Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Identical to the NT word; unambiguous and stable across two millennia.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Απόστολος is identical to the NT word and unambiguous.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Same NT word; see 'calling' for the specific Modern Greek semantic-bleaching risk affecting the related noun.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  CRITICAL, and a uniquely Greek risk: in Modern Greek, 'κλήση' overwhelmingly means an ordinary phone call or a legal summons/traffic ticket in everyday speech ('μου ήρθε κλήση,' 'I got a ticket').

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ; 'κοινωνία' is also the standard word for both 'society' and 'Holy Communion,' so Romans' general fellowship sense needs active disambiguation from both dominant modern senses.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Same NT word (also the word for 'Testament,' as in Παλαιά/Καινή Διαθήκη, Old/New Testament), but in ordinary Modern Greek usage 'διαθήκη' overwhelmingly means a last will and testament (an inheritance document).

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Standard proper name, same as the NT's own form.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit Old Testament background (2 Samuel 7); a Greek reader can access the Septuagint text of this passage directly, which is a genuine advantage for grounding the doctrine concretely.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature, affirmed identically by Greek Orthodox Christology (Nicene-Chalcedonian, itself formulated in Greek); risk here is simplification, not doctrinal disagreement.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  CRITICAL: 'κλήση' has been worn down by everyday Modern Greek usage into the ordinary word for a phone call or a legal/traffic summons.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Standard term.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ, not generalized loyalty or self-belief in the modern secular psychological sense.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ specifically.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  Same NT word, but in Modern Greek 'κοινωνία' primarily and most commonly means either 'society' (the whole social order) or 'Holy Communion' (receiving the sacrament, 'πήγα να κοινωνήσω,' 'I went to receive communion').

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (Old Testament to New Testament); a Greek reader has the unusual advantage of being able to read the Septuagint's own wording directly alongside Paul's citations of it.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  God's radiant honor and presence.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  Standard and unambiguous; no rival deity-name confusion in Greek culture.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Identical to the NT's own word; must be distinguished from the modern secular sense of 'good news' used for any positive announcement.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Identical to the NT's own εὐαγγέλιον; zero translation gap.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Real physical human nature; well-supported by Greek Orthodox iconographic tradition, which insists on Christ's full, depictable humanity.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  The patristic formula 'God became man so that man might become god,' written originally in Greek by Athanasius, strongly emphasizes the incarnation as the basis for theosis.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  Standard Greek Orthodox theological term (also σάρκωσις, 'being made flesh'), central to the patristic formula, written originally in Greek by Athanasius, 'God became man so that man might become god' (theosis).

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  Orthodox theology holds Scripture and Holy Tradition (Ιερά Παράδοση) jointly authoritative, including the Greek-language patristic corpus a Modern Greek reader can access directly; this curriculum treats Scripture's own inspiration on its own terms.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  Standard NT and liturgical form, unchanged for two millennia.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: Modern Greek 'δικαίωση' is very commonly used colloquially for simple personal vindication ('τελικά δικαιώθηκα,' 'I was proven right in the end'), a substantially weaker, secular sense than Paul's forensic declaration of righteousness before God.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  The Mosaic law/Torah, same NT word; also the ordinary Modern Greek word for civil law in general, requiring context to keep Paul's specific argument about the Mosaic law distinct from law-in-general.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  CRITICAL, and among the most distinctive risks in this entire pipeline: in Modern Greek, 'κύριος' is also the completely ordinary polite title equivalent to English 'Mister/Sir' ('κύριε' in address, 'ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος,' 'Mr.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: 'Κύριος' has been worn down by everyday Modern Greek usage into the ordinary polite title 'Mister/Sir.' Romans 10:9's confession must be actively reconnected to the word's Septuagint background as the standard rendering of the divine name YHWH, so the claim to Jesus's identity with God is not lost beneath the flatness of the everyday honorific.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  Transliterated from Hebrew via the NT's own Greek text; 'Χριστός' ('Anointed One') is the direct Greek translation and by far the more common NT and liturgical term.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: the unique, Old Testament-promised Anointed One fulfilled exclusively in Jesus; 'Χριστός' (Anointed One) is the NT's own preferred rendering and should generally be used over the transliterated 'Μεσσίας.'

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Same root as 'apostle' (απόστολος); also the ordinary Modern Greek word for 'mission' in any secular sense (a company's mission, a military mission), requiring context to keep the gospel-proclamation sense clear.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Standard term; 'έθνη' carries some modern nationalist connotation via 'έθνος,' worth a contextual note distinguishing the NT's ethnic-religious sense from modern nation-state identity.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience flowing from faith, not independent moral or ecclesiastical compliance.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5 and 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  Standard, unambiguous rendering.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  Standard, unambiguous rendering.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  Same NT word; standard and unambiguous.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  Same NT word; standard and unambiguous.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  Same NT word.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL, but also a doctrinal asset: Ανάσταση is the central feast of Greek Orthodox liturgical life, more culturally central than Christmas.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: same word as the NT's δικαιοσύνη, but Modern Greek everyday usage strongly foregrounds the secular/legal sense (the justice system, 'το Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης,' the Ministry of Justice).

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  CRITICAL: Greek uses the identical word for the adjective 'holy' and the title 'Saint,' tied to the deeply embedded cultural practice of name days (ονομαστική εορτή).

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: the actual NT word, with zero translation gap; the risk is that Greek Orthodox theosis theology, developed natively in Greek and directly accessible to Modern Greek readers, reshapes σωτηρία toward participatory deification rather than Romans' emphasis on a decisive reconciliation received by faith.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: this is the actual New Testament word, unchanged for two thousand years — a translation gap of zero, unique among every Language Package in this pipeline.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Low risk of conflation with a specialized monastic class (e.g.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Moral transgression before a personal God.

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: full phrase required.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: eternal, unique Sonship, not the adoptive 'τέκνα Θεού' sense Romans 8 applies to believers.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for the whole congregation; distinguish from the secular use of 'χάρισμα' for natural talent.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  Same root as χάρις (grace).

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Same word root as the Eucharist itself; ensure Romans' general sense of gratitude is not narrowed to the specific sacramental reference, an ambiguity essentially unique to Greek.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Same word root as the Eucharist itself (Θεία Ευχαριστία, the sacrament of Holy Communion).

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity equally guilty before God; retain unqualified universal language.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No ethnic or national barrier to the gospel; retain unqualified universal language.

  ROM.1.16