Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke (Urdu)
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (no change; cited to Luke occurrences)
| Term | Urdu (exact, from baseline) | Risk | Key Luke References | Luke-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | خوش خبری | High | 4:18; 7:22; 20:1 | Verb form εὐαγγελίζω used constantly as Luke’s core proclamation-verb |
| grace | فضل | High | (implicit theology) | Term itself less frequent in Luke’s own vocabulary than Paul’s; doctrine present via forgiveness/mercy narratives |
| faith | ایمان | High | 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:8, 42; 22:32 | Object of faith (trust in Jesus personally) must stay explicit at each healing/forgiveness scene |
| righteousness | راستبازی | Critical | 1:6, 75; 15:29 (implicit); 18:9 | Elder brother’s self-assessed “righteousness” (15:29) is an excellent teaching contrast with the doctrinal term |
| justification | راستباز ٹھہرایا جانا | Critical | 18:14 | Must render identically to Romans/Galatians occurrences per cross-document consistency rule |
| salvation | نجات | Critical | 1:69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6; 19:9-10 | Highest-density book in this pipeline for این term; contrastive teaching required at every load-bearing use |
| apostle | رسول | Medium | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Twelve named apostles; commissioning distinct from Quranic scripture-bearing rasul paradigm |
| called / calling | بلایا گیا / بلاہٹ | High | 5:32 (“I have not come to call the righteous”); 14:13, 21 | Effectual-call sense less prominent than in Romans; more often a literal narrative “calling/inviting” |
| holy | پاک | High | 1:35, 49; 2:23 | Applied to the Spirit, to God’s name, and to Jesus himself (1:35, “he will be called holy, the Son of God”) |
| saints | مقدس لوگ | High | (minimal direct occurrence; doctrine present via disciples generally) | — |
| sanctification | تقدیس | High | (implicit) | — |
| adoption | لے پالک بنانا | High | 15:22-24 (prodigal restored to sonship, thematic parallel) | Frame relationally, per baseline caution on Islamic lineage-adoption law |
| resurrection | قیامت | Critical | 9:22; 14:14; 20:27-38; 24:1-49 | Distinguish Christ’s unique resurrection (24) from the general end-times resurrection debated with the Sadducees (20) |
| lord | خداوند | Critical | 1:43; 2:11; 10:1; 20:42-44 | Applied to Jesus by Elizabeth, angels, and in Psalm 110 citation |
| son_of_god | خدا کا بیٹا | Critical | 1:32, 35; 3:38 (Adam, distinct sense); 4:3, 9 (devil’s testing); 8:28; 9:35; 22:70 | Single most recurring Critical annotation requirement in the book |
| incarnation | مجسم ہونا | Critical | 1:35; 2:6-7 | Realized narratively (birth), not merely asserted |
| peace | صلح | Medium | 2:14; 7:50; 8:48; 12:51; 19:38, 42; 24:36 | Note internal tension between 2:14 and 12:51, both genuine |
| spiritual_gifts | روحانی نعمتیں | Medium | (minimal direct occurrence) | — |
| thanksgiving | شکرگزاری | Low | 2:38; 17:16; 18:11 (ironic, Pharisee); 22:17, 19 | 22:19’s εὐχαριστήσας is the direct verbal root of “Eucharist” |
| fellowship | رفاقت | Low | 5:29-32; 15:1-2; 19:1-10 | Table-fellowship doctrine is this term’s primary Luke expression — see new “table_fellowship” entry below |
| church | کلیسیا | Medium | (not present in Luke itself; forward-linking to Acts) | — |
| kingdom_of_god | خدا کی بادشاہی | Medium | 4:43; 6:20; 7:28; 8:1, 10; 9:2, 60, 62; 10:9, 11; 11:20; 13:18-20, 28-29; 17:20-21; 18:16-17, 24-25, 29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:42 (thief’s request, “remember me”); 23:51 | The most frequent single doctrinal phrase in Luke; present/future tension is a defining book-level theme |
| law | شریعت | High | 2:22-27, 39; 10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44 | Also مُوسیٰ کی شریعت (“the Law of Moses”) specific phrasing at several points; prefer توریت where Mosaic specificity is doctrinally load-bearing |
| sin | گناہ | High | throughout (5:8, 20-24, 30-32; 7:37-50; 15; 24:47) | Central to repentance-forgiveness doctrine |
| gentiles | غیر قوموں | Medium | 2:32; 21:24; 24:47 | Ties to universal-savior doctrine |
| glory | جلال | High | 2:9, 14, 32; 9:31-32; 21:27; 24:26 | Transfiguration (9) and Parousia (21) are Critical/High-risk occurrences |
| power_of_god | خدا کی قدرت | High | 1:35; 4:14, 36; 5:17; 6:19; 9:1; 24:49 | Ties Spirit’s work to power/authority throughout |
| messiah | مسیح | Critical | 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46 | Highest-frequency Critical title in the book after “Son of Man” |
| prophet | نبی | Low | 1:76; 4:24; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 13:33-34; 20:6; 24:19 | Jesus repeatedly identified/self-identified as prophet — genuinely low-friction category |
| prophecy | پیشن گوئی | Low | 1:67-79; 4:21 | Core passage’s central concept |
| covenant | عہد | High | 1:72; 22:20 | Abrahamic covenant (1:72) and new covenant (22:20) both present |
| election | خدا کا انتخاب | High | (minimal direct occurrence) | — |
| intercession | شفاعت | Medium | 22:32 (“I have prayed for you”) | Christ’s intercession for Peter specifically |
| providence | خدا کی تدبیر | High | 12:6-7 (sparrows); 21:18 (“not a hair of your head will perish”) | — |
| mission | بشارت کی خدمت | Medium | 9:1-6; 10:1-12; 24:47 | Never دعوت/تبلیغ per baseline forbidden-substitution rule |
| david | داؤد | Medium | 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44 | — |
| israel | اسرائیل | Medium | 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 22:30; 24:21 | — |
| jesus | یسوع | Critical | throughout | Always یسوع مسیح at first occurrence in any new document per baseline rule |
| god | خدا | Critical | throughout | Never اللہ, per baseline |
| holy_spirit | روح القدس | Critical | 1:15, 35, 41, 67, 80; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49 | Highest-density book for this term outside Acts; Luke’s stage-by-stage salvation-history Pneumatology is book-distinctive |
| father | باپ | High | 1:32, 62, 67, 73; 2:49; 6:36; 9:26; 10:21-22; 11:2, 11-13; 12:30, 32; 15:11-32; 22:29, 42; 23:34, 46; 24:49 | Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and prodigal son (15) are book-central occurrences |
| abba | ابّا | High | (not directly transliterated in Luke; addressed simply as πάτερ) | Cross-reference to Romans 8:15 for consistency; Luke’s own address is formal πάτερ throughout |
| exhort | نصیحت کرنا | Low | 3:18 | — |
| freedom | آزادی | Critical | (not directly present in Luke as ἐλευθερία; contrast with new ἄφεσις entry below) | Must never be used for Luke 4:18’s ἄφεσις — see رہائی entry |
| cross_crucifixion | صلیب / مصلوب | Critical | 9:23; 14:27; 23:26-49 | Full baseline weight; ch. 23 is the book’s crucifixion narrative |
| circumcision | ختنہ | Critical | 1:59; 2:21 | Lower narrative stakes here than in Galatians (Jesus’s own infancy) but still requires clarifying note |
Section 2 — New Terms for Luke (proposed additions to shared translation memory)
| # | Term (English) | Greek | Urdu | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key References | Rendering Rationale / Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | anointed | χρίω | مسح کیا | masaḥ kiyā | High | Messianic Promise; Holy Spirit’s Work | 4:18 | Shares root with باسلين مسیح; preserve and teach the wordplay; Qur’an’s shared al-Masih title lacks this Spirit-anointing content |
| 2 | poor | πτωχός | غریب | g͟harīb | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:20-22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:1-4 | مسکین rejected — specific Islamic zakat-law category, imports fiqh framework |
| 3 | release (captivity/oppression) | ἄφεσις (captivity sense) | رہائی | rihā’ī | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Jesus as Savior | 4:18 (×2) | Deliberately distinct from آزادی (freedom/eleutheria, Critical in baseline); must never be interchanged |
| 4 | forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | گناہوں کی معافی | gunāhõ kī mu’āfī | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47 | معافی appropriate here (unlike as substitute for justification); must be taught as secured by Christ’s atoning work |
| 5 | repentance | μετάνοια | توبہ | tawbah | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 8; 5:32; 10:13; 11:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 16:30; 17:3-4; 24:47 | IS the standard Islamic term (tawbah); requires standing contrastive note parallel to نجات’s treatment |
| 6 | captive | αἰχμάλωτος | قیدی | qaidī | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | — |
| 7 | recovery of sight / blind | τυφλός / ἀνάβλεψις | اندھا / بینائی کی بحالی | andhā / bīnā’ī kī baḥālī | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:39; 7:21-22; 18:35-43; 24:16, 31 | Physical healing linked to spiritual-perception metaphor across the book |
| 8 | oppressed / crushed | θραύω (τεθραυσμένος) | کچلے ہوئے لوگ | kuchle hu’e log | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | — |
| 9 | acceptable year of the Lord (Jubilee) | ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός | خداوند کا منظور سال | k͟hudāvand kā manẕūr sāl | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Kingdom of God | 4:19 | Requires OT Jubilee (Leviticus 25) footnote; interpretive key to the core passage |
| 10 | fulfilled | πληρόω | پورا ہو گیا ہے | pūrā ho gayā hai | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 4:21; 21:22; 22:16; 24:44 | Terminate-in-Christ sense; guard against a Muhammad-as-final-fulfillment reading |
| 11 | scripture | γραφή | کلامِ مقدس | kalām-i muqaddas | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 4:21; 24:27, 32, 45 | Distinguish from Islamic taḥrīf (corruption) doctrine re: Torah/Injil |
| 12 | synagogue | συναγωγή | عبادت خانہ | ’ibādat k͟hānah | Medium | Setting/Cultural | 4:16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10; 21:12 | Never مسجد (mosque) |
| 13 | Savior | σωτήρ | نجات دہندہ | najāt-dihindah | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 1:47; 2:11 | Noun form of نجات; first explicit naming in 2:11 |
| 14 | mercy | ἔλεος | رحم / رحمت | raḥm / raḥmat | Medium-High | Jesus’ Compassion; Grace (adjacent) | 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:13, 38-39 | رحمت permissible for general mercy but never substitutes فضل (grace) per baseline |
| 15 | compassion (gut-level) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | ترس آنا | taras ānā | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship | 7:13; 10:33; 15:20 | Unifies Jesus, Samaritan, and Father’s compassion into one doctrinal thread |
| 16 | prayer | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | دعا / دعا کرنا | du’ā / du’ā karnā | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18, 28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 22:39-46 | Good bridge word (distinct from ritual ṣalāt); doctrinal content of specific prayers still must be taught |
| 17 | disciple | μαθητής | شاگرد | shāgird | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | throughout | Distinct from Sufi murīd; full-life commitment must be taught explicitly |
| 18 | follow | ἀκολουθέω | پیروی کرنا | pairavī karnā | Low-Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:11, 27-28; 9:23, 57-62; 18:22, 28 | — |
| 19 | sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | گناہ گار | gunāhgār | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:8, 30, 32; 6:32-34; 7:34, 37-50; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7 | Honor/shame weight in table-fellowship contexts; native-speaker review recommended |
| 20 | tax collector | τελώνης | محصول لینے والا | maḥṣūl lene wālā | Low-Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 3:12; 5:27, 29; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2 | — |
| 21 | table fellowship | (thematic; συνανάκειμαι etc.) | میز کی رفاقت / ساتھ کھانا کھانا | mez kī rifāqat | Medium-High | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:29-32; 7:36-50; 14:1-24; 15:1-2; 19:1-10; 22:14-30 | Real honor/shame significance in South Asian social contexts; flag for cultural-sensitivity review |
| 22 | blessed | μακάριος | مبارک / خوش نصیب | mubārak / k͟hush-naṣīb | Low-Medium | Kingdom of God; Good News to the Poor | 6:20-22; 1:45; 7:23; 11:28; 12:37-38 | Reversal-of-values content must not be smoothed into generic congratulation |
| 23 | woe | οὐαί | افسوس / ہلاکت | afsōs / halākat | Low | Kingdom of God (warning) | 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52 | — |
| 24 | demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον | بدروح / ناپاک روح | bad-rūḥ / nāpāk rūḥ | High | Holy Spirit’s Work (contrast) | 4:33, 41; 6:18; 7:21; 8:2, 27-33, 36; 9:1, 39-42; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32 | جن explicitly avoided — imports Islamic jinn cosmology |
| 25 | Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ابنِ آدم | ibn-i Ādam | High | Jesus as Savior; Kingdom Present/Future | 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22-30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7 | Risk of flattening to generic “human being”; requires Daniel 7 authority-title annotation at first and key occurrences |
| 26 | transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | صورت بدل جانا / جلالی صورت | ṣūrat badal jānā | Critical | Sonship of Christ (convergence) | 9:28-36 | Direct divine voice declaring Sonship; full eternal-not-begotten annotation required |
| 27 | blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον | روح القدس کے خلاف کفر | rūḥ al-qudus ke k͟hilāf kufr | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work | 12:10 | Structural (not content) parallel to unforgivable shirk; کفر is theologically loaded — mandatory theologian review with pastoral framing |
| 28 | mammon / wealth (personified) | μαμωνᾶς | مال و دولت | māl o daulat | Medium | Cost of Discipleship; Poor and Marginalized | 12:15-21; 16:9, 11, 13 | Preserve personified rival-master sense (16:13) |
| 29 | Hades (intermediate state) | Ἅδης | عالمِ ارواح | ’ālam-i arwāḥ | Medium-High | Kingdom Present/Future (afterlife) | 16:23 | Adjacent to but distinct from Islamic barzakh concept |
| 30 | kingdom is among/within you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | تمہارے درمیان ہے | tumhāre darmiyān hai | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17:20-21 | Genuine Greek ambiguity; corporate “among you” preferred over individual-interior reading; flag as ambiguity-handling decision |
| 31 | seek and save the lost | ζητέω + σῴζω + ἀπολωλός | کھویا ہوا … ڈھونڈنا اور بچانا | k͟hoyā hu’ā … ḍhūnḍnā aur bachānā | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Compassion | 19:10 (cf. 15:4-32) | Concentrated convergence verse; treat as unified mission-statement, not three separate low-stakes terms |
| 32 | King (applied to Jesus) | Βασιλεύς | بادشاہ | bādshāh | Medium-High | Kingdom of God; Lordship | 19:38; 23:2-3, 37-38 | Guard against caliphate/political-kingship resonance; teach as deliberately non-nationalist |
| 33 | new covenant (in his blood) | καινὴ διαθήκη | نیا عہد | nayā ʿahd | Critical | Repentance/Forgiveness; Atonement | 22:20 | Full crucifixion/atonement escalation weight; reuse عہد + نیا |
| 34 | paradise | παράδεισος | فردوس | firdaus | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness | 23:43 | Shared Qur’anic term (firdaus/jannah); deeds-weighed entry vs. immediate grace-given entry; compounded by crucifixion-proximity |
| 35 | ascension | ἀναλαμβάνω (ἀνελήμφθη) | آسمان پر اٹھایا گیا | āsmān par uṭhāyā gayā | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Resurrection | 24:51 (cf. Acts 1:9-11) | Second, distinct Qur’anic-negation risk (Qur’an 4:158): sequence (death→resurrection→ascension) vs. Quranic ascension-instead-of-death must be explicit every time |
| 36 | worship / prostrate before Jesus | προσκυνέω | پرستش کرنا | parastish karnā | High | Deity of Christ (cumulative) | 24:52 | سجدہ (ritual prostration term) reserved for footnote only; disciples’ worship of Jesus is the book’s climactic Christological claim |
| 37 | Gabriel (angel, distinct from Spirit) | Γαβριήλ | جبرائیل | Jibrā’īl | High | Holy Spirit’s Work (contrast) | 1:19, 26 | Same name-form as Qur’anic Jibril, sometimes conflated with Ruh al-Qudus in tafsir; must be kept visibly distinct from روح القدس |
| 38 | virgin | παρθένος | کنواری | kunwārī | High | Incarnation | 1:27, 34 | Rare point of agreement with Qur’an (19:16-21); must not imply agreement on resulting Sonship claim |
| 39 | overshadow (Spirit’s non-physical agency) | ἐπισκιάζω | سایہ کرنا | sāyah karnā | Critical | Incarnation | 1:35 | Explicitly non-sexual, non-physical divine agency — the specific incarnation mechanism tawhid rules out |
| 40 | horn of salvation (idiom) | κέρας σωτηρίας | زبردست نجات دہندہ | zabardast najāt-dihindah | Medium | Jesus as Savior | 1:69 | Functional, not literal, rendering; footnote on Hebraic idiom required |
| 41 | hate father/mother (comparative-priority idiom) | μισέω | اپنے سے زیادہ محبت نہ رکھنا | apne se zyādah muḥabbat nah rakhnā | High | Cost of Discipleship | 14:26 | Semitic hyperbole; literal rendering risks real pastoral/family harm — mandatory theologian + native-speaker review |
| 42 | be merciful/propitious (atonement-adjacent) | ἱλάσκομαι | رحم کر | raḥm kar | High | Repentance and Forgiveness (atonement-adjacent) | 18:13 | Root family shared with Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον; flag theologian awareness though not full crucifixion-tier escalation |
| 43 | lost (sheep/coin/son) | ἀπολωλός | کھویا ہوا | k͟hoyā hu’ā | Medium | Compassion; Jesus as Savior | 15:4, 6, 8-9, 24, 32; 19:10 | Central to God’s seeking-love portrait across ch. 15 and 19:10 |
| 44 | crippled / lame (banquet invitees) | ἀνάπηρος / χωλός | معذور / لنگڑا | ma’z̤ūr / laṅgṛā | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 14:13, 21 | Dignity-in-language concern; avoid demeaning register |
| 45 | Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | سامری | Sāmirī | Medium | Universal Scope; Compassion | 9:52-56; 10:33; 17:16 | Distinct, unrelated referent from Qur’an’s As-Samiri (20:85-97); clarify to avoid cross-reference |
| 46 | neighbor | πλησίον | پڑوسی | paṛosī | Medium | Compassion; Good News to Marginalized | 10:27, 29, 36 | Redefinition across ethnic-religious boundary; teach explicitly given interfaith resonance |
| 47 | centurion | ἑκατοντάρχης | صوبیدار | ṣūbedār | Low-Medium | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 7:2-10; 23:47 | Gentile faith exceeding Israel’s (7:9); ties to universal-scope doctrine |
| 48 | baptism | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | بپتسمہ | baptismah | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness | 3:3-22; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4 | Transliterated, not descriptive; distinct from wudu/ghusl ritual washing |
| 49 | wicked tenants / beloved son (parable) | υἱὸς ἀγαπητός (implied) | پیارا بیٹا | piyārā beṭā | Critical | Sonship of Christ (foreshadowing) | 20:9-19 | Parabolic anticipation of crucifixion tied to Sonship doctrine |
| 50 | Sanhedrin confession (Christ + Son of God) | Χριστός / υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ (paired) | مسیح / خدا کا بیٹا (جوڑا) | — | Critical | Messianic Promise; Sonship of Christ | 22:66-71 | Highest-priority single flag in the book: both Critical titles asked and affirmed in immediate succession |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- Terms 3 (رہائی) and existing baseline term “freedom” (آزادی) must never be interchanged; enforce as two separate, permanent translation-memory entries.
- Term 5 (توبہ, repentance) is proposed as a new Critical-tier doctrine entry structurally parallel to the baseline’s existing نجات treatment; recommend a corresponding addition to
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonat Phase 1 Step 2/3. - Terms 34 (فردوس) and 35 (ascension) together constitute a Luke-specific escalation pair not present in the Romans/Galatians baseline; recommend both be added to the escalation rules in
12_ai_translation_requirements.mdat the Galatians-extension pattern’s next update. - Term 25 (ابنِ آدم, Son of Man) recurs more often than any other Christological title in Luke and requires a single, consistently-worded footnote template to be reused at each of its ~25 occurrences rather than composed freshly each time, to preserve consistency per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rules.
- All Section 2 terms are recommended for
translation_memory.jsonversion increment upon Phase 1 sign-off, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: راستبازی
Transliteration: rāstbāzī
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: نیکی, تقویٰ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:6, 75; 15:29; 18:9 — the elder brother’s and Pharisee’s self-assessed righteousness are valuable narrative teaching contrasts with the doctrinal, credited sense.
Justification
Approved rendering: راستباز ٹھہرایا جانا
Transliteration: rāstbāz ṭhahrāyā jānā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: معافی پانا
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:14 — the tax collector goes home ‘justified’; must render identically to Romans/Galatians occurrences per cross-document consistency rule; never softened to معافی پانا.
Salvation
Approved rendering: نجات
Transliteration: najāt
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: مکتی
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Highest-density book in this pipeline for this term (1:69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6; 19:9-10); contrastive teaching (vs. Islamic mercy-weighed-against-deeds mechanism) mandatory at every load-bearing use.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: قیامت
Transliteration: qiyāmat
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: پنر جنم
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish Christ’s own unique, already-accomplished resurrection (ch. 24, presupposing the crucifixion Qur’an 4:157 denies) from the comparatively lower-friction general-resurrection debate with the Sadducees (20:27-38).
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: k͟hudāvand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: مالک, آقا
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Jesus by Elizabeth (1:43), the angels (2:11), and via the Psalm 110 citation (20:42-44, Messiah as David’s Lord).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: خدا کا بیٹا
Transliteration: k͟hudā kā beṭā
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ابن اللہ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Single most recurring Critical-annotation title in Luke (1:32, 35; 3:38 Adam, a distinct broader sense; 4:3, 9; 8:28; 9:35; 22:70); eternal-not-begotten annotation mandatory at every occurrence.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: مجسم ہونا
Transliteration: mujassam honā
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: اوتار
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological category; realized in Luke via the birth narrative)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Narrated (not merely asserted) in Luke via the Annunciation (1:35) and the birth in Bethlehem (2:6-7).
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: masīḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Second-highest-frequency Critical Christological title in Luke (2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46), climaxing at 22:67, 70. Qur’an’s shared al-Masih title lacks Luke’s content.
Jesus
Approved rendering: یسوع
Transliteration: yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عیسیٰ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Always یسوع مسیح at first occurrence in any Luke document; never bare عیسیٰ, which signals the Qur’anic prophet-Isa rather than Luke’s full portrait.
God
Approved rendering: خدا
Transliteration: k͟hudā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: اللہ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. خدا throughout, never اللہ.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روح القدس
Transliteration: rūḥ al-qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Highest-density book for this term outside Acts (1:15, 35, 41, 67, 80; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49); must never be conflated with Gabriel/Jibril, who appears as a distinct created character in the same chapters.
Freedom
Approved rendering: آزادی
Transliteration: āzādī
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Not directly present in Luke as ἐλευθερία. STANDING FENCE: must never be used at Luke 4:18 or elsewhere for ἄφεσις — see release_captivity (رہائی) below, a permanently distinct, non-interchangeable entry.
Cross Crucifixion
Approved rendering: صلیب / مصلوب
Transliteration: ṣalīb / maṣlūb
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρός / συσταυρόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Luke ch. 23 is this curriculum’s first full narrative realization of the crucifixion; presupposes a historical event Qur’an 4:157 explicitly denies. Mandatory theologian review at every verse of ch. 23; also anticipated at 9:23; 14:27; 22:14-20.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ختنہ
Transliteration: khatnah
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Lower narrative stakes in Luke (1:59; 2:21, Jesus’s own infancy) than in Galatians; still a currently, widely practiced Islamic sunnah, so a brief clarifying note (narrative report of infancy custom, not a justification claim) is recommended.
Release Captivity
Approved rendering: رہائی
Transliteration: rihā’ī
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: آزادی
Original: ἄφεσις (captivity/oppression sense)
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. Luke 4:18 (×2). PERMANENT, NON-INTERCHANGEABLE fence against آزادی (the baseline’s politically-charged rendering of ἐλευθερία): using آزادی here would collapse this curriculum’s core passage into Galatians’ apostasy/political-freedom risk profile.
Repentance
Approved rendering: توبہ
Transliteration: tawbah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
New for Luke, proposed Critical-tier entry structurally parallel to نجات. IS the standard Islamic term for repentance (Qur’an 4:17-18; 66:8), operating within a sincere-repentance-plus-deeds-weighed-by-mercy framework. Recurs constantly (3:3, 8; 5:32; 10:13; 11:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 16:30; 17:3-4; 24:47); every load-bearing occurrence requires the same contrastive teaching mandated for نجات.
Savior
Approved rendering: نجات دہندہ
Transliteration: najāt-dihindah
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New for Luke, noun form of the baseline’s Critical نجات root. 1:47; 2:11 (first explicit naming of Jesus’s saving identity).
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: صورت بدل جانا / جلالی صورت میں ظاہر ہونا
Transliteration: ṣūrat badal jānā
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (convergence)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 9:28-36. Direct divine voice declaring Sonship; full eternal-not-begotten annotation required; Moses and Elijah must not be read as Christ’s equals.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روح القدس کے خلاف کفر
Transliteration: rūḥ al-qudus ke k͟hilāf kufr
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: God
New for Luke. 12:10. Structural (not content) parallel to shirk as the one unforgivable sin (Qur’an 4:48, 116); کفر is theologically loaded — mandatory theologian review with pastoral framing guidance.
Seek And Save The Lost
Approved rendering: کھویا ہوا … ڈھونڈنا اور بچانا
Transliteration: k͟hoyā hu’ā … ḍhūnḍnā aur bachānā
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Compassion
Original: ζητέω + σῴζω + ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. 19:10 (cf. 15:4-32). Concentrated mission-statement verse combining Son of Man, the lost-and-found motif, and salvation; treat as one unified convergence point, not three separately low-stakes terms.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: نیا عہد
Transliteration: nayā ʿahd
Doctrine: The Crucifixion of Christ
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
New for Luke. 22:20. Full crucifixion/atonement escalation weight, one chapter ahead of the crucifixion narrative itself; never allegorize or soften.
Paradise
Approved rendering: فردوس
Transliteration: firdaus
Doctrine: Paradise Granted by Christ’s Authority, Not Deeds Weighed at Judgment
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
New for Luke. 23:43. فردوس is itself a Qur’anic term (18:107; 23:11) for a high tier of Jannah entered through deeds-weighed mercy; Luke depicts immediate, deed-free, same-day entry granted by Christ’s own authority. Compounded by crucifixion-proximity; mandatory theologian review.
Ascension
Approved rendering: آسمان پر اٹھایا گیا
Transliteration: āsmān par uṭhāyā gayā
Doctrine: The Ascension, Following a Real Death and Resurrection
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω (ἀνελήμφθη)
Category: Christology
New for Luke, proposed standing Critical-tier doctrine entry. 24:51. Second, distinct Qur’anic-negation risk (4:157-158): the death-then-resurrection-then-ascension SEQUENCE must be made explicit every time, against the Quranic ascension-instead-of-death counter-claim.
Overshadow
Approved rendering: سایہ کرنا
Transliteration: sāyah karnā
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Original: ἐπισκιάζω
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 1:35. The specific non-physical, non-sexual divine-agency mechanism tawhid rules out as impossible for God (Qur’an 112); must be taught, every time, as explicitly non-sexual.
Wicked Tenants Beloved Son
Approved rendering: پیارا بیٹا
Transliteration: piyārā beṭā
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (foreshadowing)
Original: υἱὸς ἀγαπητός (implied in the parable, 20:13)
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 20:9-19. Parabolic anticipation of the crucifixion tied directly to the Sonship doctrine.
Sanhedrin Confession
Approved rendering: مسیح / خدا کا بیٹا (جوڑا)
Transliteration: masīḥ / k͟hudā kā beṭā (paired)
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ; Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ (paired question and answer)
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 22:66-71. Highest-priority single flag in the book: both Critical titles asked and affirmed in immediate succession; mandatory theologian review with both standing annotations attached at this exact narrative location.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: خوش خبری
Transliteration: khush khabrī
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: انجیل شریف کی تعلیم
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke the verb εὐαγγελίζω functions as the book’s core proclamation-verb (4:18, 43; 7:22; 8:1; 9:6; 16:16; 20:1), more frequent than the noun. Distinguish from انجیل used alone (tahrif/corruption doctrine).
Grace
Approved rendering: فضل
Transliteration: faz̤l
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: رحمت, احسان, کرم
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Present in Luke via Mary ‘found favored’ (1:30) and Jesus ‘growing in favor’ (2:40, 52); keep distinct from رحمت (mercy), which describes God’s compassionate character but must never substitute فضل for unmerited justifying favor.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith (trust in Jesus personally) must stay explicit at every Luke healing/forgiveness scene (5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:8, 42; 22:32).
Called
Approved rendering: بلایا گیا
Transliteration: bulāyā gayā
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: دعوت دی گئی
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke more often a literal narrative ‘calling/inviting’ (5:32; 14:13, 21) than the fuller Pauline effectual-call sense; never دعوت.
Calling
Approved rendering: بلاہٹ
Transliteration: bulāhaṭ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: دعوت
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; avoid دعوت for the same reason as ‘called’.
Holy
Approved rendering: پاک
Transliteration: pāk
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاہر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to the Spirit, God’s name (1:49), and uniquely to the unborn Jesus (1:35, ‘he will be called holy, the Son of God’) — a convergence point with the Incarnation and Sonship doctrines.
Saints
Approved rendering: مقدس لوگ
Transliteration: muqaddas log
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ولی
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct lexical occurrence in Luke; doctrine present via disciples generally.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: تقدیس
Transliteration: taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: پاکیزگی
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in Luke through the Spirit’s transformative work in disciples across the narrative.
Adoption
Approved rendering: لے پالک بنانا
Transliteration: le-pālak banānā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Expressed thematically in the prodigal son’s full restoration to sonship (15:22-24); frame relationally, never mapped onto Qur’an 33:4-5’s lineage-adoption restriction.
Law
Approved rendering: شریعت
Transliteration: sharī’at
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: توریت
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Present in Luke both as Torah-observant family practice (2:22-27, 39) and as debate subject (10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44); prefer توریت where Mosaic specificity is doctrinally load-bearing.
Sin
Approved rendering: گناہ
Transliteration: gunāh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central throughout Luke to the repentance-forgiveness doctrine (5:8, 20-24, 30-32; 7:37-50; 15; 24:47).
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalāl
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Nativity (2:9, 14, 32), transfiguration (9:31-32), Parousia (21:27), resurrection appearances (24:26); always anchor to Christ specifically.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: خدا کی قدرت
Transliteration: k͟hudā kī qudrat
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Consistently tied in Luke to the Holy Spirit’s presence and activity (1:35; 4:14, 36; 5:17; 6:19; 9:1; 24:49).
Covenant
Approved rendering: عہد
Transliteration: ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: معاہدہ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Both Abrahamic covenant (1:72) and new covenant instituted at the Last Supper (22:20, full crucifixion/atonement escalation weight).
Election
Approved rendering: خدا کا انتخاب
Transliteration: k͟hudā kā intik͟hāb
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: تقدیر
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct lexical occurrence in Luke; never تقدیر.
Providence
Approved rendering: خدا کی تدبیر
Transliteration: k͟hudā kī tadbīr
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: تقدیر
Original: πρόνοια (theological category; cf. Luke 12:6-7, 21:18)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Sparrows (12:6-7); ‘not a hair of your head will perish’ (21:18); تدبیر preferred over تقدیر to keep personal-care sense forward.
Father
Approved rendering: باپ
Transliteration: bāp
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and the prodigal son parable (ch. 15); also Jesus’s own address in Gethsemane and on the cross (22:42; 23:34, 46).
Abba
Approved rendering: ابّا
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke itself never transliterates this address (formal πάτερ throughout, e.g. 11:2; 22:42; 23:34, 46); render simply باپ in Luke’s own text, retaining ابّا only as a cross-document consistency note to Romans 8:15.
Anointed
Approved rendering: مسح کیا
Transliteration: masaḥ kiyā
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Anointing
Original: χρίω (ἔχρισέν)
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 4:18. Shares its root audibly with مسیح; the wordplay must be preserved and explicitly taught — the Qur’an’s shared al-Masih title lacks this specific Spirit-anointing content.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: گناہوں کی معافی
Transliteration: gunāhõ kī mu’āfī
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sin
New for Luke. 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47. معافی is doctrinally appropriate here (distinct from its forbidden use as a justification-substitute); must be taught as secured by Christ’s atoning work, not granted independently as in Islamic maghfirah.
Acceptable Year Jubilee
Approved rendering: خداوند کا منظور سال
Transliteration: k͟hudāvand kā manẕūr sāl
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
New for Luke. 4:19. Interpretive key to the core passage; requires an explanatory footnote on the OT Jubilee background (Leviticus 25), unfamiliar to Urdu readers of any background.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: پورا ہو گیا ہے
Transliteration: pūrā ho gayā hai
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: πληρόω (πεπλήρωται)
Category: Covenant
New for Luke. 4:21; 21:22; 22:16; 24:44. Must not be softened to ‘this began to be fulfilled,’ which would leave room for a further, later fulfillment paralleling Islamic prophetology’s ‘seal of the prophets’ reading.
Scripture
Approved rendering: کلامِ مقدس
Transliteration: kalām-i muqaddas
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Covenant
New for Luke. 4:21; 24:27, 32, 44-45. Must be distinguished from the Islamic tahrif (corruption) doctrine regarding the Torah/Injil.
Demon
Approved rendering: بدروح / ناپاک روح
Transliteration: bad-rūḥ / nāpāk rūḥ
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority Over Demonic Powers
Rejected alternatives: جن
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Luke. 4:33, 41; 6:18; 7:21; 8:2, 27-33, 36; 9:1, 39-42; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32. جن explicitly avoided — imports Islamic jinn cosmology (Qur’an 72), a parallel-creation category distinct from Luke’s malevolent, exorcise-able spirits.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ابنِ آدم
Transliteration: ibn-i Ādam
Doctrine: Son of Man Authority Title
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New for Luke. ~25 occurrences (5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22-30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7). Real flattening risk: ordinary Urdu/Quranic usage reads this as generic ‘human being’; requires standing Daniel 7 authority-and-glory annotation, consistently worded at each occurrence.
Kingdom Among Within
Approved rendering: تمہارے درمیان ہے
Transliteration: tumhāre darmiyān hai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: تمہارے اندر ہے
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
Category: Kingdom
New for Luke. 17:20-21. Genuine Greek ambiguity (ἐντὸς ὑμῶν); corporate ‘among you’ preferred over individual-interior reading; recorded as an ambiguity-handling decision per baseline protocol.
Worship Prostrate Jesus
Approved rendering: پرستش کرنا
Transliteration: parastish karnā
Doctrine: Worship Due to Christ Alone
Rejected alternatives: سجدہ کرنا (reserved for footnote use only)
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 24:52, the book’s cumulative Christological climax. سجدہ (Islamic ritual-prostration term, due exclusively to Allah) reserved for footnote explanation only; پرستش کرنا is the safer primary rendering, though the underlying act itself is the collision, not resolvable by word choice alone.
Gabriel
Approved rendering: جبرائیل
Transliteration: Jibrā’īl
Doctrine: Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (contrast)
Original: Γαβριήλ
Category: Angelology
New for Luke. 1:19, 26. Same transliterated name as the Qur’an’s Jibril, sometimes identified with Ruh al-Qudus in tafsir; must remain visibly distinct from روح القدس (1:15, 35, 41, 67) at every co-occurrence.
Virgin
Approved rendering: کنواری
Transliteration: kunwārī
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 1:27, 34. Rare point of genuine agreement with the Qur’an (19:16-21; 21:91); must never be allowed to imply agreement on the Sonship the Angel draws from it.
Hate Father Mother Idiom
Approved rendering: اپنے سے زیادہ محبت نہ رکھنا
Transliteration: apne se zyādah muḥabbat nah rakhnā
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: نفرت کرنا (literal, rejected — genuinely dangerous)
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
New for Luke. 14:26. Semitic hyperbolic comparative-priority idiom, not literal hatred; a literal rendering risks real pastoral/family harm given family-loyalty weight and existing conversion-related social risk. Mandatory dual review (theologian AND native speaker).
Be Merciful Propitious
Approved rendering: رحم کر
Transliteration: raḥm kar
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins (atonement-adjacent)
Original: ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. 18:13. Shares root family with Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον (propitiation); surface rendering is straightforward but carries a propitiatory nuance beyond bare ‘have mercy’ — flag for theologian awareness.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: سبت
Transliteration: sabt
Doctrine: Law-Keeping Versus Grace-Received Righteousness (Sabbath controversies)
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 4:16; 6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; 23:56. Fence required against the Qur’an’s own Sabbath-breaker punishment narrative (7:163-166; 2:65); Luke’s point is mercy over legalism, not a punitive-violation frame.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: خدا سے ابدی جدائی کی جگہ (descriptive phrase; no fixed single-word loanword)
Transliteration: k͟hudā se abadī judā’ī kī jagah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins (judgment warning)
Rejected alternatives: جہنم
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 12:5. جہنم explicitly avoided as the primary rendering: it is the Qur’an’s principal, doctrinally load-bearing term for hell, carrying detailed Islamic eschatology (levels of hell, duration debates) Luke’s sparser warning language does not intend to invoke wholesale; use descriptive phrasing, flagged for theologian review at first use.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: نبی
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Twelve named apostles (6:13-16; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10); commissioning is by the risen/earthly Christ directly, not a Quranic scripture-bearing-prophet office.
Peace
Approved rendering: صلح
Transliteration: ṣulḥ
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: سلامتی
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Preserve the genuine internal tension between 2:14 (‘peace on earth’) and 12:51-53 (‘division’); both are authentic to Luke and must not be resolved by different renderings.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: روحانی نعمتیں
Transliteration: rūḥānī ni’matẽ
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: کرامات
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct occurrence in Luke; present chiefly through the Spirit’s empowering of ministry.
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسیا
Transliteration: kalīsiyā
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: مسجد, امت
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not present as a term in Luke’s own text; retained for forward continuity with Acts (Luke’s sequel). Never مسجد or امت.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: خدا کی بادشاہی
Transliteration: k͟hudā kī bādshāhī
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Most frequent single doctrinal phrase in Luke; the already/not-yet tension across ~25 occurrences must be taught as one coherent theme, never resolved to either pole.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیر قوموں
Transliteration: g͟hair qaumõ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: کافر
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Ties to Luke’s universal-savior doctrine (2:32; 21:24; 24:47); never کافر.
Intercession
Approved rendering: شفاعت
Transliteration: shafā’at
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (cf. Luke 22:32, ἐγὼ ἐδεήθην περὶ σοῦ)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Christ’s own personal intercession for Peter (22:32), distinct from the Islamic doctrine of Muhammad’s future intercession for his community.
Mission
Approved rendering: بشارت کی خدمت
Transliteration: bishārat kī k͟hidmat
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: دعوت, تبلیغ
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Sending of the Twelve (9:1-6), the Seventy(-Two) (10:1-12), closing commission (24:47); never دعوت/تبلیغ.
David
Approved rendering: داؤد
Transliteration: dā’ūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Davidic descent (1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31) and the Psalm 110 question of David’s ‘Lord’ (20:41-44), tying directly to the Deity of Christ doctrine.
Israel
Approved rendering: اسرائیل
Transliteration: isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Infancy narratives (1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34) and 22:30; 24:21.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: عبادت خانہ
Transliteration: ‘ibādat k͟hānah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (core passage setting)
Rejected alternatives: مسجد, کنیسہ
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
New for Luke. Core passage setting (4:16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10; 21:12). Never مسجد, which would import Islamic congregational-worship architecture onto a first-century Jewish institution.
Compassion
Approved rendering: ترس آنا
Transliteration: taras ānā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
New for Luke. 7:13 (widow of Nain); 10:33 (Good Samaritan); 15:20 (the father). Unifies these three scenes into one doctrinal thread; cross-reference in teaching notes.
Prayer
Approved rendering: دعا / دعا کرنا
Transliteration: du’ā / du’ā karnā
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
New for Luke. 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18, 28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 22:39-46. Good bridge word (distinct from ritually fixed ṣalāt/namaz); specific content of Jesus’s prayers still requires explicit teaching.
Disciple
Approved rendering: شاگرد
Transliteration: shāgird
Doctrine: Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: مرید
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New for Luke. Recurs throughout. Distinct from the Sufi-technical مرید (murid-pir relationship); total-life-commitment weight must be taught explicitly.
Sinner
Approved rendering: گناہ گار
Transliteration: gunāhgār
Doctrine: Compassion and Table Fellowship
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
New for Luke. 5:8, 30, 32; 7:34, 37-50; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7. Real honor/shame weight in South Asian social contexts around table fellowship; native-speaker cultural-sensitivity review recommended at every occurrence.
Mammon
Approved rendering: مال و دولت
Transliteration: māl o daulat
Doctrine: Wealth as a Rival Master to Discipleship
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
New for Luke. 12:15-21; 16:9, 11, 13. Preserve the personified, idolatrous-rival-power sense (‘no one can serve two masters’), not bare ‘money’.
Horn Of Salvation
Approved rendering: زبردست نجات دہندہ
Transliteration: zabardast najāt-dihindah
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations
Rejected alternatives: نجات کا سینگ (literal, rejected — nonsensical in Urdu)
Original: κέρας σωτηρίας
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. 1:69, Benedictus. Functional rendering of a Hebraic idiom; requires footnote explaining the idiom, not a literal ‘salvation’s horn’ rendering.
Lost
Approved rendering: کھویا ہوا
Transliteration: k͟hoyā hu’ā
Doctrine: Compassion; Jesus as Savior
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. 15:4, 6, 8-9, 24, 32; 19:10. Central to the book’s portrait of God’s initiative-taking, seeking love.
Crippled Lame
Approved rendering: معذور / لنگڑا
Transliteration: ma’z̤ūr / laṅgṛā
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάπηρος / χωλός
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke. 14:13, 21. Dignity-in-language concern; avoid demeaning register.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: سامری
Transliteration: Sāmirī
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel; Compassion
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New for Luke. 9:52-56; 10:33; 17:16. Distinct, unrelated referent from the Qur’an’s As-Samiri (20:85-97); brief clarifying note recommended.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: پڑوسی
Transliteration: paṛosī
Doctrine: Compassion; Good News to the Marginalized
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
New for Luke. 10:27, 29, 36. The parable’s entire force depends on redefining this term across a hostile ethnic-religious boundary; teach pastorally, explicitly.
Baptism
Approved rendering: بپتسمہ
Transliteration: baptismah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Salvation
New for Luke. 3:3-22; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4. Transliterated, not descriptive, to avoid conflation with wudu/ghusl ritual washing; a one-time initiatory rite, not repeated ritual purification.
Rich
Approved rendering: دولت مند
Transliteration: daulat mand
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations (rich/poor pairing)
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 6:24; 12:16; 16:19; 18:23; 19:2. Fixes the doctrinal rich/poor pairing lexically as the standing counter-term to غریب across the whole curriculum.
Widow
Approved rendering: بیوہ
Transliteration: bevah
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 4:25-26 (Zarephath, Gentile-widow precedent); 7:11-17 (widow of Nain); 18:1-8 (persistent widow); 20:47; 21:1-4 (widow’s mite) — one cumulative marginalized-category thread.
Leper
Approved rendering: کوڑھی / کوڑھ
Transliteration: koṛhī / koṛh
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 5:12-14; 17:11-19. Ritual-impurity-marginalization category; Jesus touches/heals rather than merely declaring ritually clean — distinct from Islamic and general ritual-purity-law frameworks.
Persistence In Prayer
Approved rendering: لگی رہنا
Transliteration: lagī rahnā
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 11:5-13; 18:1-8. Fixes a recurring nuance (‘ask, seek, knock’; persistent widow) consistently across both parallel teaching passages.
Watchfulness
Approved rendering: چوکس رہنا / تیار رہنا
Transliteration: chaukas rahnā / taiyār rahnā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 12:35-40; 17:26-30; 21:34-36. Expectant, hope-filled readiness for a personal return, not fatalistic anxiety.
Tribute To Caesar
Approved rendering: خراج، قیصر
Transliteration: k͟harāj, qaiṣar
Doctrine: The Non-Political Kingship of Christ
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 20:20-26; 23:2. Low doctrinal risk in the words themselves; real social-framing sensitivity given contemporary state-loyalty questions — avoid implying a directive stance on believers’ relationship to civil authority beyond what the text supports.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: یہودی عدالتِ عظمیٰ
Transliteration: yahūdī ‘adālat-i ʿuẕmā
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ; Deity of Christ (trial setting)
New for Luke, gap-analysis addition. 22:66; 23:1. No settled single-word Urdu Christian Bible term surveyed; descriptive phrase preferred over coining an unfamiliar loanword, reviewed at Phase 2.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: شکرگزاری
Transliteration: shukr-guzārī
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:38 (Anna); 17:16 (healed Samaritan); 18:11 (ironic Pharisee); 22:17, 19 (Last Supper, root of ‘Eucharist’).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: رفاقت
Transliteration: rifāqat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: امت
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Expressed in Luke primarily through table-fellowship scenes (5:29-32; 15:1-2; 19:1-10); see table_fellowship entry below.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبی
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus repeatedly identified/self-identifies as prophet (1:76; 4:24; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 13:33-34; 20:6; 24:19); genuinely low-friction shared category.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: پیشن گوئی
Transliteration: peshan go’ī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Core passage’s central concept (1:67-79; 4:21).
Exhort
Approved rendering: نصیحت کرنا
Transliteration: naṣīḥat karnā
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. John the Baptist’s preaching (3:18).
Captive
Approved rendering: قیدی
Transliteration: qaidī
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke. 4:18, part of the Isaiah 61 citation.
Recovery Of Sight
Approved rendering: اندھا / بینائی کی بحالی
Transliteration: andhā / bīnā’ī kī baḥālī
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τυφλός / ἀνάβλεψις
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke. 4:18; 6:39; 7:21-22; 18:35-43; 24:16, 31. Physical healing and spiritual-perception metaphor deliberately linked across the book.
Oppressed Crushed
Approved rendering: کچلے ہوئے لوگ
Transliteration: kuchle hu’e log
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: θραύω (τεθραυσμένος)
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke. 4:18, part of the Isaiah 61 citation.
Woe
Approved rendering: افسوس / ہلاکت
Transliteration: afsōs / halākat
Doctrine: Kingdom of God (warning)
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
New for Luke. 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Poor
Approved rendering: غریب
Transliteration: g͟harīb
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: مسکین
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New for Luke. مسکین explicitly rejected — a specific, legally defined Islamic zakat-law recipient category (Qur’an 9:60) that would import a fiqh-technical charity-obligation framework onto Luke’s broader kingdom-inauguration claim. غریب keeps ordinary, non-technical register (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:20-22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:1-4).
Mercy
Approved rendering: رحم / رحمت
Transliteration: raḥm / raḥmat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion (Grace-adjacent)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New for Luke. 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:13, 38-39. رحمت is a genuine Quranic divine attribute and permissible for God’s general compassionate mercy, but must never substitute فضل when unmerited justifying grace is specifically meant.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: میز کی رفاقت / ساتھ کھانا کھانا
Transliteration: mez kī rifāqat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνανάκειμαι and related table-imagery (thematic category)
Category: Compassion
New for Luke. 5:29-32; 7:36-50; 14:1-24; 15:1-2; 19:1-10; 22:14-30. Real honor/shame significance in South Asian social contexts; flag for cultural-sensitivity review at every occurrence.
Hades
Approved rendering: عالمِ ارواح
Transliteration: ‘ālam-i arwāḥ
Doctrine: The Afterlife and the Intermediate State
Original: Ἅδης
Category: Eschatology
New for Luke. 16:23. Conceptually adjacent to but distinct from the Islamic barzakh doctrine (Qur’an 23:100); depicts immediate conscious experience rather than simply waiting.
King Applied To Jesus
Approved rendering: بادشاہ
Transliteration: bādshāh
Doctrine: The Non-Political Kingship of Christ
Original: Βασιλεύς
Category: Christology
New for Luke. 19:38; 23:2-3, 37-38. Guard against khilafat/caliphate political resonance; teach as deliberately non-nationalist (cf. 19:41-44).
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Follow
Approved rendering: پیروی کرنا
Transliteration: pairavī karnā
Doctrine: Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
New for Luke. 5:11, 27-28; 9:23, 57-62; 18:22, 28.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: محصول لینے والا
Transliteration: maḥṣūl lene wālā
Doctrine: Compassion and Table Fellowship
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion
New for Luke. 3:12; 5:27, 29; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2.
Blessed
Approved rendering: مبارک / خوش نصیب
Transliteration: mubārak / k͟hush-naṣīb
Doctrine: Kingdom of God / Good News to the Poor
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
New for Luke. 1:45; 6:20-22; 7:23; 11:28; 12:37-38. Reversal-of-values content must not be smoothed into generic congratulation.
Centurion
Approved rendering: صوبیدار
Transliteration: ṣūbedār
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations
Original: ἑκατοντάρχης
Category: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New for Luke. 7:2-10; 23:47. Gentile faith exceeding Israel’s (7:9); flag for native-speaker review given the universal-scope doctrinal connection.
Referenced passages