Semantic Analysis — Jude (English → Bavarian)

Scope note on full-book coverage

Jude is a one-chapter book (25 verses total). “Every chapter first to last” is therefore satisfied by covering the entirety of chapter 1, verse by verse. The core passage (1:3–23) receives the deepest verse-by-verse treatment mandated for the theological anchor of the curriculum; the remaining verses of the same chapter — the salutation (1:1–2) and the closing doxology (1:24–25) — are covered in Part 2 with the same field set, so that no verse of the book is silently omitted. There is no “chapter 2” to report as reusing prior vocabulary; the whole book is chapter 1.

Wherever a term already carries an established rendering in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json, that exact rendering is reused here (noted “[reuse: Romans TM]”). New terms not previously catalogued receive a proposed Bavarian rendering with risk assessment, to be added to translation memory in a later step.

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Part 1 — Core Passage Verse-by-Verse: Jude 1:3–23

Jude 1:3

“Beloved, although I was very eager to write to you about our common salvation, I found it necessary to write appealing to you to contend for the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
beloved	ἀγαπητοί	agapētoi	”loved ones”	term of pastoral affection; covenant-family address	beloved, dear friends	Jude addresses the whole congregation with covenantal warmth before turning to a hard warning	”Liabe” (from Liebe, regular apocope) — Low risk; warm, natural in oral register
common salvation	κοινῆς…σωτηρίας	koinēs sōtērias	”shared deliverance”	salvation held jointly by all believers, not an individual/private possession	common salvation, shared salvation	Reinforces unity of all believers around one salvation, resisting sectarian splintering the false teachers are causing	[reuse: Romans TM] “Erlesung” (Erlösung) — High risk per baseline (Heil/Nazi-era contamination); “common” (gmoasam) is Low risk addition
contend for	ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι	epagōnizesthai	”to struggle/fight upon/for”	athletic-agonistic root (ἀγών, “contest”); intense, effortful defense, not passive support	contend for, strive for, fight for	This is the letter’s thesis verb: active, effortful defense of revealed truth against corruption, not mere personal conviction	New term. Propose “kämpfa fia” / “eisetzn fia mit ganzer Kraft” — High risk: a soft rendering (“dafür sein,” “unterstützen”) would flatten Jude’s athletic-combat intensity into passive agreement
once for all	ἅπαξ	hapax	”one time, once”	completed, unrepeatable, final act	once for all, once and for all	The apostolic faith is a fixed, finished deposit — not an evolving or partial revelation	New term. Propose “a für alle Mal” — Medium risk: must retain finality; risk of hearing it as merely “in the past” rather than “closed and complete”
delivered	παραδοθείσῃ	paradotheisē	”having been handed over/entrusted”	transmission of a fixed body of content from one party to another; same root as “tradition”	delivered, entrusted, handed down	The faith is a received deposit from the apostles, not something the recipients originate or may alter	New term. Propose “übergebn”/“überliefert” — High risk: Bavarian Catholic hearers carry a strong concept of sacred “Tradition” (Überlieferung) alongside Scripture; must be framed as a fixed, complete, apostolic deposit, not an ongoing/accumulating church tradition that could still be added to
the saints	τοῖς ἁγίοις	tois hagiois	”to the holy ones”	corporate designation for all believers	the saints, God’s holy people	All believers collectively, not an ascetic or canonized elite	[reuse: Romans TM] “Heiling” — High risk per baseline (Namenstag/patron-saint culture); requires the clarifying gloss “alle Gläubign” per the Phase 2 forbidden-substitution rule
faith	πίστει	pistei	”faith”	here: the body of belief handed down (fides quae), not merely personal trust (fides qua)	the faith, the faith once delivered, the Christian faith	A shift in sense from Romans’ emphasis on personal trust — here “the faith” is the content/deposit of apostolic doctrine that must be defended	[reuse: Romans TM] “Glaam” — Medium-High risk in this specific sense: translators must signal via context that this is the body of doctrine, not only personal trust, to avoid under-translating v.3’s polemical thrust

Jude 1:4

“For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
crept in unnoticed	παρεισέδυσαν	pareisedysan	”slipped in alongside, sneaked in”	covert, stealthy infiltration	crept in, slipped in secretly, sneaked in	The false teachers’ danger is precisely their secrecy — insiders, not obvious outsiders	New term. Propose “hamdlich eigschlicha” — Medium-High risk: must preserve the stealth/infiltration nuance, not read as simple “arrived” or “joined”
designated beforehand	πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι	palai progegrammenoi	”written up/marked out long ago”	prior, sovereign appointment to a stated outcome	designated, marked out, appointed of old	Ties the false teachers’ judgment to the same sovereign foreordination pattern documented for Israel/angels/Sodom	New term (judgment family). Propose “long scho voraus bstimmt” — High risk: adjacent to election/predestination language (Romans TM flags this cluster for theologian review by default)
condemnation/judgment	κρίμα	krima	”judgment, verdict, sentence”	the specific verdict/sentence of condemnation	condemnation, judgment, verdict	The false teachers’ doom is not accidental but the specific, appointed outcome long anticipated in Scripture	New term. Propose “s’Gricht” / “des Urteil” — Medium risk: well-grounded via Bavarian Baroque “Jüngstes Gericht” church-fresco tradition, but must retain certainty/specificity, not vague dread
ungodly	ἀσεβεῖς	asebeis	”without reverence for God”	active impiety, willful irreverence and rebellion against God — moral-relational, not merely areligious	ungodly, impious, irreverent	The false teachers’ defining mark throughout Jude; central to the doctrine “Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers”	New term. Propose “gottlos” — High risk: in increasingly secular Bavaria, “gottlos” risks being heard as neutral “non-practicing/non-religious” rather than Jude’s sense of active, culpable defiance of God
grace	χάριν	charin	”grace, favor”	unmerited favor from God	grace	The false teachers corrupt the very doctrine of unearned grace into a license for immorality	[reuse: Romans TM] “Gnad” — High risk per baseline; here the specific danger is grace-as-license, requiring the surrounding sentence to make the perversion explicit
pervert…into sensuality	μετατιθέντες…εἰς ἀσέλγειαν	metatithentes…eis aselgeian	”changing/transferring…into unrestrained licentiousness”	ἀσέλγεια = shameless, unrestrained (often sexual) self-indulgence	pervert into sensuality, turn into licentiousness, twist into immorality	Grace is being weaponized as a pretext for unrestrained immorality — the specific doctrinal distortion Jude confronts	New term. Propose “Zügellosigkeit”/“Ausschweifung” for ἀσέλγεια — High risk: must retain serious moral culpability, not read as harmless “freedom” or leniency
Master	δεσπότην	despotēn	”master, absolute owner”	owner with total, unqualified authority over a slave/household — distinct from κύριος’s broader “lord”	Master, Sovereign, absolute Lord	Emphasizes total ownership-authority of Christ over believers, paired with κύριος (“Lord”) for double emphasis	New term, Critical risk: must NOT collapse into a synonym of “Herr” (κύριος); propose “Herrscher” or “Gebieter” held distinct from “Herr” so the doubled Greek title (δεσπότην καὶ κύριον) is not flattened into a single redundant word
Lord	κύριον	kyrion	”Lord”	exclusive supreme authority	Lord	Paired with “Master” to doubly stress Christ’s total authority, denied by the false teachers	[reuse: Romans TM] “Herr” — Critical risk per baseline; here specifically the object of denial, sharpening the stakes
deny	ἀρνούμενοι	arnoumenoi	”denying, disowning”	rejecting allegiance to/relationship with	deny, disown, renounce	The false teachers’ practical unbelief is expressed as a denial of Christ’s lordship, not necessarily verbal apostasy	New term. Propose “leugna”/“verleugna” — High risk: must retain gravity of denying Christ’s actual authority (a lived, practical denial through immoral conduct), not merely intellectual doubt

Jude 1:5

“Now I want to remind you, although you once fully knew it, that the Lord who saved a people out of the land of Egypt afterward destroyed those who did not believe.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
remind	ὑπομνῆσαι	hypomnēsai	”to bring to mind again”	recall of previously known truth	remind, call to mind	Jude appeals to shared, already-known salvation history rather than new revelation	New term. Propose “erinnern”/“in Erinnerung bringa” — Low risk
the Lord	κύριος	kyrios	”Lord”	here, YHWH acting in the Exodus (textual tradition also attests “Jesus” at this point)	the Lord, Jesus, God	First of Jude’s three OT/typological warnings: Israel’s unbelief in the wilderness despite having been delivered	[reuse: Romans TM] “Herr” — Critical risk; translators must note the textual variant but the Bavarian rendering does not change
saved	σώσας	sōsas	”having saved/delivered”	rescue from bondage/danger	saved, delivered, rescued	God’s initial saving act (the Exodus) as the backdrop against which subsequent unbelief is judged	[reuse: Romans TM] verb form of “Erlösung” family — High risk per baseline (Nazi-era “Heil” caution applies to verb forms too)
did not believe	μὴ πιστεύσαντας	mē pisteusantas	”not having believed/trusted”	persistent covenantal unbelief, not a single lapse	did not believe, disbelieved, were unfaithful	The first OT type: Israel — those rescued from Egypt yet destroyed in the wilderness for unbelief	[reuse: Romans TM] negated form of “Glaam” family — Medium risk; core to the “OT Warnings as Types (Israel)” doctrine
destroyed	ἀπώλεσεν	apōlesen	”destroyed, brought to ruin”	complete destruction as a judicial outcome	destroyed, ruined, brought to destruction	The consequence of unbelief for those already delivered — grace received does not guarantee final security apart from continuing faith	New term. Propose “hod…vanicht”/“hod zgrundgricht” — High risk: must retain full judicial severity, without implying salvation itself is thereby proven insecure for the elect throughout the whole canon (a delicate point for the doctrine “Kept by God”)

Jude 1:6

“And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
angels	ἀγγέλους	angelous	”messengers”	created spiritual beings, here specifically the fallen ones	angels	Second OT/typological warning: even angels — a higher created order — were judged for rebellion	New term. Propose “Engel” — High risk: Bavarian Alpine Catholic folk piety’s warm “Schutzengerl” (guardian-angel) devotional imagery risks softening Jude’s picture of angels under judgment; context must make clear these are fallen angels, distinct from guardian angels
did not keep [their position]	τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας…ἀρχήν	tous mē tērēsantas…archēn	”not having kept/guarded [their] domain/rule”	τηρέω = keep, guard, watch over, preserve; ἀρχή = position of authority, realm, “first place”	did not keep, did not stay within, abandoned their position	The angels forsook the rank/domain God assigned them — introduces the τηρέω (“keep”) word-family that runs ironically through the whole letter (God keeps the faithful; the disobedient are “kept” for judgment)	New term, Critical risk — τηρέω word family: this same verb describes God’s keeping of believers (1:1, 1:21, 1:24) and the judgment-reserving of the disobedient (1:6, 1:13). Propose splitting by sense: protective-keeping = “bhüatn” (cf. the classic Bavarian blessing “Gott bhüat di” — God keep/protect you); reserved-for-judgment sense = “aufbwahrt”/“verwahrt”. A translator who renders both senses identically loses Jude’s deliberate irony; a translator who fails to recognize both are the same Greek root loses the letter’s structural argument
dwelling	οἰκητήριον	oikētērion	”dwelling place, habitation”	proper abode/realm	dwelling, abode, proper place	The angels abandoned their assigned heavenly realm	New term. Propose “Wohnung”/“ihre eigane Stätt” — Low risk
eternal chains	δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις	desmois aidiois	”everlasting bonds/fetters”	permanent, unbreakable imprisonment	eternal chains, everlasting bonds	Certain, unending confinement pending final judgment	New term. Propose “ewige Ketten” — Low-Medium risk
gloomy darkness	ζόφον	zophon	”gloom, murk”	dense darkness associated with the netherworld/place of judgment	gloomy darkness, thick darkness	Vivid, sensory picture of the fallen angels’ current confinement	New term. Propose “Dunkl”/“Finstanis” — Low risk
kept [for judgment]	τετήρηκεν	tetērēken	”has kept/reserved”	τηρέω again — see note above	has kept, has reserved	The negative pole of the τηρέω wordplay: reserved for a certain future judgment	Same Critical risk entry as above — “aufbwahrt/verwahrt” (negative sense), never “bhüatn” (positive/protective sense) here
judgment of the great day	κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας	krisin megalēs hēmeras	”judgment of a great day”	the final, eschatological Day of Judgment	judgment of the great day, the last judgment	Points to the same final Judgment awaiting the false teachers (v.4, v.15)	New term (judgment family, see 1:4) — reuse “s’Gricht”; add “vom groußn Tag” — Medium risk

Jude 1:7

“just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
Sodom and Gomorrah	Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα	Sodoma kai Gomorra	proper names	OT cities destroyed for wickedness (Gen 19)	Sodom and Gomorrah	Third OT/typological warning: total, visible, historical destruction as a “sample/exhibit” of final judgment	Standard proper names, per established German/Catholic Bible form “Sodom und Gomorrha” — Low risk; requires OT background (Genesis 19) for full comprehension
indulged in sexual immorality	ἐκπορνεύσασαι	ekporneusasai	”having fornicated thoroughly/openly”	intensified πορνεία root — flagrant, persistent sexual sin	committed sexual immorality, gave themselves over to sexual sin	Specific, named moral failure that brought total judgment	New term. Propose reuse of “Sünd” family with qualifier: “s’huarn/Unzucht triebn” — High risk: must retain moral seriousness without gratuitous vulgarity in a devotional-register text; recommend the more formal “Unzucht” over coarse dialect alternatives
unnatural desire (“strange flesh”)	σαρκὸς ἑτέρας	sarkos heteras	”flesh of another/different kind”	idiom for desire transgressing the created order	strange flesh, unnatural desire, perversion	Points to the specific moral disorder of Sodom as archetype of judgment on sexual sin	New term. Propose “widanatürliche Gluscht” — High risk: must remain doctrinally clear without becoming either euphemistic or crude
example	δεῖγμα	deigma	”sample, specimen, example”	visible demonstration/exhibit for others to see	example, exhibit, sample	Sodom’s destruction functions publicly and permanently as a warning-exhibit	New term. Propose “Beispiel”/“Vorbild (im negativn Sinn)” — Low-Medium risk
eternal fire	πυρὸς αἰωνίου	pyros aiōniou	”of everlasting fire”	unending judicial fire, not the literal fire that ceased after Sodom’s destruction but its eternal counterpart	eternal fire, everlasting fire	Points beyond the historical event to the ongoing, final judgment it typifies	New term. Propose “s’ewige Feuer” — Medium risk: well-grounded via Catholic hell-imagery tradition but must retain certainty/permanence, not become a vague metaphor
punishment	δίκην ὑπέχουσαι	dikēn hypechousai	”undergoing a penalty”	judicial penalty being suffered/borne	punishment, penalty	Ongoing consequence, not a one-time historical event alone	New term. Propose “a Strafe leidn/dahoim traga” — Low-Medium risk

Jude 1:8

“Yet in like manner these people also, relying on their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and blaspheme the glorious ones.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
dreaming	ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι	enypniazomenoi	”dreaming, given to dreams”	claiming visionary/dream authority for their teaching	dreaming, relying on visions	The false teachers claim spiritual authority via private “revelation” rather than the apostolic deposit of v.3	New term. Propose “Träumer”/“de wo si auf ihre Träum verlassn” — Low risk
defile the flesh	σάρκα μιαίνουσιν	sarka miainousin	”stain/pollute the flesh”	moral defilement through bodily/sexual sin	defile the flesh, pollute their bodies	Repeats the Sodom-pattern of moral corruption in the present false teachers	New term. Propose “s’Fleisch/den Leib vaunreinign” — Medium risk
reject authority	κυριότητα ἀθετοῦσιν	kyriotēta athetousin	”set aside/nullify lordship”	κυριότης shares the κύριος (“Lord”) root — rejecting rightful ruling authority	reject authority, despise lordship, scorn dominion	A direct echo of denying the “Lord” (κύριον) in v.4 — the false teachers’ core sin is resistance to legitimate authority, divine and possibly angelic/ecclesial	New term. Propose “d’Herrschaft (vom Herrn) ablehna” — High risk: shares the Critical-risk stakes of “Herr”/Lordship of Christ; must not be read as merely rejecting human institutional authority
blaspheme the glorious ones	δόξας βλασφημοῦσιν	doxas blasphēmousin	”revile/slander the glories”	δόξαι here (plural) = celestial dignitaries/angelic powers, NOT God’s own singular glory (δόξα)	blaspheme the glorious ones, revile angelic majesties, slander celestial beings	The false teachers’ irreverence extends even to speaking evil of angelic powers (cf. v.9’s contrast with Michael’s restraint)	New term, distinct sense from “Herrlichkeit” (God’s glory). Propose “de himmlischn Mächt/Herrlichkeitn schmähn” — High risk: must be kept clearly distinct from the reused “Herrlichkeit” (God’s own glory) so the two senses are not confused

Jude 1:9

“But when the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, disputed about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment, but said, ‘The Lord rebuke you.’”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
the archangel Michael	ὁ ἀρχάγγελος…Μιχαήλ	ho archangelos…Michaēl	”the chief/ruling angel Michael”	ranking angelic figure named in Daniel; the only NT occurrence of “archangel” as a title	archangel Michael	Contrasts sharply with the false teachers: even a being of Michael’s rank shows restraint toward the devil, unlike the false teachers’ reckless slander of “glorious ones” (v.8)	New term. Propose “da Erzengel Michael” — Medium risk: positively grounded (St. Michael is a well-known patron figure in Bavarian church dedications, e.g. St. Michael Munich), but must be kept distinct from generic “Schutzengerl” folk piety
the devil	ὁ διάβολος	ho diabolos	”the slanderer, accuser”	the personal, singular adversary of God and believers	the devil, Satan, the accuser	Real personal spiritual adversary, contended with even by an archangel	New term. Propose “da Teufel” (dialect “da Deife/Teifi”) — High risk: Alpine Bavarian folk culture (Perchtenlauf processions, Krampus-adjacent devil-mask traditions) carries strong folkloric, semi-comic devil imagery that risks softening the real, malicious spiritual adversary Jude describes
body of Moses	Μωϋσέως σώματος	Mōuseōs sōmatos	”the body/corpse of Moses”	refers to an extrabiblical Jewish tradition about a dispute over Moses’ burial	body of Moses	Draws on a known extra-canonical Jewish tradition, not narrated in the OT text itself	Proper noun “Moses” per established German Bible form — Low risk; requires background note that this alludes to Jewish tradition outside the OT narrative
did not presume/dare	οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν	ouk etolmēsen	”did not dare/venture”	restraint despite standing/authority to act	did not dare, did not presume, refrained	Models proper restraint before a powerful spiritual adversary — a rebuke to the false teachers’ reckless irreverence	New term. Propose “hod si net traut” — Low risk
blasphemous judgment	κρίσιν…βλασφημίας	krisin…blasphēmias	”a judgment of slander/blasphemy”	a slanderous verdict/pronouncement	blasphemous judgment, reviling accusation	Even in confronting evil, Michael avoids reviling speech — the opposite of the false teachers’ pattern (v.8, v.10)	Reuse judgment + blaspheme families noted above — Medium risk
The Lord rebuke you	Ἐπιτιμήσαι σοι κύριος	Epitimēsai soi kyrios	”May the Lord rebuke/reprimand you”	ἐπιτιμάω = to charge/rebuke with authority	The Lord rebuke you	Michael defers all judgment to God rather than pronouncing it himself — a model of appropriate restraint under divine authority	New term ἐπιτιμάω. Propose “Der Herr soll di strafn” — Medium risk: must retain solemn judicial-rebuke sense, not read as a casual scolding idiom

Jude 1:10

“But these people blaspheme all that they do not understand, and they are destroyed by all that they, like unreasoning animals, understand instinctively.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
blaspheme	βλασφημοῦσιν	blasphēmousin	”revile, slander”	see v.8 note	blaspheme, revile, slander	The false teachers speak evil of spiritual realities they do not comprehend	Reuse v.8/v.9 blaspheme family — High risk
irrational animals	ἄλογα ζῷα	aloga zōa	”unreasoning creatures”	animals lacking reasoning capacity, used as a picture of base instinct-driven behavior	irrational animals, unreasoning creatures, brute beasts	The false teachers are reduced, morally, to acting on unreflective instinct rather than reasoned understanding of truth	New term. Propose “vernunftlose Viecher” — Low risk
destroyed	φθείρονται	phtheirontai	”are corrupted/ruined”	moral decay/ruin	are destroyed, are corrupted, perish	Self-inflicted moral ruin through instinct-driven indulgence	New term. Propose “geh zgrund”/“vaderbn” — Medium risk

Jude 1:11

“Woe to them! For they walked in the way of Cain and abandoned themselves for pay to Balaam’s error and perished in Korah’s rebellion.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
Woe	οὐαί	ouai	”woe!“	prophetic pronouncement of coming judgment/lament	woe, alas, disaster awaits	An OT-prophetic judgment-formula, escalating the letter’s severity	New term. Propose “Weh eahna!” — Low risk
way of Cain	τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν	tē hodō tou Kain	”the road/path of Cain”	a pattern of life/conduct named after Cain (murderous jealousy, false worship)	the way of Cain	First of three named OT rebellion-types capping the false-teacher indictment	Proper noun “Kain” (established German Bible form) + New term “Weg”/“Weg vom Kain” — Medium risk (requires OT background, Genesis 4)
Balaam’s error	τῇ πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαάμ	tē planē tou Balaam	”the deception/error of Balaam”	πλάνη = wandering off course, deception; Balaam’s specific sin of prophesying for hire	Balaam’s error, Balaam’s deception	Second named type: corrupting truth for profit — directly echoes the false teachers’ greed (v.16)	Proper noun rendered per established German/Catholic Bible convention “Bileam” (not the English “Balaam”) + New term “Irrweg”/“Verführung” for πλάνη — Medium risk (proper-name form must follow German convention, not a literal transliteration of the English)
for pay/hire	μισθοῦ	misthou	”for wages”	financial motive corrupting ministry	for pay, for hire, for profit	Names the specific motive — greed — driving the false teachers, matching v.16’s “flattering for advantage”	New term. Propose “fürs Göld”/“gegn Bezahlung” — Medium risk
Korah’s rebellion	τῇ ἀντιλογίᾳ τοῦ Κόρε	tē antilogia tou Kore	”the contradiction/rebellion of Korah”	ἀντιλογία = speaking against, rebellion against established authority	Korah’s rebellion, Korah’s defiance	Third named type: rebellion against God-appointed authority (Numbers 16) — echoes v.8’s rejection of authority	Proper noun rendered per established German/Catholic convention “Korach” (not English “Korah”) + New term “Aufstand”/“Widerspruch” for ἀντιλογία — Medium risk
perished	ἀπώλοντο	apōlonto	”were destroyed”	same root family as v.5’s ἀπώλεσεν	perished, were destroyed	Ties Korah’s fate to the same judgment pattern as Israel’s unbelief (v.5)	Reuse v.5 “destroyed” family — High risk

Jude 1:12

“These are hidden reefs at your love feasts, as they feast with you without fear, shepherds feeding themselves; waterless clouds, swept along by winds; fruitless trees in late autumn, twice dead, uprooted.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
love feasts	ἀγάπαις	agapais	”loves” (plural of ἀγάπη, technical sense here)	early-church shared communal fellowship meals, closely associated with (though distinct from) the Lord’s Supper	love feasts, agape feasts, fellowship meals	The false teachers corrupt the church’s most intimate communal worship gatherings	New term. Propose “Liabsmahl”/“Agapefeier” — High risk: a Bavarian Catholic hearer may reduce this to an ordinary parish potluck rather than a sacred fellowship occasion adjacent to the Lord’s Supper; recommend an explanatory gloss in teaching materials
hidden reefs (or: blemishes)	σπιλάδες	spilades	”reefs” or “stains” (disputed sense)	either submerged rocks that wreck ships, or moral “blemishes/stains” — genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek	hidden reefs, blemishes, spots	A vivid image of hidden danger within the fellowship itself	New term, genuinely ambiguous. Propose “Riff” (reef sense, preferred for imagery) with “Schandflecken” (blemish sense) as the recorded alternative — Medium risk, flag for native-speaker review per ambiguity-handling protocol
feast without fear	συνευωχούμενοι ἀφόβως	syneuōchoumenoi aphobōs	”feasting together fearlessly”	shameless, undeterred participation in sacred fellowship while corrupt	feast without fear, feast shamelessly	Highlights brazen hypocrisy — participating in sacred fellowship without any reverence or self-awareness	New term. Propose “ohne Furcht mitfeiern” — Medium risk
shepherding themselves	ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες	heautous poimainontes	”feeding/shepherding themselves”	self-serving leadership, inverting the shepherd metaphor from care of others to self-indulgence	shepherds feeding only themselves, self-serving shepherds	A direct indictment of corrupt spiritual leadership, echoing OT shepherd-of-Israel imagery	New term. Propose “hüatn nur si selm” — Medium risk
waterless clouds	νεφέλαι ἄνυδροι	nephelai anydroi	”clouds without water”	promise without substance/fulfillment	waterless clouds, empty clouds	They promise spiritual nourishment (like rain-clouds) but deliver nothing	New term. Propose “wasserlose Wolken” — Low risk
fruitless trees	δένδρα…ἄκαρπα	dendra…akarpa	”unfruitful trees”	barrenness despite appearing to be a fruit-bearing tree	fruitless trees, barren trees	Outward appearance of spiritual life with no genuine fruit	New term. Propose “unfruchtbare Bam” — Low risk
twice dead, uprooted	δὶς ἀποθανόντα, ἐκριζωθέντα	dis apothanonta, ekrizōthenta	”died twice, torn up by the roots”	total, irreversible spiritual deadness and removal	twice dead and uprooted, doubly dead, torn out by the roots	Total spiritual deadness with no possibility of renewed life — a severe image	New term. Propose “zwiefach gstorbn, ausgrissn mit da Wurzl” — Medium risk

Jude 1:13

“wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom is reserved the gloom of utter darkness forever.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
wild waves	κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης	kymata agria thalassēs	”savage waves of the sea”	uncontrolled, destructive turbulence	wild waves, raging waves	Their teaching produces only chaos and destructive foam, not life	New term. Propose “wilde Wellng vom Mea” — Low risk
foaming up their own shame	ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας	epaphrizonta tas heautōn aischynas	”foaming up their own shames”	what surfaces from them is only shameful residue	foaming up their own shame, spewing out their disgrace	Their words/deeds surface only disgraceful evidence of their corruption	New term. Propose “spein/schäumen ihre eigane Schand aussa” — Medium risk
wandering stars	ἀστέρες πλανῆται	asteres planētai	”wandering/errant stars”	astronomical image of bodies that do not keep a fixed, reliable course (unlike fixed stars used for navigation)	wandering stars, erratic stars	Unlike a reliable guiding star, the false teachers lead people astray, matching πλάνη (“error”) in v.11	New term. Propose “irrende Sterna” — Low-Medium risk
gloom of utter darkness, reserved forever	ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται	ho zophos tou skotous eis aiōna tetērētai	”the gloom of the darkness has been kept/reserved forever”	τηρέω again — the negative “reserved for judgment” sense (cf. v.6)	reserved forever, kept for all eternity in darkness	Closes the false-teacher indictment with the same τηρέω term used for the fallen angels (v.6), tying the false teachers to the same fate	Reuse Critical τηρέω-family entry (v.6) — negative sense “verwahrt/aufbwahrt”, never “bhüatn” here

Jude 1:14

“It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, ‘Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones,‘“

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
Enoch	Ἑνώχ	Henōch	proper name	pre-Flood patriarch (Genesis 5), quoted here from a non-canonical text (1 Enoch) as a true prophetic utterance	Enoch	Jude cites material outside the Hebrew canon as a genuine prophetic word about final judgment — a notable interpretive point for teaching	Standard German Bible form “Henoch” — Low risk as a name, but High-value teaching note: this citation from extrabiblical literature (1 Enoch) requires careful framing so as not to imply the whole book of 1 Enoch is canonical Scripture
prophesied	Προεφήτευσεν	Proephēteusen	”prophesied”	God-inspired declaration of future judgment	prophesied, foretold	[reuse: Romans TM] family — “Weissogung”/“Prophet” — Low risk
the seventh from Adam	ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδάμ	hebdomos apo Adam	”seventh [generation] from Adam”	genealogical marker establishing Enoch’s antiquity and authority	seventh from Adam	Establishes the deep antiquity of this warning — judgment has been foretold since nearly the beginning of human history	New term. Straightforward — “da Siebte noch am Adam” — Low risk
holy ones	ἁγίαις μυριάσιν	hagiais myriasin	”holy myriads/ten-thousands”	vast angelic host accompanying divine judgment	holy ones, holy myriads, ten thousands of his holy ones	Pictures the Lord’s return in overwhelming angelic glory to execute judgment	Reuse “heilig” [Romans TM] + New term “Myriadn/Tausende” — Medium risk

Jude 1:15

“to execute judgment on all and to convict all the ungodly of all their deeds of ungodliness that they have committed in such an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
execute judgment	ποιῆσαι κρίσιν	poiēsai krisin	”to do/carry out judgment”	reuse judgment family	execute judgment, carry out judgment	The direct outcome of the Lord’s coming, foretold by Enoch	Reuse “s’Gricht” family — Medium risk
convict	ἐλέγξαι	elegxai	”to expose, prove guilty”	judicial exposure of wrongdoing, not mere accusation	convict, expose, prove guilty	Final judgment includes total exposure of the false teachers’ guilt, not just punishment	New term. Propose “übazeugn (vo da Schuld)”/“aufdecka” — Medium risk
ungodly (fourfold repetition)	ἀσεβεῖς / ἀσεβείας / ἠσέβησαν	asebeis / asebeias / ēsebēsan	”ungodly / of ungodliness / they acted ungodly”	Jude piles up the ἀσεβ- root four times in one verse for rhetorical emphasis	ungodly, ungodliness, acted in an ungodly way	The single most emphatic verse in the letter for this term — the rhetorical repetition itself must survive translation as far as natural Bavarian syntax allows	Reuse “gottlos” family — High risk, intensified: translators should be alerted that a flattened, single-occurrence rendering would lose Jude’s deliberate rhetorical hammering
harsh things spoken	τῶν σκληρῶν ὧν ἐλάλησαν	tōn sklērōn hōn elalēsan	”the harsh things which they spoke”	defiant, hostile speech against God	harsh things, hard/insolent words	Points back to v.8/v.10’s speech-sins (blasphemy, reviling)	New term. Propose “de haddn Wort, wo gsagt worn san” — Low-Medium risk

Jude 1:16

“These are grumblers, malcontents, following their own sinful desires; they are loud-mouthed boasters, showing favoritism to gain advantage.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
grumblers	γογγυσταί	gongystai	”murmurers”	complaint against God/his appointed order (echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling)	grumblers, complainers	Ties back to the wilderness-generation typology of v.5	New term. Propose “Nörgler” (rejecting “Grantler” as primary choice) — High-Medium risk: “Grantler” is the more idiomatically vivid, authentically Bavarian word, but risks activating the affectionate, comic “lovable Bavarian grump” cultural stereotype rather than Jude’s serious indictment of rebellion against God; “Nörgler” is the safer register
malcontents	μεμψίμοιροι	mempsimoiroi	”fault-finders with one’s lot”	dissatisfaction with one’s God-appointed circumstances	malcontents, fault-finders	Discontent with what God has assigned, paired with grumbling	New term. Propose “Unzufriedene” — Low-Medium risk
following their own desires	κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἑαυτῶν πορευόμενοι	kata tas epithymias heautōn poreuomenoi	”walking according to their own lusts”	ἐπιθυμία = strong desire/craving, often morally negative	following their own desires, walking after their own lusts	Self-rule by appetite rather than submission to God — the opposite of “obedience of faith”	New term. Propose “eahna eigane Gluscht noch trapfa” — Medium risk: “Gluscht” is an authentic, vivid Bavarian dialect word for craving, but must retain the moral-negative weight, not read merely as a harmless everyday appetite (“a Gluscht auf a Bier hom”)
loud-mouthed boasters	τὸ στόμα…λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα	to stoma…lalei hyperogka	”the mouth speaks bombastic/swollen things”	grandiose, self-important speech	loud-mouthed boasters, speaking great swelling words	Empty, self-aggrandizing speech, contrasted with the sober apostolic word (v.17)	New term. Propose “redn große aufgeblasene Wort” — Low-Medium risk
showing favoritism for advantage	θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν	thaumazontes prosōpa ōpheleias charin	”admiring faces for the sake of profit”	flattery aimed at personal gain	flattering people for advantage, showing favoritism for gain	Names the greed-motive again (echoing “Balaam’s error, for pay,” v.11)	New term. Propose “Leut schmeicheln wegn ana Vorteil” — Low-Medium risk

Jude 1:17

“But you must remember, beloved, the predictions of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
remember	μνήσθητε	mnēsthēte	”remember, call to mind”	echoes v.5’s ὑπομνῆσαι	remember, recall, call to mind	The pivot back to positive exhortation: recall settled apostolic teaching rather than novel claims	New term. Propose “denkts drau” — Low risk
the apostles	τῶν ἀποστόλων	tōn apostolōn	”the apostles”	delegated, authoritative founders/overseers of the church	the apostles	The apostles’ own words, already given, are the standard against which the false teachers are measured — reinforcing v.3’s “faith once delivered”	[reuse: Romans TM] “Apostl” — Low risk
words foretold	τῶν ῥημάτων τῶν προειρημένων	tōn rhēmatōn tōn proeirēmenōn	”the words previously spoken”	prior apostolic warning about coming false teachers	predictions, words foretold, what was said beforehand	The rise of false teachers was itself apostolically predicted — not a surprise but a confirmation	New term. Propose “Wort, de vorausgsagt worn san” — Low risk

Jude 1:18

“They said to you, ‘In the last time there will be scoffers, following their own ungodly passions.’”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
the last time	ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτου χρόνου	ep’ eschatou chronou	”in the last/final time”	the present church-age period preceding Christ’s return	the last time, the last days, the end times	Places the false teachers’ rise within an eschatological framework already anticipated by the apostles	New term. Propose “in da letztn Zeit” — Medium risk: must convey the whole church-age eschatological horizon, not a vague folk-apocalyptic doom-feeling
scoffers	ἐμπαῖκται	empaiktai	”mockers”	those who ridicule/mock truth and God’s promises	scoffers, mockers	Direct fulfillment of apostolic prediction in the persons of the current false teachers	New term. Propose “Spötter” — Medium risk
following their own ungodly passions	κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν	kata tas heautōn epithymias poreuomenoi tōn asebeiōn	”walking according to their own desires of ungodlinesses”	reuse ἐπιθυμία (v.16) and ἀσέβεια family	following their own ungodly lusts	Repeats and confirms v.16’s diagnosis — self-rule by appetite, defined as active ungodliness	Reuse “Gluscht” and “gottlos” families — Medium-High risk

Jude 1:19

“It is these who cause divisions, worldly people, devoid of the Spirit.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
cause divisions	ἀποδιορίζοντες	apodiorizontes	”marking off/separating out” (a rare, possibly coined term)	creating factions/schisms within the community	cause divisions, separate themselves, create factions	The false teachers fracture the “common salvation”/unity emphasized in v.3	New term. Propose “Spaltung macha”/“si selbst absondern” — Medium risk
worldly (soulish)	ψυχικοί	psychikoi	”of the soul, natural”	Pauline anthropological term contrasting ψυχή (“soul/natural life”) with πνεῦμα (“spirit”); “unregenerate,” lacking the Spirit	worldly, unspiritual, natural (i.e., merely human)	A category distinct from mere immorality: these people operate on merely human/natural capacity, without the Spirit’s life	New term. High risk, register-gap: no native Bavarian dialect word exists for this NT soul/spirit anthropological distinction (parallel to the “Gerechtigkeit”/“Rechtfertigung” register-gap pattern documented in the Romans baseline). Propose a circumlocution rather than a single-word coinage: “Menschen ohne Gottes Geist” (people without God’s Spirit), reinforced by the following clause
devoid of the Spirit	πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες	pneuma mē echontes	”not having [the] Spirit”	lacking the indwelling Holy Spirit	not having the Spirit, without the Spirit	Confirms the ψυχικοί diagnosis: their fundamental deficiency is the absence of the Holy Spirit’s presence, not merely bad behavior	[reuse: Romans TM] “Heiliger Geist” family — Medium risk

Jude 1:20

“But you, beloved, building yourselves up in your most holy faith and praying in the Holy Spirit,“

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
building yourselves up	ἐποικοδομοῦντες	epoikodomountes	”building up further/upon [a foundation]“	growth-in-community metaphor of construction on an existing foundation	building yourselves up, building up	The positive counter-response to the false teachers’ destruction: mutual, active growth in truth	New term. Propose “aufbaua” — Low-Medium risk
most holy faith	τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ…πίστει	tē hagiōtatē…pistei	”the most holy faith” (superlative)	same “faith” sense as v.3 — the fixed apostolic deposit — intensified with a superlative adjective	most holy faith, our most sacred faith	The apostolic deposit believers must be built up in, described with maximum reverence	Reuse “heilig” [Romans TM] + “Glaam” [Romans TM] — combined “heiligsta Glaam” — Medium risk
praying in the Holy Spirit	ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ προσευχόμενοι	en pneumati hagiō proseuchomenoi	”praying by/in [the] Holy Spirit”	Spirit-empowered, Spirit-directed prayer	praying in the Holy Spirit, Spirit-led prayer	Direct contrast with the ψυχικοί of v.19, who lack the Spirit entirely	[reuse: Romans TM] “Heiliger Geist” — Medium risk

Jude 1:21

“keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that leads to eternal life.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
keep yourselves	τηρήσατε	tērēsate	”keep, guard yourselves” (imperative)	τηρέω again — the imperative human-responsibility side of the same word-family used for God’s keeping (v.1, v.24) and judgment-reserving (v.6, v.13)	keep yourselves, guard yourselves	Believers are commanded to actively “keep” themselves even while ultimately relying on God who “is able to keep” them (v.24) — the letter’s central pastoral paradox of divine preservation and human responsibility	Same Critical τηρέω-family entry as v.1, v.6, v.13, v.24 — positive sense, “bhüatn” (cf. “Gott bhüat di”); here specifically the imperative reflexive form, “bhüats eich”
in the love of God	ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ	en agapē theou	”in God’s love”	the sphere/relationship of remaining within God’s covenantal love	in the love of God, within God’s love	The sphere in which believers are to actively remain, distinct from the mere external safety net of divine keeping	New term (ἀγάπη, general sense). Propose “in Gottes Liab” — Medium risk
mercy	ἔλεος	eleos	”mercy, compassion”	God’s compassionate favor toward those in need/distress, especially the undeserving	mercy	Central term for the doctrine “Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering”; distinct emphasis from “grace” (χάρις) — mercy specifically addresses distress/need, grace specifically addresses merit	New term. Propose “Barmherzigkeit” — High risk: register-gap term borrowed from standard German (parallel to “Gerechtigkeit”/“Rechtfertigung”); Bavarian Catholic devotional culture (frequent confession, “Göttliche Barmherzigkeit” devotion) carries strong existing associations that must be aligned with — not replaced by — Jude’s specific sense of end-time rescue
eternal life	ζωὴν αἰώνιον	zōēn aiōnion	”life everlasting”	unending resurrection life in God’s presence	eternal life, everlasting life	The final goal toward which the whole preservation process (kept, waiting, receiving mercy) moves	New term. Propose “s’ewige Lebm” — Medium risk: must not be reduced to a vague folk-notion of “the hereafter” but retain personal, resurrection-life specificity

Jude 1:22–23

“And have mercy on those who doubt; save others by snatching them out of the fire; and on some have mercy with fear, hating even the garment stained by the flesh.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
have mercy	ἐλεᾶτε	eleate	”show mercy, have compassion” (imperative)	verb form of ἔλεος (v.21)	have mercy on, be compassionate toward	The believers’ own responsibility to extend the same mercy God has shown them (v.21) toward struggling members of the community	New term, tied to v.21’s High-risk “Barmherzigkeit”. Propose verb “daschbarma/erbarma” — High risk: this is the doctrinal core of “Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering” — must convey active, costly compassion, not a passive or condescending pity
those who doubt/waver	διακρινομένους	diakrinomenous	”those disputing/wavering/making distinctions [in themselves]“	those caught in genuine doubt or internal division, not yet fully lost	those who doubt, the wavering, those who dispute	Distinguishes struggling, wavering believers from the hardened false teachers described earlier — a pastorally crucial distinction	New term. Propose “de wo zweifln”/“de Wankelmütign” — Medium risk: must be clearly distinguished from the false teachers proper, since this group is to be shown mercy and rescued, not simply condemned
save	σῴζετε	sōzete	”save, rescue”	reuse “salvation” family	save, rescue	Active, urgent human effort in cooperation with God’s rescuing mercy	[reuse: Romans TM] “Erlösung” family — High risk per baseline
snatching out of the fire	ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες	ek pyros harpazontes	”seizing/snatching out of fire”	urgent, forceful rescue from imminent danger	snatching out of the fire, pulling from the flames, rescuing at the last moment	Vivid picture of urgent intervention before it is too late — echoes the “eternal fire” of v.7 as the destiny some are being pulled back from	New term. Propose “aus’m Feuer aussareissn” — Medium risk
with fear	ἐν φόβῳ	en phobō	”with fear/caution”	careful, humble caution in rescuing others, aware of one’s own vulnerability to the same corruption	with fear, with caution, carefully	Mercy toward the wavering must be exercised with self-aware caution, not careless proximity to sin	New term. Propose “mit Furcht”/“mit Vorsicht” — Low-Medium risk
garment stained by the flesh	τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα	ton apo tēs sarkos espilōmenon chitōna	”the tunic stained from the flesh”	metaphor (likely drawn from ritual-purity imagery) for even indirect contamination by others’ sin	garment stained by the flesh, defiled clothing	Believers must hate/avoid even indirect contamination while still rescuing the person — a careful balance of compassion and holiness	New term. Propose “s’Gwand, wo vom Fleisch bfleckt is” — Medium risk

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Part 2 — Remainder of Jude Chapter 1 (vv.1–2, 24–25)

Jude is a single-chapter book; together with Part 1 above, this section completes coverage of the entire book, first verse to last.

Jude 1:1–2 (Salutation)

“Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ: May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
Jude	Ἰούδας	Ioudas	proper name	the author, brother of James (likely the Lord’s half-brother)	Jude, Judas	Establishes authorship and family connection to James	Standard German/Catholic Bible form “Judas”, disambiguated in headers/titles as “Jude” (the epistle) to avoid confusion with Judas Iscariot — Low risk but requires an explicit disambiguating note for the target audience
servant	δοῦλος	doulos	”slave, bondservant”	one wholly owned by and devoted to a master; a term of honor when applied to service to Christ, not degradation	servant, slave, bondservant	Jude identifies his whole identity and authority as owned by/devoted to Christ, echoing the δεσπότης/κύριος pairing of v.4	New term. Propose “Knecht” (the traditional Bavarian rural farmhand/bondservant term) — High risk: “Knecht” is culturally vivid and grounded in Bavarian agrarian life, but risks either (a) sounding too low-status/exploited (hired farmhand under a master) rather than honored devotion, or (b) being softened into “helper/servant” losing the total-ownership nuance of δοῦλος; must be handled alongside the δεσπότης entry (v.4) for consistency
James	Ἰακώβου	Iakōbou	proper name	Jude’s brother, likely James the Just, leader of the Jerusalem church	James	Establishes Jude’s family/apostolic-circle credibility	Standard German Bible form “Jakobus” — Low risk
called	κλητοῖς	klētois	”called ones”	reuse baseline sense: summoned by God, ranging from vocational to salvific calling	called, the called	The whole congregation is addressed by their fundamental identity as God’s called ones — same term-family as Romans 1:6-7	[reuse: Romans TM] “beruafa”/“Beruafung” — Medium/High risk per baseline; here in the salvific sense
kept for Jesus Christ	Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ τετηρημένοις	Iēsou Christō tetērēmenois	”having been kept for Jesus Christ”	τηρέω again, positive sense	kept for Jesus Christ, preserved for Jesus Christ	The very first occurrence of the letter’s central τηρέω wordplay, establishing from the outset that believers’ security is God’s own keeping-work, not their own effort alone	Same Critical τηρέω-family entry — positive sense “bhüatn”/“bhüat” (cf. “Gott bhüat di”)
mercy, peace, love	ἔλεος καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη	eleos kai eirēnē kai agapē	”mercy and peace and love”	triad of covenantal blessings	mercy, peace, and love (be multiplied)	An expanded threefold greeting-blessing (Paul typically uses only “grace and peace”)	ἔλεος = “Barmherzigkeit” (see v.21, High risk); εἰρήνη = [reuse: Romans TM] “Friad” (Low risk); ἀγάπη = “Liab” (Medium risk, new term, see v.12)
multiplied	πληθυνθείη	plēthyntheiē	”may [it] be multiplied/increased”	abundant increase, a wish/prayer-optative	be multiplied, increase abundantly	An optative prayer-wish for abundant increase of these blessings among the readers	New term. Propose “soll sich mehrn”/“reichlich wern” — Low risk

Jude 1:24–25 (Doxology)

“Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen.”

Term (EN)	Greek	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Bavarian Rendering & Risk
able to guard/keep	δυναμένῳ φυλάξαι	dynamenō phylaxai	”being able to guard/protect”	φυλάσσω, a near-synonym of τηρέω, emphasizing protective guarding from harm/danger	able to keep, able to guard, able to protect	The letter’s climactic answer to its own central tension: it is God, not human effort alone, who is able to keep believers secure to the end — the doctrine “Kept by God and Presented Blameless”	Grouped with the Critical τηρέω-family entry — propose “bhüatn”/“beschützn” for φυλάσσω as well, since both verbs converge here on the same protective sense; translators must preserve the emphatic “is able to” (God’s capability, not human striving)
without stumbling	ἀπταίστους	aptaistous	”without stumbling/falling”	secure, unfaltering preservation	without stumbling, without falling, secure	The positive outcome of God’s keeping-power, the opposite of the false teachers’ “stumbling-block” pattern throughout the letter	New term. Propose “ohne dass ma strauchlt”/“ohne Fehltritt” — Medium risk
present…before the presence of his glory	στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ	stēsai katenōpion tēs doxēs autou	”to make [you] stand in the very presence of his glory”	formal, judicial/ceremonial presentation before a sovereign	present you, make you stand before, bring you into the presence of his glory	Believers will be formally, personally presented before God’s own glory — a picture of final, secure acceptance	New term. Propose “vor sei Herrlichkeit hifüahrn”/“hischtelln” — reuse [Romans TM] “Herrlichkeit” for δόξα (God’s own glory, singular sense — distinct from the plural δόξαι of v.8) — Medium risk
blameless	ἀμώμους	amōmous	”without blemish/fault”	forensic/positional standing before God, not self-achieved sinless perfection	blameless, without fault, unblemished	Echoes OT sacrificial-animal imagery (without blemish) applied to believers’ final standing before God — a granted status, paralleling the caution already flagged for “imputed righteousness”	New term. Propose “ohne Tadl”/“fehlerfrei” — Medium risk: must be understood as a granted, forensic standing secured by God’s keeping-power (v.24a), not a self-achieved moral perfection
with great joy	ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει	en agalliasei	”with exultant joy”	intense, celebratory joy, often used of eschatological rejoicing	with great joy, with exultation, with rejoicing	The tone of the final presentation is celebratory, not merely relieved or anxious	New term. Propose “mit groußn Jubel”/“mit große Freid” — Low risk
the only God, our Savior	μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν	monō theō sōtēri hēmōn	”to the only God, our Savior”	σωτήρ = one who rescues/saves; here applied to God the Father as the ultimate source of salvation, with Christ named immediately after as the mediating agent	God our Savior, the only Savior God	Must be handled with Trinitarian precision: God the Father is “our Savior” here, and salvation comes specifically “through Jesus Christ our Lord” — the doxology names both without confusing the Persons	New term (σωτήρ as title). Propose “Heiland” — High risk: “Heiland” is the classic, deeply warm Bavarian/Alpine folk-Catholic devotional title (well known from Christmas carols and Krippenspiel nativity tradition) almost always applied narrowly to Christ; here it must be applied first to God the Father, with Christ named as the mediating agent (“durch Jesus Christus”), requiring careful phrasing to avoid Trinitarian confusion or the impression that “Heiland” here means something different than its usual referent
through Jesus Christ our Lord	διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν	dia Iēsou Christou tou kyriou hēmōn	”through Jesus Christ our Lord”	Christ as the mediating agent of the Father’s saving work	through Jesus Christ our Lord	Clarifies the Trinitarian structure of the doxology: glory to God the Father, accomplished/mediated through the Lord Jesus Christ	[reuse: Romans TM] “Jesus” + “Herr” — Critical risk per baseline
glory, majesty, dominion, authority	δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία	doxa megalōsynē kratos kai exousia	”glory, greatness, might, and authority”	fourfold ascription of praise-attributes to God	glory, majesty, power, and authority	The letter’s climactic ascription of praise, affirming God’s total sovereign supremacy — the final answer to the false teachers’ rejection of “lordship” and “authority” (vv.4, 8)	δόξα = [reuse: Romans TM] “Herrlichkeit”; μεγαλωσύνη = new term, propose “Majestät” (Low risk); κράτος = new term, propose “Macht” (Medium risk); ἐξουσία = new term, propose “Vollmacht” (Medium risk) — together these must read as a deliberate accumulation of praise-terms, not redundant synonyms
before all time, now, and forever	πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας	pro pantos tou aiōnos kai nyn kai eis pantas tous aiōnas	”before all the age, and now, and unto all the ages”	God’s eternal, timeless sovereignty spanning past, present, and endless future	before all time and now and forever, from eternity past through eternity future	Closes the letter by anchoring all the preceding warnings and assurances in God’s changeless eternal sovereignty	New term. Propose “vor aller Zeit, jetzt und für olle Ewigkeit” — Low-Medium risk
Amen	ἀμήν	amēn	”truly, so be it”	liturgical affirmation	Amen	Standard closing affirmation	Transliterated per established convention “Amen” (per baseline Romans transliteration standards document) — Low risk

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This document, together with 08_core_glossary.md, extends the baseline Romans Language Package to the Jude curriculum without contradicting any established baseline rendering. All “[reuse: Romans TM]” terms must be enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. New terms proposed here require formal addition to translation memory (with version increment) before Phase 2 processing, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.