Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic term of intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15 in the NT's own Greek text (transliterated there too, since Aramaic 'Abba' was foreign even to the original Greek-speaking audience); retain the transliteration paired with 'Πατέρα.'

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  Standard modern legal-and-theological term; low risk.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  Full son-status with complete inheritance rights; lexically clear and stable.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Same NT word; see 'calling' for the specific Modern Greek semantic-bleaching risk affecting the related noun.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  CRITICAL, and a uniquely Greek risk: in Modern Greek, 'κλήση' overwhelmingly means an ordinary phone call or a legal summons/traffic ticket in everyday speech ('μου ήρθε κλήση,' 'I got a ticket').

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Same NT word (also the word for 'Testament,' as in Παλαιά/Καινή Διαθήκη, Old/New Testament), but in ordinary Modern Greek usage 'διαθήκη' overwhelmingly means a last will and testament (an inheritance document).

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Standard proper name, same as the NT's own form.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit Old Testament background (2 Samuel 7); a Greek reader can access the Septuagint text of this passage directly, which is a genuine advantage for grounding the doctrine concretely.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature, affirmed identically by Greek Orthodox Christology (Nicene-Chalcedonian, itself formulated in Greek); risk here is simplification, not doctrinal disagreement.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  CRITICAL: 'κλήση' has been worn down by everyday Modern Greek usage into the ordinary word for a phone call or a legal/traffic summons.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call; 'εκλογή' (election) risks being read through its dominant modern political sense (elections, voting) rather than God's gracious choice.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Same NT word, but Modern Greek 'εκλογή/εκλογές' is dominated by its political sense (elections, voting) in everyday usage.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  God as personal Father; standard and unambiguous.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  God's radiant honor and presence.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  Standard and unambiguous; no rival deity-name confusion in Greek culture.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  Transliterated from Hebrew via the NT's own Greek text; 'Χριστός' ('Anointed One') is the direct Greek translation and by far the more common NT and liturgical term.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: the unique, Old Testament-promised Anointed One fulfilled exclusively in Jesus; 'Χριστός' (Anointed One) is the NT's own preferred rendering and should generally be used over the transliterated 'Μεσσίας.'

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.9.5