Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Identical to the NT word; unambiguous and stable across two millennia.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Απόστολος is identical to the NT word and unambiguous.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call; 'εκλογή' (election) risks being read through its dominant modern political sense (elections, voting) rather than God's gracious choice.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Same NT word, but Modern Greek 'εκλογή/εκλογές' is dominated by its political sense (elections, voting) in everyday usage.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  The NT's ἔθνη ('nations/peoples'); Modern Greek 'έθνος' carries strong modern nationalist connotation (Greek national identity, 'το Έθνος'), so care is needed to keep the NT's ethnic-religious sense (non-Jewish peoples) distinct from modern nation-state connotations.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: Modern Greek 'χάρη' has broadened into everyday senses of personal charm and legal pardon; Romans' unmerited-favor argument (4:4-5; 11:5-6) must be anchored explicitly against both secular senses.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: same word as the NT's χάρις, but Modern Greek has substantially broadened its everyday secular use — 'χάρη' now commonly means personal charm or gracefulness ('έχει χάρη,' 'she's charming') or a legal pardon/clemency ('απονομή χάριτος,' a presidential pardon).

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name; also the name of the modern nation-state, so ensure Romans 9-11's discussion of Israel as a people in salvation history is not read as a claim about the modern political state.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: Modern Greek 'δικαίωση' is very commonly used colloquially for simple personal vindication ('τελικά δικαιώθηκα,' 'I was proven right in the end'), a substantially weaker, secular sense than Paul's forensic declaration of righteousness before God.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive care; 'πρόνοια' is also the standard word for state social welfare, a secular institutional sense that should not crowd out the theological one.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  God's personal, purposive governance; established theological term, but Modern Greek 'πρόνοια' is also the standard word for state social-welfare provision ('Υπουργείο Πρόνοιας'), a secular institutional sense that should not crowd out the theological one.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: same word as the NT's δικαιοσύνη, but Modern Greek everyday usage strongly foregrounds the secular/legal sense (the justice system, 'το Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης,' the Ministry of Justice).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: the actual NT word, with zero translation gap; the risk is that Greek Orthodox theosis theology, developed natively in Greek and directly accessible to Modern Greek readers, reshapes σωτηρία toward participatory deification rather than Romans' emphasis on a decisive reconciliation received by faith.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: this is the actual New Testament word, unchanged for two thousand years — a translation gap of zero, unique among every Language Package in this pipeline.

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Must be translated with full theological clarity; a Greek reader can access Paul's olive-tree metaphor (11:17-24) in its own original wording, a genuine interpretive advantage.

  ROM.11.17-24