Passage

Romans 3

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ, not generalized loyalty or self-belief in the modern secular psychological sense.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ specifically.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (Old Testament to New Testament); a Greek reader has the unusual advantage of being able to read the Septuagint's own wording directly alongside Paul's citations of it.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  The NT's ἔθνη ('nations/peoples'); Modern Greek 'έθνος' carries strong modern nationalist connotation (Greek national identity, 'το Έθνος'), so care is needed to keep the NT's ethnic-religious sense (non-Jewish peoples) distinct from modern nation-state connotations.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: Modern Greek 'χάρη' has broadened into everyday senses of personal charm and legal pardon; Romans' unmerited-favor argument (4:4-5; 11:5-6) must be anchored explicitly against both secular senses.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: same word as the NT's χάρις, but Modern Greek has substantially broadened its everyday secular use — 'χάρη' now commonly means personal charm or gracefulness ('έχει χάρη,' 'she's charming') or a legal pardon/clemency ('απονομή χάριτος,' a presidential pardon).

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name; also the name of the modern nation-state, so ensure Romans 9-11's discussion of Israel as a people in salvation history is not read as a claim about the modern political state.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Glossary Term

  Law

  The Mosaic law/Torah, same NT word; also the ordinary Modern Greek word for civil law in general, requiring context to keep Paul's specific argument about the Mosaic law distinct from law-in-general.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  Same NT word; standard and unambiguous.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Moral transgression before a personal God.

  ROM.3.23

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Must be translated with full theological clarity; a Greek reader can access Paul's olive-tree metaphor (11:17-24) in its own original wording, a genuine interpretive advantage.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity equally guilty before God; retain unqualified universal language.

  ROM.3.23