Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book of Mark. It is organized into two parts:
- Part A — Reused Terms: terms already established in the baseline Romans Language Package (
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json). These MUST be reused with exactly the recorded Bavarian rendering and risk tier; this table exists to confirm coverage and record where each term occurs in Mark. - Part B — New Terms: terms required for Mark’s distinctive vocabulary, not present in the baseline package. These are proposed for addition to translation memory, with full risk assessment following the same methodology as the baseline (Critical / High / Medium / Low, per
doctrine_risk_registry.json’s risk definitions).
Citation convention: “Markus X,Y” in destination-language output (per the established package convention); “Mark X:Y” used here for internal English-language readability.
Part A — Terms Reused from the Baseline Romans Language Package
| Term | Bavarian Term (unchanged) | Risk (baseline) | Key Mark Passages | Mark-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Evangelium | Medium | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Mark 1:1 uses it as the book’s own title, an even stronger foundational usage than in Romans. |
| faith | Glaam | Medium | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 6:6, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24 | Frequently paired with healing/deliverance narratives, not only doctrinal exposition as in Romans. |
| kingdom of God | s’Reich vo Gott | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25 | Central organizing theme of the whole Gospel (“Kingdom of God Breaking In” doctrine); Mark 1:15’s “has come near” (perfect tense) must retain its already-arriving nuance. |
| holy spirit | Heiliger Geist | Medium | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | 3:29’s blasphemy against the Spirit raises the stakes of this term considerably beyond its Romans usage. |
| son of god | Sohn vo Gott | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 | Climactic confession at 15:39 spoken by a Gentile centurion at the cross — highest pedagogical priority occurrence. |
| lord | Herr | High | 1:3, 2:28, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37, 13:35 | 12:36-37’s “Lord” riddle (Ps 110) directly raises the Deity of Christ question Mark resolves at 14:61-62. |
| sin | Sünd | High | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 2:15-17, 3:28-29 | 2:7’s scribal objection (“only God can forgive sins”) makes the sin-forgiveness link to divine identity explicit in Mark in a way Romans does not narratively dramatize. |
| law | Gsetz | High | 1:44, 2:23-28, 7:1-13, 10:2-9, 12:28-34 | Sabbath and purity-law controversies dominate Mark’s use far more than Romans’ abstract law-gospel argument. |
| glory | Herrlichkeit | Medium | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | 10:37 (core passage) ironically requested before the necessity of suffering is grasped. |
| covenant | Bund | Medium | 14:24 | ”Blood of the covenant” at the Last Supper; echoes 10:45’s “for many.” |
| election | Erwählung | High | (cognate use, see “elect” in Part B) | See Part B “elect / chosen” for the Mark-specific derived form. |
| father | Voda | Medium | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | 14:36 pairs with “Abba” at Gethsemane, a sobering complement to the baseline’s adoption-confidence framing. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | 14:36 | Same Aramaic intimacy term as Romans 8:15, here in anguished submission rather than adopted confidence. |
| jesus | Jesus | Low | throughout | Stable. |
| god | Gott | Medium | throughout | Stable; “Herrgott” reserved for folk-devotional register only, per baseline caution. |
| messiah | Messias | Medium | 1:1, 8:29, 14:61 | 8:29’s confession triggers the Messianic Secret’s central silencing command (8:30). |
| resurrection | Aufersteh’ng | Medium | 6:14, 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6 | Occurs far more frequently and centrally than in Romans, structuring the three passion predictions. |
| israel | Israel | Medium | 12:29, 15:32 | Minimal distinct Mark usage; baseline caution about state-conflation still applies. |
| david | David | Low | 2:25-26, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | See Part B “son of David” for the distinct titular usage. |
| moses | Moses | Low | 1:44, 7:10, 9:4-5, 10:3-4, 12:19, 12:26 | Frequent OT-law citation figure; appears alongside Elijah at the Transfiguration (9:4). |
| apostle | Apostl | Low | 3:14, 6:30 | ”The Twelve” (de Zwölf) used as the more frequent group designation in Mark. |
Part B — New Terms for Mark (Proposed Translation Memory Additions)
| Term | Category | Risk | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Literal / Core Meaning | Bavarian Rendering | Transliteration (alt. spelling) | Key Mark Passages | Doctrine Link | Rendering Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| son_of_man | Christology | Critical | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Son of Man (Daniel 7 heavenly figure + genuine human suffering) | Menschensohn | Menschnsohn | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33-34, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret | No native coinage; borrowed compound. Concealed authority-claim requires explicit Daniel 7 background teaching, since the surface phrase reads as mere “human being” to an unprepared hearer. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| cross | Christology/Soteriology | High | σταυρός | stauros | a stake; the Roman instrument of execution | Kreuz | Kreuz | 8:34, 10:21 (var.), 15:21, 15:30, 15:32 | The Necessity of the Cross | Bavarian folk-Catholic culture’s strong devotional-object association (wayside/mountain crosses, Herrgottswinkel crucifixes) is a double-edged resonance — helpful for cultural grounding but risks softening the original shame/scandal of Roman execution. |
| disciple | Discipleship | Medium | μαθητής | mathētēs | learner, pupil, follower | Jünger | Jünga | throughout | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Stable borrowed term; final -er commonly realized as -a in spoken Bavarian per regular apocope. |
| authority | Christology/Ecclesiology | High | ἐξουσία | exousia | delegated right/power to act | Vollmacht | Vollmacht | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-33, 13:34 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Risk of collapsing into the everyday bureaucratic/legal “power of attorney” sense; must be distinguished from the negative κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω pattern at 10:42. |
| domineering rule (contrast term) | Ecclesiology | High | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω | katakyrieuō / katexousiazō | to lord over, dominate; to exercise coercive authority | übern Kopf herrschn / unterdrucka | übern Kopf herrschn | 10:42 | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Must be rendered with unmistakably negative coloring, clearly distinct from the reverent title “da Herr,” or the passage’s deliberate contrast is lost. |
| unclean spirit / demon | Spiritual Warfare | High | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | hostile spirit opposed to God’s kingdom | unreiner Geist / Dämon | unreina Geist | 1:23-27, 3:11, 3:22, 5:2-13, 7:25-30, 9:17-29 | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Bavarian Alpine folk culture retains a living spirit-world tradition (Perchten, Krampus, house-blessing rites). Keep distinct from Σατανᾶς/διάβολος (reserve folk term “Deife”/“Deiwel” for the latter only); avoid a purely folkloric-superstition reading. |
| heal | Miracle/Authority | Medium | θεραπεύω / ἰάομαι | therapeuō / iaomai | to heal, cure | hoala | hoala | 1:31, 1:41-42, 3:2-5, 5:23-34, 6:56 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Derived via established ei>oa (heilig>hoalig) + regular -en>-a infinitive pattern. Modern secular “Heilpraktiker” usage risks diluting the miraculous/authoritative sense. |
| leprosy / leper | Ritual Purity | Low | λέπρα / λεπρός | lepra / lepros | leprosy / one afflicted with it | Aussatz / Aussätziger | Aussätziga | 1:40-45, 14:3 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Stable borrowed term, minimal modern collision. |
| repentance | Salvation | High | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | inward turning, change of mind | Buaß | Buass | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Strong existing Bavarian Catholic sacramental category (“Buße”/“Beichte,” ritual confession/penance) risks defaulting the term to that specific ritual act rather than Mark’s wholehearted inward turning. Human theologian review recommended when paired with kingdom texts. |
| forgive sins [authority to] | Soteriology/Christology | Critical | ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας | aphiēmi hamartias | to release/pardon sin | Sünd vergem | Sünd vergem | 2:5-10 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Direct implicit claim to a divine prerogative (“only God can forgive sins,” 2:7); human theologian review required. |
| pharisees | Historical/Religious Group | Medium | Φαρισαῖοι | Pharisaioi | Pharisees | Pharisäer | Pharisäer | 2:16-24, 3:6, 7:1-13, 8:11-15, 10:2, 12:13 | (narrative antagonist background) | Colloquial idiom already uses “Pharisäer” as a byword for hypocrite; risk of flattening real historical characters into a moral stock-type. |
| scribes | Historical/Religious Group | Low | γραμματεῖς | grammateis | scribes, Torah scholars | Schriftgelehrte | Schriftgelehrte | 2:6, 2:16, 3:22, 12:35 | (narrative antagonist background) | Stable borrowed compound. |
| tax collectors / sinners | Social Category | Low | τελῶναι / ἁμαρτωλοί | telōnai / hamartōloi | toll collectors / those regarded as morally compromised | Zöllner / Sünder | Zöllner / Sünder | 2:15-17 | (mission background) | “Sünder” shares the baseline “Sünd” High-risk profile re: colloquial trivialization; keep the culpable-transgression sense governing here. |
| sabbath | Covenant/Law | Medium | σάββατον | sabbaton | the seventh-day rest | Sabbat | Sabbat | 2:23-28, 3:1-6, 6:2, 16:1 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Bavarian Catholic Sunday-observance culture reduces (but does not eliminate) the conflation risk; requires explicit note it is the Jewish seventh-day institution, distinct from Sunday. |
| beelzebul | Proper Name | Low | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | (name for Satan/prince of demons) | Beelzebub | Beelzebub | 3:22 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Proper name, retained per established convention. |
| blasphemy | Christology/Pneumatology | Critical | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | slanderous speech against God | Gotteslästerung | Gottesläst’rung | 3:28-29, 14:63-64 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret | Severity peaks at the trial, where the charge against Jesus himself implicitly confirms the truth of his self-claim. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| parable | Teaching Method | Low | παραβολή | parabolē | comparison, illustrative story | Gleichnis | Gleichnis | 4:2-34 (and throughout) | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Stable, well-known from Catholic homiletic tradition. |
| mystery | Kingdom Theology | High | μυστήριον | mystērion | hidden truth disclosed to insiders | Gheimnis | Gheimnis | 4:11 | Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | Ge->g- reduction per established pattern. Strong collision with Bavarian rosary devotion’s “Gheimnis’” (the Mysteries of the Rosary); native speaker and theologian review both recommended. |
| legion | Proper Name/Spiritual Warfare | Low | Λεγιών | Legiōn | a Roman military legion; here, a multitude of demons | Legion | Legion | 5:9 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Proper name, retained. |
| miraculous power | Christology | Medium | δύναμις | dynamis | inherent power/might | Kraft | Kroft | 5:30, 6:2, 6:5, 6:14, 9:1 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Distinguish from ἐξουσία (a legitimated right to act); here it is Jesus’ own inherent power flowing out, an implicit divine self-claim. |
| talitha kum | Aramaic Retention | Low | Ταλιθά κούμ | Talitha koum | ”Little girl, get up” | Talitha kum (retained + glossed) | Talitha kum | 5:41 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Follow the established Abba-preservation precedent: retain, then gloss. |
| ”it is I” / egō eimi | Christology | High | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | ”I am” / “it is I” | I bin’s | I bin’s | 6:50, 14:62 | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Deliberately ambiguous at 6:50 between the mundane and the divine-Name echo; fully unveiled at 14:62. Must render consistently across both occurrences. |
| tradition [of the elders] | Religious Custom | Medium | παράδοσις | paradosis | inherited human custom | Tradition | Tradition | 7:1-13 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Collision risk given Bavarian Catholicism’s own strong devotional-tradition emphasis; clarify this critiques traditions that contradict, not tradition as such. |
| corban | Vow Formula | Low | κορβάν | korban | a dedicatory vow-gift to God | Korban (glossed) | Korban | 7:11 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Retained loanword with short explanatory gloss. |
| defilement [moral/inner] | Ethics | Medium-High | κοινός | koinos | common, defiled (moral sense) | unrein (vom Herz aus) | unrein | 7:14-23 | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Must be explicitly glossed as originating “from the heart” to distinguish from ch.1’s demonic and ch.5’s ritual senses of the same root; avoid the “Gmoa” root entirely. |
| must suffer | Soteriology | High | δεῖ παθεῖν | dei pathein | it is [divinely] necessary to suffer | muaß leidn | muaß leidn | 8:31, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33-34 | The Necessity of the Cross | Everyday Bavarian “muaß” is used for mundane obligations; risks losing the weighty, sovereign, scripturally-necessary sense of δεῖ. Human theologian review recommended. |
| deny oneself / take up one’s cross | Discipleship | High | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / ἆρον τὸν σταυρόν | aparneomai heauton / aron ton stauron | to disown oneself / lift up one’s cross | sich selm valeugna, sei Kreuz aufnehma | sich selm valeugna | 8:34 | The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Discipleship explicitly cross-shaped; ensure the historical shame/cost dimension is not lost beneath the devotional-object resonance of “Kreuz.” |
| lose / save one’s life | Discipleship/Soteriology | High | ψυχή (ἀπολέσαι/σῶσαι) | psychē (apolesai/sōsai) | to lose/save one’s whole self | sei Lebn valiern/rettn | sei Lebn valiern | 8:35-37, 10:45 | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Ransom for Many | Prefer “Lebn” (life) over a soul-only rendering to avoid a Platonic body/soul dualism foreign to the text; keep rendering strategy identical at 8:35-37 and 10:45 to preserve the deliberate lexical echo. |
| beloved son [+ Sonship] | Christology | Critical | ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός | ho huios mou ho agapētos | my son, the beloved | mei gliabter Sohn | mei gliabta Sohn | 1:11, 9:7 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Extends baseline “Sohn vo Gott” with the filial-love qualifier; appears at both baptism and Transfiguration, bracketing Jesus’ public ministry. |
| unbelief | Faith | High | ἀπιστία | apistia | lack of trust; doubt | Unglaam | Unglaam | 9:24, 6:6 | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Derived by adding the negating prefix “Un-” to baseline “Glaam.” Must not read as canceling the coexisting confession of faith in the same breath (9:24). |
| servant of all / servant / slave | Discipleship/Ecclesiology | High | διάκονος / δοῦλος | diakonos / doulos | table-servant / bondservant-slave | Diener / Knecht | Diena / Knecht | 9:35, 10:43-44, 12:2-4, 13:34, 14:47 | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Ransom for Many | ”Knecht” carries authentic Bavarian rural resonance (the traditional farmhand role) but risks framing self-giving as imposed lowliness rather than voluntary love; must be paired with explicit teaching on voluntary self-giving (cf. 10:45). |
| stumbling block | Ethics | Medium | σκανδαλίζω | skandalizō | to cause to stumble/sin | zum Fall’n bringa | zum Fall’n bringa | 9:42-47 | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Standard, minimal unique collision. |
| gehenna / hell | Eschatology | Medium | γέεννα | geenna | place/state of final judgment | Höll | Höll | 9:43-48 | The Necessity of the Cross (implicit contrast) | Distinct from ᾍδης (Hades); keep register solemn rather than folkloric, given vivid Bavarian folk-devotional hell imagery. |
| eternal life | Eschatology/Soteriology | Medium | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | the life of the age to come | s’ewige Lebn | s’ewige Lem | 10:17, 10:30 | The Ransom for Many (implicit) | Regular intervocalic b-lenition, Leben>Lem, per baseline geben>gem pattern. |
| son of David [title of address] | Christology | Medium | υἱὲ Δαυίδ | huie Dauid | son of David (as a cry of appeal) | Sohn vom David | Sohn vom David | 10:47-48 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Distinct from baseline “seed_of_david” (physical-descent claim); here a royal-messianic title of petition. Keep the two senses distinguished in reviewer notes. |
| ransom | Soteriology | Critical | λύτρον | lytron | the price paid to free a slave/captive | Lösegeld | Lösegeld | 10:45 | The Ransom for Many | Modern Bavarian usage is almost exclusively criminal kidnapping-ransom; requires explicit ancient slave-manumission background and a clarifying gloss. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| in place of / instead of | Soteriology | High | ἀντί | anti | substitutionary “in place of” | an Stell vo / statt | an Stell vo | 10:45 | The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross | Must not be flattened to the weaker general-benefit “für” (for); preserve the substitutionary exchange sense. |
| of many | Soteriology | Medium | πολλῶν | pollōn | of a great, unspecified multitude | vo vielen | vo vielen | 10:45, 14:24 | The Ransom for Many | Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12 LXX; flag the intertextual link for theologian-level teaching material, no translation alteration required. |
| hosanna | Liturgical Acclamation | Low | Ὡσαννά | Hōsanna | ”Save, we pray!” | Hosianna | Hosianna | 11:9-10 | The Messianic Secret | Established liturgical loanword from the Catholic Palm Sunday tradition; good cultural grounding. |
| house of prayer / den of robbers | Temple Theology | Medium | οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν | oikos proseuchēs / spēlaion lēstōn | house of prayer / cave of robbers | a Bethaus / a Reiberhöhln | a Bethaus | 11:17 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard, minimal unique collision. |
| cornerstone | Christology | Low | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | the head/foundation stone | Eckstein | Eckstein | 12:10-11 | The Necessity of the Cross | Stable borrowed term; rejection-then-vindication metaphor. |
| render to caesar | Civil Ethics | Medium | τὰ Καίσαρος / τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ | ta Kaisaros / ta tou theou | the things of Caesar / of God | wos am Kaiser ghört / wos am Herrgott ghört | wos am Kaiser ghört | 12:17 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard, background-relevant to civil-obligation vs. ultimate allegiance. |
| love [greatest commandment] | Ethics | Medium | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | agapaō / agapē | committed, willed love | Liab | Liab | 12:28-31 | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (implicit) | Everyday Bavarian “Liab” defaults to romantic/familial affection; must convey willed, covenantal, whole-person love. |
| elect / chosen | Eschatology | High | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | God’s chosen ones | Erwählte | Erwöahlte | 13:20-27 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Cognate to baseline “Erwählung”; same register-gap profile — an unfamiliar borrowed abstraction rather than a live confessional battleground. |
| abomination of desolation | Apocalyptic | Medium | βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | the detestable desolating sign | da Gräuel vo da Verwüstung | da Gräuel vo da Verwüstung | 13:14 | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Requires OT/Danielic background explanation. |
| watch / be alert | Discipleship | Low-Medium | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | to keep watch, stay awake | wacha | wacha | 13:33-37, 14:34-38 | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Regular -en>-a infinitive pattern. |
| passover | Festival | Medium | πάσχα | pascha | the Jewish Exodus-deliverance festival | Pascha-Fest | Pascha-Fest | 14:1, 14:12-16 | The Necessity of the Cross | Must not be conflated with “Ostern” (Easter), Bavarian Catholic culture’s dominant festival term. |
| body / blood of the covenant | Soteriology/Sacramental Theology | Critical | τὸ σῶμα / τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | to sōma / to haima tēs diathēkēs | the Institution of the Supper | Leib / Bluat vom Bund | Leib / Bluad vom Bund | 14:22-24 | The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross | Direct echo of 10:45’s “for many”; given Catholic Eucharistic weight in Bavarian devotional life, requires the most careful human theologian handling in the whole book. |
| high priest | Religious Office | Low | ἀρχιερεύς | archiereus | the presiding Jewish temple authority | Hoherpriester | Hoherpriester | 14:53, 14:60-64 | (trial narrative background) | Stable borrowed compound. |
| deny [Peter] | Discipleship | Medium-High | ἀπαρνέομαι | aparneomai | to disown, deny | valeugna | valeugna | 14:66-72 | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Directly answers the overconfident “we are able” of 10:39; regular -en>-a infinitive pattern. |
| betray | Narrative/Soteriology | Medium | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | to hand over to hostile authority | verrota | verrota | 14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41-42 | The Necessity of the Cross | Vater>Voda-pattern vowel shift (a>o) plus regular -en>-a infinitive ending. |
| king of the jews | Christology | High | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | king of the Jews (mocking, yet ironically true) | König vo de Juden | König vo de Juden | 15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26 | The Necessity of the Cross | Preserve the mocking surface tone in narration while teaching material draws out the deep irony of its literal truth. |
| crucify | Soteriology | Medium-High | σταυρόω | stauroō | to crucify | kreuzign | kreuzign | 15:13-15, 15:20, 15:24-27 | The Necessity of the Cross | Verb form of “cross” (σταυρός); keep register solemn. |
| eloi eloi lama sabachthani | Aramaic Retention | Critical (commentary) / Low (transliteration) | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elōi Elōi lema sabachthani | ”My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” | Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani (retained + glossed) | Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani | 15:34 | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross | Transliteration fixed and non-negotiable per established Bible-translation tradition; accompanying doctrinal commentary requires human theologian review. |
| temple curtain torn | Symbolic Narrative | Medium | τὸ καταπέτασμα… ἐσχίσθη | to katapetasma… eschisthē | the temple veil was torn | da Tempelvorhang is zrissn | da Tempelvorhang is zrissn | 15:38 | The Ransom for Many (implicit) | Standard, minimal unique collision. |
Risk Summary (New Terms, Part B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (son_of_man, blasphemy, forgive_sins, beloved_son_of_god, ransom, body_blood_of_covenant, eloi_eloi-commentary) | Human theologian required for every occurrence |
| High | 15 (cross, authority, domineering_rule_contrast, unclean_spirit_demon, repentance, mystery, must_suffer, deny_self_take_up_cross, lose_save_life, unbelief, servant_of_all_slave, ransom_in_place_of, elect_chosen, king_of_the_jews, egō_eimi) | Human theologian required |
| Medium | 20 (disciple, heal, sabbath, tradition, defilement, stumbling_block, gehenna, eternal_life, son_of_david_title, of_many, house_of_prayer, render_to_caesar, love, abomination_of_desolation, passover, deny_peter, betray, crucify, temple_curtain_torn, miraculous_power) | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 8 (leprosy_leper, pharisees, scribes, tax_collectors_sinners, beelzebul, parable, legion, talitha_kum, corban, hosanna, cornerstone, high_priest, watch_be_alert) | Automated review sufficient (native-speaker dialect spot-check per package-wide orthography rule still applies) |
Note: counts above group closely related sub-terms under a single risk-tier bucket per the table rows; consult the full Part B table for the authoritative per-term risk tier used in Phase 2 routing.
All new terms above must be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. Critical and High risk new terms must additionally be added to the escalation list in that document’s system prompt.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Sohn vo Gott
Transliteration: Sohn vom Gott
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Full phrase required, conveying eternal, unique Sonship. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: declared at baptism (1:11), by demons (3:11, 5:7), at the Transfiguration (9:7), and climactically confessed by the Roman centurion at the cross (15:39) — the book’s climactic human confession, carrying the highest pedagogical priority of any occurrence in this curriculum.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Menschensohn
Transliteration: Menschnsohn
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: a simple ‘Mensch’ rendering (loses the concealed Daniel 7 authority-claim entirely)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
No native Bavarian coinage exists; retained as the borrowed standard-German compound, exactly as in established Bible-translation tradition. The concealed Daniel 7 authority-claim cannot be recovered from the words alone in oral dialect register and must be supplied explicitly in teaching material at every occurrence (2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33-34, 10:45 core passage, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62). Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: Sünd vergem
Transliteration: Sünd vergem
Doctrine: Authority to Forgive Sins
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Christology
Direct implicit claim to a divine prerogative (‘only God can forgive sins,’ 2:7); must not read as a priestly absolution formula (a strong existing Bavarian Catholic devotional category), but as Christ’s own direct, underived authority. Human theologian review required.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: Gotteslästerung
Transliteration: Gottesläst’rung
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Christology/Pneumatology
Severity peaks at the trial (14:63-64), where the charge against Jesus himself confirms the truth of his self-claim; must not be softened into ordinary irreverent speech (3:28-29). Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: mei gliabter Sohn
Transliteration: mei gliabta Sohn
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Beloved Son
Original: ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Extends baseline ‘Sohn vo Gott’ with the filial-love qualifier; the two occurrences (1:11 baptism, 9:7 Transfiguration) bracket Jesus’ public ministry and both pair glory with the shadow of coming suffering.
Ransom
Approved rendering: Lösegeld
Transliteration: Lösegeld
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: unqualified bare use without a slave-manumission gloss (forbidden — defaults to a criminal kidnapping-ransom reading)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Soteriology
The sharpest false-friend collision in the entire curriculum: modern Bavarian/German usage is almost exclusively criminal kidnapping-ransom. MUST supply the ancient slave-manumission background explicitly at every occurrence (10:45, core passage). Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Body Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: Leib / Bluat vom Bund
Transliteration: Leib / Bluad vom Bund
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Soteriology
Maximal collision with Catholic Eucharistic theology (transubstantiation); the deliberate echo of 10:45’s ransom ‘for many’ must not be lost beneath sacramental-liturgical familiarity. Requires the most careful human theologian handling in the entire book (14:22-24).
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani (retained + glossed)
Transliteration: Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Aramaic Retention
The transliteration itself is fixed and non-negotiable per established Bible-translation tradition; the accompanying doctrinal commentary on the Father-Son relationship at this moment requires human theologian review for every occurrence (15:34).
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Herr
Transliteration: Herr
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Bavarian daily speech’s informal-address default gives ‘Herr’ more inherent formal/religious weight than standard German. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: applied to Jesus as Sabbath-Lord (2:28) and the Psalm 110 riddle (12:36-37); Mark 10:42 uses an intensified negative compound of the same root (κατακυριεύουσιν, rendered ‘übern Kopf herrschn’) for illegitimate domination — ‘da Herr’ must remain unmistakably distinct from that negative usage.
Election
Approved rendering: Erwählung
Transliteration: Erwöahlung
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Register-gap term without a live confessional battle-tradition in Bavarian folk Catholicism. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: cognate to the derived adjectival form ‘Erwählte’ (elect_chosen, see Section B) used at 13:20-27; same risk profile applies — the danger is an empty-sounding borrowed word, not a competing doctrine.
Sin
Approved rendering: Sünd
Transliteration: Sind
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Colloquial trivialization risk (‘a Sünd is des scho’). Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: 2:7’s scribal objection (‘only God can forgive sins’) makes the sin-forgiveness/divine-identity link narratively explicit in a way Romans never dramatizes — ensure the culpable-transgression sense governs at 2:5-10 and 2:15-17.
Law
Approved rendering: Gsetz
Transliteration: Gsötz
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Catholic natural-law theology shapes how this is heard. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: Mark’s usage centers on concrete Sabbath and purity-law controversies (2:23-28, 7:1-13, 10:2-9, 12:28-34) rather than the abstract law-gospel argument of Romans.
Cross
Approved rendering: Kreuz
Transliteration: Kreuz
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
Bavarian folk-Catholic devotional-object association (wayside/mountain crosses, Herrgottswinkel crucifixes) is a double-edged resonance: helpful for cultural grounding but risks softening the original shame/scandal of Roman execution into a domesticated devotional symbol. Teaching material must recover the historical shame/cost dimension at 8:34, 15:21, 15:30, 15:32.
Authority
Approved rendering: Vollmacht
Transliteration: Vollmacht
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
Risk of collapsing into the everyday bureaucratic/legal power-of-attorney sense, flattening what is inherent, not committee-delegated, divine authority (1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-33, 13:34). Must be kept distinct from the negative ‘übern Kopf herrschn’ pattern rejected at 10:42.
Domineering Rule
Approved rendering: übern Kopf herrschn
Transliteration: übern Kopf herrschn
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Ecclesiology
Must be rendered with unmistakably negative coloring, clearly distinct from the reverent title ‘da Herr,’ or Mark 10:42’s deliberate rhetorical contrast between worldly domination and Christlike service collapses. Human theologian review recommended given proximity to Christological Lord-vocabulary.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: unreiner Geist / Dämon
Transliteration: unreina Geist
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: Deife / Deiwel (reserved exclusively for Satan/the Devil, never for generic demons)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Alpine Bavarian folk culture retains a living spirit-world tradition (Perchten, Krampus, house-blessing rites), risking a folkloric-superstition reading rather than real, personal, kingdom-opposing hostility (1:23-27, 3:11, 5:2-13, 7:25-30, 9:17-29).
Repentance
Approved rendering: Buaß
Transliteration: Buass
Doctrine: Repentance and the Kingdom
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
Strong existing Bavarian Catholic sacramental category (‘Buße’/‘Beichte’) risks the term defaulting to that specific ritual act rather than Mark’s wholehearted inward turning that precedes and enables faith (1:4, 1:15, 6:12). Human theologian review recommended when paired with kingdom texts.
Mystery
Approved rendering: Gheimnis
Transliteration: Gheimnis
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom Theology
Strong collision with the Bavarian rosary devotion’s ‘de Gheimnis” (Mysteries of the Rosary); must not collapse into that specific existing devotional category (4:11). Native speaker and theologian review both recommended.
Egō Eimi
Approved rendering: I bin’s
Transliteration: I bin’s
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
Deliberately ambiguous at 6:50 (walking on water) between the mundane ‘it’s me’ and a possible echo of the divine Name (Exodus 3:14 LXX); fully unveiled at 14:62. Must render identically at both occurrences so the intentional lexical echo is not lost.
Must Suffer
Approved rendering: muaß leidn
Transliteration: muaß leidn
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ παθεῖν
Category: Soteriology
Everyday Bavarian ‘muaß’ is used for the most mundane obligations, risking loss of the weighty, sovereign, scripturally-necessary sense of the Greek δεῖ (8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34). Human theologian review recommended to ensure surrounding teaching material supplies the necessary weight.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: sich selm valeugna, sei Kreuz aufnehma
Transliteration: sich selm valeugna
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / ἆρον τὸν σταυρόν
Category: Discipleship
Discipleship explicitly cross-shaped (8:34); the devotional-object resonance of ‘Kreuz’ risks softening the original scandal into a merely devotional symbol — recover the historical shame/cost dimension.
Lose Save Life
Approved rendering: sei Lebn valiern/rettn
Transliteration: sei Lebn valiern
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: a soul-only (‘Seel’) rendering (risks a Platonic body/soul dualism foreign to the Hebraic wholeness Mark intends)
Original: ψυχή (ἀπολέσαι / σῶσαι)
Category: Discipleship/Soteriology
Prefer ‘Lebn’ (life/whole self) over a soul-only rendering; the same rendering strategy must be applied at both 8:35-37 and 10:45 (core passage) to preserve the deliberate lexical echo.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: Unglaam
Transliteration: Unglaam
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
Derived by adding the negating prefix ‘Un-’ to baseline ‘Glaam’. Must not read as canceling the coexisting confession of faith in the same breath (9:24), one of the most pastorally important verses in Mark for this doctrine.
Servant Of All Slave
Approved rendering: Diener / Knecht
Transliteration: Diena / Knecht
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος / δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship/Ecclesiology
‘Knecht’ carries authentic Bavarian rural resonance (the traditional Altbayern farmhand role) but its historic low-status, minimal-autonomy reality risks framing Christ’s self-giving as imposed lowliness rather than voluntary love; teaching material must make the voluntary character explicit (cf. 10:45 core passage), at 9:35, 10:43-44, 12:2-4, 13:34, 14:47.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: Kelch
Transliteration: Kelch
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Soteriology
The standing Catholic liturgical term for the Eucharistic chalice; Mass-attending Bavarian audiences will default overwhelmingly to that sacramental association. Surrounding text must make clear this is the cup of suffering/judgment Jesus must drink (10:38, 14:23-24, 14:36). Human theologian review required.
Baptism Of Suffering
Approved rendering: Taufe
Transliteration: Taufe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζομαι
Category: Soteriology
Bavarian Catholic audiences default to sacramental water baptism (christening, godparents, Taufkleid tradition); must be glossed clearly as figurative (‘wia mit Leidn üwaflutet wern’) or the metaphor collapses into a claim about literal baptism (10:38-39). Human theologian review required alongside ‘Kelch’.
Prepared Appointed
Approved rendering: is scho firbereit
Transliteration: is scho bstimmt
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἑτοιμάζω
Category: Providence
A divine passive implying sovereign, prior divine determination (10:40, core passage); same register-gap profile as baseline ‘Erwählung’. Must retain the passive’s implication that this is the Father’s prerogative, not open to votive petition, contrasting with folk-devotional transactional patterns.
In Place Of
Approved rendering: an Stell vo
Transliteration: an Stell vo
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: für (flattens to the weaker general-benefit sense; forbidden in this specific substitutionary context)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Soteriology
Must not be flattened to the weaker general-benefit sense ‘für’; the precise substitutionary exchange logic of the atonement rests partly on this small word (10:45, core passage).
Elect Chosen
Approved rendering: Erwählte
Transliteration: Erwöahlte
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Eschatology
Cognate to baseline ‘Erwählung’; same register-gap profile — an unfamiliar borrowed abstraction rather than a live confessional battleground (13:20-27).
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: König vo de Juden
Transliteration: König vo de Juden
Doctrine: Crucifixion and True Kingship
Rejected alternatives: a generalized ‘König’ title stripped of Jewish/Davidic content (forbidden — echoes the interpretive residue of Nazi-era de-Judaized German New Testament editions)
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
The mocking inscription over the cross is, ironically, the Gospel’s truest title; must be rendered in full, with its Jewish covenantal content intact, never softened toward a generic king/teacher title (15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26). Human theologian review required.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Evangelium
Transliteration: Evangelium
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
The formal, liturgically borrowed term versus the folk-paraphrase ‘de guade Nachricht’; this curriculum uses the formal term for consistency. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: Mark 1:1 uses this word as the book’s own title, an even stronger foundational usage than any single Romans occurrence — the titular, programmatic weight must be preserved at 1:1.
Faith
Approved rendering: Glaam
Transliteration: Gloam
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Christ, not generic folk-Catholic religiosity. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: frequently anchored to concrete healing/deliverance narratives (2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 6:6, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24) rather than only doctrinal exposition; 11:22-24’s prayer-formula context needs the same devotional-transaction caution documented for grace in the baseline.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Aufersteh’ng
Transliteration: Auferstehung
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Never render with reincarnation/rebirth-cycle language. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: occurs far more frequently and structurally than in Romans, forming the backbone of the three formal passion predictions (8:31, 9:31, 10:34) and fulfilled at 16:6.
Glory
Approved rendering: Herrlichkeit
Transliteration: Herrlichkeit
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant presence and honor. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: requested prematurely by James and John (10:37, core passage) before the necessity of suffering (10:33-34) is understood — preserve this ironic edge; promised again at the Son of Man’s future coming (8:38, 13:26).
Covenant
Approved rendering: Bund
Transliteration: Bund
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Relational covenant bond. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: applied to Jesus’ own blood at the Last Supper (14:24), ‘blood of the covenant… for many’ — deliberately echoes 10:45’s ransom ‘for many’; the same ‘vo vielen’ rendering must be used consistently at both passages.
Father
Approved rendering: Voda
Transliteration: Voter
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
From ‘Vater’ via regular Bavarian intervocalic lenition and vowel shift. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: 14:36 pairs ‘Voda’ with ‘Abba’ at Gethsemane in a context of anguished submission rather than the adopted confidence emphasized in Romans 8 — a sobering complement teaching material should note explicitly.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Aramaic term of intimacy, retained as a transliteration exactly as in standard German Bible tradition. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: at 14:36 the same intimate address occurs in Jesus’ own anguished submission at Gethsemane, not a believer’s adopted confidence — a heavier register on an identical word.
God
Approved rendering: Gott
Transliteration: Herrgott
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
‘Herrgott’ reserved for culturally warm, folk-devotional contexts only (risk of profanity register-bleed); plain ‘Gott’ is the default. Inherited from Romans package; used as the default term throughout Mark’s narrative and teaching material.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: Peter’s confession at 8:29 is immediately followed by the strict silencing command (8:30) — the clearest single instance of the Messianic Secret; the title is correctly confessed even while its full suffering content is not yet grasped.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Modern-state conflation caution applies. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: named in the greatest-commandment citation (12:29) and the crucifixion mockery (15:32); minimal distinct Mark usage beyond direct OT citation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heiliger Geist
Transliteration: Heiliga Geist
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Must never read as an impersonal force. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: descends on Jesus at baptism (1:10, 1:12) and is the direct subject of the unforgivable-sin warning (3:28-29) — a considerably higher pastoral/doctrinal stake than any Romans occurrence; ensure the personal, divine identity of the Spirit is never diluted in that passage.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: s’Reich vo Gott
Transliteration: des Reich vom Gott
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Distinguish from any political kingdom association. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: the programmatic thesis of the whole Gospel (1:15). The perfect-tense ‘has come near’ (ἤγγικεν) must retain its already-arriving nuance (‘is scho do’/‘is nahe kemma’), never softened to a purely future ‘wird kommen’.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Heiden
Transliteration: Hoaden
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Carries the same pejorative connotation as standard German ‘Heiden’. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: the Syrophoenician woman’s faith (7:24-30) is an early narrative anticipation of the Gentile inclusion later developed doctrinally in Romans.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kraft vo Gott
Transliteration: Kroft vom Gott
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Sovereign, saving capability. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: cross-referenced with the new Mark-only term ‘miraculous_power’ (δύναμις, Kraft) at 5:30, 6:2, 6:5, 6:14, 9:1 — that is Jesus’ own inherent power flowing out, an implicit claim to divine capability distinct from this abstract term.
Mission
Approved rendering: Mission
Transliteration: Mission
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Borrowed as-is; Bavaria’s own Catholic missionary-sending history gives some regional grounding. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: 13:10, ‘the gospel must be proclaimed to all nations,’ grounds the eschatological necessity of ongoing gospel proclamation before the end.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Nachkomme vom David
Transliteration: Nochkumme vom David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: Some vom David (archaic/clinical register, rejected as in standard German)
Physical-descent claim, distinct from a titular address. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: must be kept distinct in reviewer notes from the new Mark-only term ‘son_of_david_title’ (Sohn vom David, 10:47-48), which functions as a royal-messianic title of petition rather than primarily a genealogical claim.
Heal
Approved rendering: hoala
Transliteration: hoala
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: θεραπεύω / ἰάομαι
Category: Miracle
Derived via established ei>oa (heilig>hoalig) plus regular -en>-a infinitive pattern. Modern secular ‘Heilpraktiker’ usage risks diluting the miraculous, authoritative sense (1:31, 1:41-42, 5:23-34, 6:56).
Pharisees
Approved rendering: Pharisäer
Transliteration: Pharisäer
Doctrine: narrative antagonist background
Original: Φαρισαῖοι
Category: Historical/Religious Group
Colloquial idiom already uses ‘Pharisäer’ as a byword for hypocrite, risking flattening real historical figures into a moral stock-type (2:16-24, 3:6, 7:1-13, 8:11-15, 10:2, 12:13).
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Sabbat
Transliteration: Sabbat
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
Bavarian Catholic Sunday-observance culture reduces but does not eliminate conflation risk; must clarify this is the Jewish seventh-day institution, distinct from Sunday observance (2:23-28, 3:1-6, 6:2, 16:1).
Miraculous Power
Approved rendering: Kraft
Transliteration: Kroft
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: δύναμις
Category: Christology
Distinguish from ἐξουσία/Vollmacht: this is Jesus’ own inherent power flowing out (5:30, 6:2, 6:5, 6:14, 9:1) — an implicit claim to divine capability in his own person; flag for theologian awareness alongside Deity of Christ.
Tradition
Approved rendering: Tradition
Transliteration: Tradition
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Religious Custom
Collision risk given Bavarian Catholicism’s own strong emphasis on inherited devotional tradition; teaching material must clarify this critiques traditions that contradict God’s revealed will, not tradition as such (7:1-13).
Defilement Moral
Approved rendering: unrein (vom Herz aus)
Transliteration: unrein
Doctrine: Defilement from the Heart
Rejected alternatives: Gmoa-root vocabulary (forbidden entirely — collides with the baseline church-substitution prohibition)
Original: κοινός
Category: Ethics
Must be explicitly glossed ‘vom Herz aus’ to distinguish from chapter 1’s demonic ‘unreiner Geist’ and chapter 5’s ritual-purity ‘unrein’, all sharing the same adjective root (7:14-23).
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: zum Fall’n bringa
Transliteration: zum Fall’n bringa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Ethics
Standard, minimal unique collision (9:42-47).
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: Höll
Transliteration: Höll
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
Distinct from Hades (the intermediate realm). Bavarian folk-devotional hell imagery (Krampus/Perchten) is vivid but risks sensationalizing Mark’s sober warning; keep register solemn (9:43-48).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: s’ewige Lebn
Transliteration: s’ewige Lem
Doctrine: Wealth and Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology/Soteriology
Applies the established intervocalic b-lenition pattern, Leben>Lem, cf. baseline geben>gem. Connects directly to the discipleship-cost theme culminating in the core passage (10:17, 10:30).
Son Of David Title
Approved rendering: Sohn vom David
Transliteration: Sohn vom David
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
A royal-messianic title of address/petition, distinct from the baseline’s ‘seed_of_david’ physical-descent claim (10:47-48). Keep the two senses distinguished in reviewer notes; this cry from a marginalized figure immediately precedes the triumphal entry.
Rule Govern
Approved rendering: herrschn
Transliteration: herrschn
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἄρχω
Category: Ecclesiology
Names the Gentile/worldly rulership pattern Jesus rejects as a kingdom model (10:42, core passage). Note collision potential with the baseline ‘Herr’ root; ensure ‘herrschn’ is never confused with the reverent title ‘da Herr’.
Of Many
Approved rendering: vo vielen
Transliteration: vo vielen
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Soteriology
Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12 LXX’s repeated ‘many’; render identically at 10:45 (core passage) and 14:24 so the deliberate lexical echo is preserved. Flag for theologian awareness of the Suffering-Servant intertextual link.
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: a Bethaus / a Reiberhöhln
Transliteration: a Bethaus
Doctrine: Temple Judgment
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Temple Theology
Standard rendering, minimal unique collision (11:17).
Render To Caesar
Approved rendering: wos am Kaiser ghört / wos am Herrgott ghört
Transliteration: wos am Kaiser ghört
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὰ Καίσαρος / τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Civil Ethics
Standard rendering; the kingdom relativizes, without abolishing, ordinary civil obligation (12:17).
Love Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: Liab
Transliteration: Liab
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
Everyday Bavarian ‘Liab’ defaults to romantic/familial affection; must convey the willed, covenantal, whole-person character of ἀγάπη (12:28-31).
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: da Gräuel vo da Verwüstung
Transliteration: da Gräuel vo da Verwüstung
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Apocalyptic
Requires explicit OT/Danielic background explanation for a Bavarian audience (13:14).
Passover
Approved rendering: Pascha-Fest
Transliteration: Pascha-Fest
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: Ostern (forbidden substitution — erases the Exodus-deliverance background that gives the Last Supper’s words their meaning)
Original: πάσχα
Category: Festival
Bavarian Catholic culture’s dominant festival term is ‘Ostern’ (Easter); must not be silently conflated with it (14:1, 14:12-16).
Deny Peter
Approved rendering: valeugna
Transliteration: valeugna
Doctrine: Peter’s Denial and Discipleship Failure
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
Directly answers the overconfident ‘we are able’ of 10:39 (core passage); regular -en>-a infinitive pattern (14:66-72).
Betray
Approved rendering: verrota
Transliteration: verrota
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Narrative/Soteriology
Applies the Vater>Voda a>o vowel-shift pattern plus regular -en>-a infinitive ending (14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41-42).
Crucify
Approved rendering: kreuzign
Transliteration: kreuzign
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Soteriology
Verb form of ‘cross’; keep register solemn, avoiding both euphemism and gratuitous sensationalism (15:13-15, 15:20, 15:24-27).
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: da Tempelvorhang is zrissn
Transliteration: da Tempelvorhang is zrissn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα… ἐσχίσθη
Category: Symbolic Narrative
Standard rendering; signals that Christ’s death opens direct access to God (15:38).
Disciple
Approved rendering: Jünger
Transliteration: Jünga
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
Stable borrowed term throughout the Gospel; final -er commonly realized as -a in spoken Bavarian per regular apocope.
Low Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Stable; regionally typical pronunciation only. Inherited from Romans package; stable throughout Mark as the central figure and subject of the entire Gospel.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Standard proper name form. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: cited in the Sabbath controversy (2:25-26), addressed by Bartimaeus (10:47-48), and central to the Davidic-Messiah riddle (12:35-37).
Apostle
Approved rendering: Apostl
Transliteration: Apoastl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Final -e dropped per regular Bavarian apocope. Inherited from Romans package; Mark-specific: ‘the Twelve’ (de Zwölf) is used more often than the title itself (3:14, 6:30); both are low risk.
Moses
Approved rendering: Moses
Transliteration: Moses
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Beloved Son
Original: Μωϋσῆς
Category: Covenant
Standard proper-name form, identical to standard German. Not present in the Romans baseline package; added here following the established Bible-translation proper-name convention. Cited in law/purity debates (1:44, 7:10, 10:3-4, 12:19, 12:26) and appearing beside Elijah at the Transfiguration (9:4), confirming Jesus as the fulfillment toward which Law and Prophets point.
Leprosy Leper
Approved rendering: Aussatz / Aussätziger
Transliteration: Aussätziga
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Ritual Purity
Stable borrowed term with minimal modern collision (1:40-45, 14:3).
Scribes
Approved rendering: Schriftgelehrte
Transliteration: Schriftgelehrte
Doctrine: narrative antagonist background
Original: γραμματεῖς
Category: Historical/Religious Group
Stable borrowed compound (2:6, 2:16, 3:22, 12:35).
Tax Collectors Sinners
Approved rendering: Zöllner / Sünder
Transliteration: Zöllner / Sünder
Doctrine: Mission background
Original: τελῶναι / ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Social Category
‘Sünder’ shares the baseline ‘Sünd’ High-risk colloquial-trivialization caution (2:15-17).
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Beelzebub
Transliteration: Beelzebub
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, retained per established Bible-translation convention (3:22).
Parable
Approved rendering: Gleichnis
Transliteration: Gleichnis
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Teaching Method
Stable, well-known from Catholic homiletic tradition (4:2 and throughout).
Legion
Approved rendering: Legion
Transliteration: Legion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, retained; the Roman-military resonance is part of the text’s own irony and should not be paraphrased away (5:9).
Talitha Kum
Approved rendering: Talitha kum (retained + glossed)
Transliteration: Talitha kum
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ταλιθά κούμ
Category: Aramaic Retention
Follow the established Abba-preservation precedent: retain the Aramaic transliteration exactly, then gloss (‘des hoaßt: Diandl, steh auf’) (5:41).
Corban
Approved rendering: Korban
Transliteration: Korban
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: κορβάν
Category: Vow Formula
Retained as an explained loanword with a short gloss, ‘a Glübde-Formel’ (a vow-formula) (7:11).
Want Will
Approved rendering: wolln
Transliteration: wolln
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: θέλω
Category: Discipleship
The structural spine of the core passage (10:35, 10:36, 10:43, 10:44) and of Jesus’ own submitted will at Gethsemane (14:36). Preserve the same Bavarian verb consistently across all five occurrences so the deliberate rhetorical echo — selfish wanting vs. submitted wanting — is not lost.
Able Capable
Approved rendering: mia kinnan
Transliteration: mia kinnan
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: δύναμαι
Category: Discipleship
James and John’s confident claim, ‘We are able’ (10:39, core passage); flag the dramatic irony against Gethsemane’s failure later in the book (14:50, 14:66-72) for teaching purposes.
Indignant
Approved rendering: san grantig wor’n
Transliteration: san grantig wor’n
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἀγανακτέω
Category: Ethics
‘Grantig’ is an authentically Bavarian register for irritated indignation, well-attested in dialect speech (10:41, core passage).
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosianna
Transliteration: Hosianna
Doctrine: Triumphal Entry and Messianic Expectation
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Liturgical Acclamation
Established liturgical loanword from the Catholic Palm Sunday tradition — a rare case of positive cultural grounding (11:9-10).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: Eckstein
Transliteration: Eckstein
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
Stable borrowed term; ties rejection directly to ultimate vindication (12:10-11).
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: wacha
Transliteration: wacha
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Discipleship
Regular -en>-a infinitive pattern; low collision risk (13:33-37, 14:34-38).
High Priest
Approved rendering: Hoherpriester
Transliteration: Hoherpriester
Doctrine: Trial and the Unveiled Son of Man
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Religious Office
Stable borrowed compound (14:53, 14:60-64).
Referenced passages