:26), both requiring explicit theological/ecclesiological (non-geopolitical) framing.
Abba
Approved rendering: ابا
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββᾶ
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Aramaic intimacy-term preserved untranslated. Galatians extension: 4:6 must be rendered identically to the Romans 8:15 occurrence for cross-curriculum consistency — ‘ابا، پدر’.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داوود
Transliteration: nasl-e Davud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Not directly used in Galatians, but establishes the نسل (seed/offspring) pattern extended in the new ‘seed_sperma’ entry below for Galatians 3:16, 3:19, 3:29’s collective-singular ‘seed’ argument pointing to Christ.
Sin
Approved rendering: گناه
Transliteration: gonah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
[Inherited from Romans package.] Native pre-Islamic word; runs against both Islamic fitrah and Zoroastrian Chinvat Bridge deeds-weighing defaults. Occurs at 1:4, 2:17, 3:22 in Galatians.
Offense Of The Cross
Approved rendering: لغزش صلیب
Transliteration: laghzesh-e salib
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Gospel Integrity
Galatians 5:11 (σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ). The specific offense of a no-merit gospel — salvation requiring nothing added to Christ’s finished work — not merely generic social/cultural offense at the cross.
Faith In Christ
Approved rendering: ایمان به مسیح
Transliteration: iman be Masih
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ایمانداری مسیح (subjective-genitive ‘faithfulness of Christ’ rendering)
Original: πίστις Χριστοῦ / πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
Galatians 2:16 (x2), 2:20, 3:22 (πίστις Χριστοῦ). Objective-genitive rendering chosen (believer’s faith directed toward Christ), consistent with the Reformation-tradition framing already embedded in the baseline. Must be applied identically at every occurrence within the letter — a mid-letter shift between objective/subjective renderings would create real inconsistency in this tightly-argued passage.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ناموس مسیح
Transliteration: namus-e Masih
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: شریعت مسیح
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
Galatians 6:2 (νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ). The Christ-centered ethic of self-giving love. NEVER شریعت مسیح — pairing ‘Christ’ directly with the shari’a-cognate would be an especially loaded phrase in Iran’s legal-religious context. ناموس مسیح preserves continuity with the letter’s other ناموس occurrences while distinguishing this referent from the Mosaic law discussed in chs. 2-5.
Law Added
Approved rendering: افزوده شد
Transliteration: afzude shod
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: προστίθημι
Category: Law
Galatians 3:19 (προστίθημι). The temporal/logical subordination of law to the Abrahamic promise must be unambiguous in Persian syntax — the law is not a replacement or amendment of the promise.
Tutor Paidagogos
Approved rendering: مربی
Transliteration: morabbi
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: سرپرست
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
Galatians 3:24-25 (παιδαγωγός). AVOID سرپرست — the baseline has already reserved this exact word as the rejected, too-weak Iranian legal term for adoption/custodianship. Reusing it here would cross-contaminate the law’s temporary custodial role with the believer’s full adoptive inheritance. مربی conveys supervised, temporary guardianship without this overlap.
Traditions Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: سنتهای پدران
Transliteration: sonnat-haye pedaran
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:14 (πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις). سنت is the exact Persian/Arabic-loan term for Islamic Sunnah, a major Sunni-Shia distinguishing category. Requires a mandatory clarifying footnote at first occurrence: refers to 1st-century Pharisaic oral-law tradition Paul personally abandoned, not a claim about Sunnah/hadith authority structures.
Set Apart
Approved rendering: برگزیدن
Transliteration: bargozidan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:15 (ἀφορίζω). Extends the doctrine ‘Separation unto God’s Service’; must be distinguished from Sufi zuhd (ascetic world-renunciation) — this is a sovereign, pre-natal calling to a specific redemptive-historical task, not withdrawal from the world.
Christ Formed In You
Approved rendering: مسیح در شما شکل بگیرد
Transliteration: Masih dar shoma shekl begirad
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 4:19 (μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν). Birth-labor metaphor for Christlike character taking shape. Organic, Spirit-wrought growth, not self-effort moral improvement — ties to the sanctification doctrine.
Elemental Principles
Approved rendering: اصول ابتدایی این جهان
Transliteration: osul-e ebtedaʼi-e in jahan
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ارواح عناصر (spirits of the elements)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:3, 4:9 (στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου). AVOID a spiritualized ‘elemental spirits’ rendering — Persian culture has two independent sources pulling toward a populated spirit-world reading: Zoroastrianism’s ancient elemental cosmology (fire, earth, water, air, still resonant e.g. at Nowruz) and widespread folk-Islamic jinn belief. اصول ابتدایی این جهان steers toward the elementary/basic-teaching sense Paul intends.
Bondwoman
Approved rendering: کنیز
Transliteration: kaniz
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: παιδίσκη
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:22-31 (παιδίσκη, Hagar). کنیز is the standing Islamic jurisprudential term for a female slave/concubine, still discussed in classical fiqh; invoking it risks unintended resonance with Islamic legal-marital categories rather than Paul’s purely typological point. Must be framed as Paul’s own hermeneutical allegory (see ‘allegory’ entry), not comment on any Islamic legal category.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: اورشلیم بالا
Transliteration: Urshalim-e bala
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἄνω
Category: Covenant
Galatians 4:26 (Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἄνω). Extends the baseline ‘israel’ Critical-adjacent note: given Iran’s officially propagandized anti-Israel stance and the state-sponsored political loading of Jerusalem/al-Quds (Quds Day), this spiritual, typological reference (the heavenly city, mother of believers under the promise-covenant) requires deliberate framing to prevent it being heard as commentary on the present geopolitical city or state.
Tree Xylon
Approved rendering: دار
Transliteration: dar
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: چوب / درخت
Original: ξύλον
Category: Christology
Galatians 3:13 (ξύλον, quoting Deut 21:23, ‘hangs on a tree’). Recommend دار for its established ‘instrument of execution’ resonance in Persian (به دار آویختن), reinforcing the historical, physical reality of crucifixion against Quranic denial.
New Creation
Approved rendering: خلقت جدید
Transliteration: khelqat-e jadid
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
Galatians 6:15 (καινὴ κτίσις). The letter’s climactic resolution of the circumcision controversy: neither circumcision nor uncircumcision matters, only this new-creation reality. Flag alongside 5:6’s parallel statement (‘faith working through love’) for coordinated theologian review.
Judaize
Approved rendering: مانند یهودیان زیستن
Transliteration: manand-e yahudian zistan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Church
Galatians 2:14 (Ἰουδαΐζειν). Given Iran’s intensely propagandized anti-Israel political stance, any Persian phrase built on the ‘Jewish/Jew’ root in a discussion of compelled religious conformity needs careful historical framing so the redemptive-historical argument (Gentile believers not pressured into Torah-observance) is not read as, or conflated with, contemporary Iran-Israel political discourse.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: اسرائیل خدا
Transliteration: Esra’il-e Khoda
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
Galatians 6:16 (Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ). Extends the baseline ‘israel’ note; must be framed as an entirely theological, ecclesiological statement (the believing community’s covenant blessing) distinct from, and not commentary on, contemporary Israeli statehood or Iran-Israel political relations.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: ایمانی که از طریق محبت عمل میکند
Transliteration: imani ke az tariq-e mohabbat amal mikonad
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
Galatians 5:6 (πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη). The letter’s positive resolution of the works-of-the-law controversy. Must NOT be misread as ‘faith plus works of love’ (a synergistic addition to faith reopening works-based righteousness), but as faith that inherently and organically operates through love — love as faith’s mode of expression, consistent with 5:22’s fruit of the Spirit.
Abraham
Approved rendering: ابراهیم
Transliteration: Ebrahim
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:6-9, 3:14-18, 3:29 (Ἀβραάμ). Ibrahim is a shared, deeply venerated Quranic patriarch. Paul’s precise sola fide argument (Abraham reckoned righteous by faith before and apart from circumcision, Gen 15:6) can easily be flattened into generic shared reverence unless the Genesis background is actively taught, not assumed.
Seed Sperma
Approved rendering: نسل
Transliteration: nasl
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:16, 3:19, 3:29 (σπέρμα). Paul’s argument hinges on the collective-singular ‘seed’ pointing specifically to Christ, not the whole nation. نسل is naturally collective-singular, helping preserve the grammatical argument, but the single-individual connection must be made explicit in surrounding teaching, since نسل could otherwise default to a plural-descendants reading.
Redeem
Approved rendering: بازخرید کردن
Transliteration: bazkharid kardan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: فدیه دادن
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:13, 4:5 (ἐξαγοράζω). AVOID فدیه دادن — a specific, currently-practiced Islamic legal-financial term (compensatory payment for a missed Ramadan fast or Hajj infraction) that would import a transactional, works-adjacent framework. بازخرید کردن retains the commercial/marketplace redemption imagery Paul intends (a costly, once-for-all liberating purchase) without this collision.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: یوغ بردگی
Transliteration: yugh-e bardegi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
Galatians 5:1 (ζυγὸς δουλείας). Vivid agricultural metaphor; negative counterpart to freedom — returning to law-based righteousness is ‘putting the yoke back on.‘
Slavery
Approved rendering: بردگی
Transliteration: bardegi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία / καταδουλόω
Category: Freedom
Galatians 2:4, 4:8-9, 5:1 (δουλεία / καταδουλόω). Must be held in consistent negative contrast with the positive self-identification ‘slave of Christ’ (δοῦλος, غلام) across chs. 1, 2, 4, 5.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: اعمال نفس
Transliteration: a’mal-e nafs
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 5:19-21 (ἔργα τῆς σαρκός). Must remain lexically distinguishable in Persian from اعمال ناموس (‘works of the law’) — two structurally parallel but doctrinally distinct ‘works’ phrases; ناموس vs. نفس as head-nouns achieves this. Individual vice-list items (زنا، ناپاکی، هرزگی، بتپرستی، جادوگری، دشمنیها، نزاع، حسادت، خشم، جاهطلبی، تفرقه، فرقهگرایی، رشک، میگساری، عیاشی) are Low-Medium risk, mostly transparent vice vocabulary.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: میوه روح
Transliteration: mive-ye ruh
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 5:22-23 (καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος). The deliberate grammatical shift from plural ἔργα (‘works,’ many disconnected deeds) to singular καρπός (‘fruit,’ one organic outgrowth) must be preserved in Persian syntax — never pluralize as میوههای روح — since the Spirit produces one integrated character, not a checklist.
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: بارهای سنگین یکدیگر را متحمل شوید
Transliteration: bar-haye sangin-e yekdigar ra motahammel shavid
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:2 (βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων). βάρος = heavy/excessive weight needing communal help. Must remain lexically distinct in Persian from φορτίον (6:5, ‘own load’) — consistently pair بار سنگین (heavy burden) for this term.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: کاشتن و درو کردن
Transliteration: kashtan va dero kardan
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:7-9 (σπείρω / θερίζω). Risk of reinforcing, rather than correcting, the deeds-weighing intuitions already flagged in the baseline (Islamic mizan and Zoroastrianism’s Chinvat Bridge judgment). Must be taught as the ongoing outworking and consequence of flesh-oriented vs. Spirit-oriented living in THIS life (sanctification), not a restatement of merit-based final judgment that would contradict the letter’s justification-by-faith argument.
Died To The Law
Approved rendering: از طریق ناموس، نسبت به ناموس مردم
Transliteration: az tariq-e namus, nesbat be namus mordam
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:19 (διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον, ‘through the law I died to the law’). Paradoxical construction easily flattened into a simple anti-law statement; must retain the relational-death sense (cf. Romans 6-7’s ‘died to sin’), not ‘the law died’ or ‘I destroyed the law.‘
Loved Me Gave Himself
Approved rendering: مرا محبت نمود و جان خود را بهخاطر من داد
Transliteration: mara mohabbat namud va jan-e khod ra be-khatere man dad
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Galatians 2:20 (ἀγαπήσαντός με καὶ παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ). Must retain the personal, substitutionary, self-giving force — ‘for me’ is deliberately singular/personal here, a rhetorical intensification; do not generalize to ‘for us’ in translation.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: فیض خدا را باطل نمیکنم
Transliteration: feyz-e khoda ra batel nemikonam
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:21 (οὐκ ἀθετῶ τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ). Legal/contractual verb (to set aside, nullify, render invalid); Paul says legalism is what actually nullifies grace — must not be softened into a milder ‘I do not forget/ignore grace.‘
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: بیهوده مرد
Transliteration: beyhude mord
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:21 (δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν). The Greek wordplay (the same root that gives ‘free gift,’ δωρεά, here means ‘for nothing’) is not recoverable in Persian; flag with a translator’s note so the underlying logic (if law could justify, grace — God’s free gift in Christ’s death — would have been pointless) is not lost even though the pun itself cannot be reproduced.
Medium Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: دعوت
Transliteration: da’vat
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Genuinely everyday Persian vocabulary; direction of address (God calling a person) must be made explicit.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: moqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
[Inherited from Romans package.] Relational, Spirit-wrought sense reinforced over ritual-observance holiness. Background term in Galatians, sanctification-adjacent.
Peace
Approved rendering: سلام
Transliteration: salam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: آرامش
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Never آرامش (secular wellness ‘inner calm’). Galatians extension: occurs at 1:3, 5:22 (fruit of the Spirit), 6:16.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: مشارکت
Transliteration: mosharekat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Shares the ش-ر-ک root resonance with shirk; context disambiguates. Galatians extension: 2:9, the ‘right hand of fellowship’ extended by the Jerusalem pillars to Paul and Barnabas.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیریهودیان
Transliteration: gheyr-yahudian
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: امتها
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Never امتها. Galatians extension: pervasive across chs. 1-3; central to the letter’s argument that Gentile believers need not adopt Torah-identity markers.
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalal
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Carries Sufi devotional-poetic resonance (jalal/jamal pairing); distinguish Christ’s specific historical glory from generalized mystical-aesthetic categories. Occurs at 1:5.
Covenant
Approved rendering: عهد
Transliteration: ‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Retain relational, unilaterally-initiated sense. Galatians extension: 3:15, 3:17 contrast the Abrahamic promise-covenant with the later Sinai law-covenant; elevated functional importance given the letter’s central covenant-priority argument.
David
Approved rendering: داوود
Transliteration: Davud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Not named directly in Galatians but relevant background to the covenant-promise argument of ch. 3.
Sinner
Approved rendering: گناهکار
Transliteration: gonahkar
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Galatians 2:15 (ἁμαρτωλός). Built on baseline گناه. Paul is quoting the Jewish default view (‘Gentile sinners’) ironically, about to overturn the assumption that ethnic identity determines righteousness — the irony must survive translation, not read as Paul’s own settled view.
Kept In Custody
Approved rendering: تحت نگهبانی
Transliteration: tahte negahbani
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: συγκλείω / φρουρέω
Category: Law
Galatians 3:22-23 (συγκλείω / φρουρέω). Held in protective-but-restrictive confinement under the law, pending faith in Christ.
Observing Days
Approved rendering: نگاهداشتن روزها و ماهها
Transliteration: negah-dashtan-e ruz-ha va mah-ha
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς
Category: Law
Galatians 4:10. Given Iran’s calendar-saturated religious life (Islamic lunar observances, Muharram, Ramadan, plus Zoroastrian-derived Nowruz), must be framed against calendar-observance-AS-basis-for-righteousness specifically, not as a blanket condemnation of all calendared observance.
Slave Of Christ
Approved rendering: غلام
Transliteration: gholam
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:10 (δοῦλος). Positive self-identification, established Persian Christian-tradition rendering. Must be held in deliberate contrast with the negative δουλεία (‘slavery’) applied to the law later in the letter (chs. 4-5).
Baptized Clothed With Christ
Approved rendering: مسیح را پوشیدن
Transliteration: Masih ra pushidan
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: βαπτίζω / ἐνδύω
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 3:27 (βαπτίζω / ἐνδύω). Union with Christ pictured as baptism into him and being clothed with him; ensure not confused with ritual dress codes.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: میراث
Transliteration: miras
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Adoption
Galatians 3:18 (κληρονομία). Anticipates ch. 4’s full-inheritance adoption argument, which reinforces the baseline’s Critical adoption discussion.
Heir
Approved rendering: وارث
Transliteration: vares
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Adoption
Galatians 3:29, 4:7 (κληρονόμος). Paired with میراث above.
Guardian Steward
Approved rendering: قیم
Transliteration: qayyem
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐπίτροπος / οἰκονόμος
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:2 (ἐπίτροπος / οἰκονόμος). Distinct legal-household vocabulary from παιδαγωγός; a guardian with legal authority over a minor heir’s estate.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: تکمیل زمان
Transliteration: tokmil-e zaman
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:4 (πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου). God’s sovereign, purposive timing in sending the Son; ties to the baseline providence doctrine (تدبیر الهی) — distinguish from fatalistic cosmic-cycle readings.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: برادران دروغین
Transliteration: baradaran-e doroghin
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
Galatians 2:4 (ψευδάδελφοι). Straightforward compound; internal church-conflict category.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: جادو کردن
Transliteration: jadu kardan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: βασκαίνω
Category: Faith
Galatians 3:1 (βασκαίνω). Belief in the ‘evil eye’ (cheshm-zakhm) is a live folk-Islamic and folk-Zoroastrian-inherited belief category in Iranian popular culture; care needed so this reads as a rhetorical figure of speech for deceptive persuasion, not a claim about literal occult activity.
Promise Epangelia
Approved rendering: وعده
Transliteration: va’deh
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:14, 3:16-22, 3:29 (ἐπαγγελία). وعده is broadly Quranic-compatible vocabulary (God’s wa’d); risk is diluting the specific content (justification by faith, culminating in Christ and the Spirit) into a generic ‘God keeps his promises’ platitude.
Blessing
Approved rendering: برکت
Transliteration: barekat
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία / εὐλογέω
Category: Abrahamic Promise
Galatians 3:8-9, 3:14 (εὐλογία / εὐλογέω). Genuinely shared vocabulary across Persian religious registers; anchor specifically to the Abrahamic covenant-promise content, not generic good fortune.
Covenant Ratification Language
Approved rendering: تصویب کردن / باطل کردن
Transliteration: tasvib kardan / batel kardan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κυρόω / ἀθετέω / ἐπιδιατάσσομαι
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:15 (κυρόω / ἀθετέω / ἐπιδιατάσσομαι — ratify / annul / add a codicil to). Standard legal-contract vocabulary supporting the argument that God’s ratified covenant-promise cannot be annulled by the later-added law.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: جسم
Transliteration: jesm
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: نفس (reserved for the ethical sense)
Original: σάρξ (neutral/physical sense)
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 2:20, 4:23, 4:29 (σάρξ, neutral/physical or natural-generation sense: ‘the life I now live in the flesh’; ‘born according to the flesh’). Must be lexically distinguished from نفس (ethical sense) so Paul’s ordinary bodily existence and Ishmael’s natural birth are not implied to be morally compromised.
Desire Of Flesh
Approved rendering: هوس
Transliteration: havas
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἐπιθυμία σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 5:16-17, 5:24 (ἐπιθυμία σαρκός). Standard vice vocabulary; pairs with نفس above.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: با روح هماهنگ رفتار کردن
Transliteration: ba ruh hamahang raftar kardan
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: στοιχέω πνεύματι / περιπατεῖτε πνεύματι
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Galatians 5:16, 5:25 (στοιχέω / περιπατέω πνεύματι). Distinguish from the ch. 3 παιδαγωγός’s external, passive custodial restraint — this relationship is active, cooperative, Spirit-led responsiveness.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: محبت
Transliteration: mohabbat
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: عشق
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22 (ἀγάπη). عشق is explicitly REJECTED — the dominant term of Persian Sufi mystical-devotional poetry (Rumi, Hafez) for passionate, often romantically-figured love for the Divine Beloved, a distinct register from Paul’s committed, self-giving, others-oriented love expressed concretely in action. محبت is the established Persian Christian term.
Faithfulness Fruit
Approved rendering: وفاداری
Transliteration: vafadari
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ایمان (reserved for faith-as-trust)
Original: πίστις (fruit-list sense)
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:22 (πίστις, fruit-list sense — reliability/faithfulness of character, distinct from πίστις-as-trust). Render وفاداری, NOT ایمان, to preserve this context-sensitive distinction, analogous to the baseline’s precedent for context-sensitive terms like ‘called.‘
Own Load
Approved rendering: بار خود
Transliteration: bar-e khod
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:5 (τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει). φορτίον = normal, individually-carried personal responsibility, distinct from βάρος’s excessive, crisis-level weight (6:2).
Restore
Approved rendering: ترمیم کردن
Transliteration: tarmim kardan
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: اصلاح کردن
Original: καταρτίζω
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:1 (καταρτίζω). AVOID اصلاح کردن — carries strong contemporary Iranian political-religious connotations (the Eslah-talaban Reformist movement, Islamic islah/reform vocabulary) that would shift this gentle, physician/net-mending pastoral image toward an institutional/political ‘correction’ register. ترمیم کردن better preserves the gentle, skillful-mending sense, paired with ‘a spirit of gentleness’ (ملایمت).
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: خادم گناه
Transliteration: khadem-e gonah
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:17 (διάκονος ἁμαρτίας). Rhetorical question (‘Is Christ then a servant of sin?’) expecting a firm negative; must retain the force of the accusation Paul is rejecting, paired with the fixed idiom ‘حاشا’ (see ‘god_forbid’ entry).
Transgressor
Approved rendering: متخلف
Transliteration: motekhallef
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:18 (παραβάτης). Paul argues that returning to the law after being justified by faith is what would make him a transgressor — the logic is easily inverted if Persian syntax is unclear; flag for native-speaker review.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوت
Transliteration: nabovat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία (background)
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Low independent risk; background to 3:8’s citation of Scripture ‘foreseeing’ the gospel to Abraham.
Exhort
Approved rendering: تشویق کردن
Transliteration: tashviq kardan
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (thematic, chs. 5-6)
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Context-sensitive between entreaty (نصیحت کردن) and encouragement (تشویق کردن); relevant to chs. 5-6 hortatory sections.
Minor Nepios
Approved rendering: صغیر
Transliteration: saghir
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: νήπιος
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:1, 4:3 (νήπιος). Legal-minority metaphor for life under the law before Christ; the heir, though legally destined to inherit everything, is ‘no different from a slave’ until the appointed time.
Free Woman
Approved rendering: زن آزاد
Transliteration: zan-e azad
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐλευθέρα
Category: Adoption
Galatians 4:22-31 (ἐλευθέρα, Sarah). Straightforward antonym of کنیز.
Pillars
Approved rendering: ستونها
Transliteration: sotoon-ha
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
Galatians 2:9 (στῦλοι, James, Cephas, John). Low collision with Islamic ‘five pillars’ (arkan) vocabulary — ستون ≠ رکن, different root.
Rule Kanon
Approved rendering: معیار
Transliteration: me’yar
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: قانون
Original: κανών
Category: Church
Galatians 6:16 (κανών). Preferred over قانون (‘law/statute’) to avoid confusion with Iran’s civil/state legal codes.
Joy
Approved rendering: شادی
Transliteration: shadi
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χαρά
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:22 (χαρά). Standard vocabulary.
Patience
Approved rendering: بردباری
Transliteration: bordbari
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:22 (μακροθυμία). Standard vocabulary.
Kindness
Approved rendering: مهربانی
Transliteration: mehrabani
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χρηστότης
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:22 (χρηστότης). Standard vocabulary.
Goodness
Approved rendering: نیکویی
Transliteration: nikuyi
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγαθωσύνη
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:22 (ἀγαθωσύνη). Standard vocabulary.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: ملایمت
Transliteration: molayemat
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:23 (πραΰτης); also the spirit in which restoration is done (6:1). Standard vocabulary.
Self Control
Approved rendering: خویشتنداری
Transliteration: khishtan-dari
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:23 (ἐγκράτεια). Standard vocabulary.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: ریاکاری
Transliteration: riyakari
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Ethics
Galatians 2:13 (ὑπόκρισις, Peter’s inconsistent table-fellowship at Antioch). ریا overlaps constructively with the recognized Islamic vice-category of ostentatious/insincere religious performance; the specific charge should still be explained in context.
Cast Out
Approved rendering: بیرون انداختن
Transliteration: birun andakhtan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐκβάλλω
Category: Covenant
Galatians 4:30 (ἐκβάλλω, citing Gen 21:10). Should retain the decisive, permanent-separation force of the OT quotation Paul cites as authoritative.
Allegory
Approved rendering: تمثیل
Transliteration: tamsil
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορέω
Category: Covenant
Galatians 4:24 (ἀλληγορέω). Paul’s own explicit hermeneutical move (reading the Hagar/Sarah narrative typologically); should be flagged as Paul’s Spirit-guided apostolic reading of a specific OT narrative, not a general license for allegorizing all Scripture.
God Forbid
Approved rendering: حاشا
Transliteration: hasha
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:17, 3:21 and elsewhere (μὴ γένοιτο). Established Persian Bible-tradition fixed idiomatic exclamation (Tarjome Ghadeem usage); must be rendered identically at every occurrence for register consistency.
Referenced passages