Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Japanese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the core passage (2 Corinthians 5:11-21) and every chapter of the whole book (1-13). Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [Baseline] and MUST be reused exactly as recorded there; this glossary does not alter baseline entries, only cites them for cross-reference. New terms introduced by 2 Corinthians are marked [New] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the assigned risk tier, pending theologian/native-speaker review per the routing rules in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) / High (human theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review) / Low (automated review).
A. Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in 2 Corinthians
| English | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Status | 2 Cor. Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 神 | Kami | Critical | [Baseline] | 1, 3-6, 11, 13 | Reuse baseline note; especially acute at 4:4 (“god of this age” — see New Terms below) |
| Jesus | イエス | Iesu | Critical | [Baseline] | throughout | — |
| Lord | 主 | Shu | Critical | [Baseline] | 3, 5, 10 | Confession pattern reused from Romans 10:9 |
| Holy Spirit | 聖霊 | Seirei | Critical | [Baseline] | 1, 3, 13 | Never 御霊 or 霊 alone — see Ch.3 note on goryō shinkō/eirei collision |
| Father | 父 | Chichi | Medium | [Baseline] | 1, 13 | Actively build relational warmth (Ch.1 comfort context) |
| grace | 恵み | Megumi | Critical | [Baseline] | 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13 | On-giri non-transactional caution extends to financial giving (chs. 8-9) |
| faith | 信仰 | Shinkou | High | [Baseline] | 1, 4, 5, 10, 13 | — |
| righteousness | 義 | Gi | Critical | [Baseline] | 3, 5:21, 6, 9, 11 | Bushido-virtue flag applies at every occurrence, esp. 5:21 climax |
| salvation | 救い | Sukui | Critical | [Baseline] | 1, 6, 7 | — |
| sin | 罪 | Tsumi | High | [Baseline] | 5, 11 | Extends to “trespasses” (παράπτωμα) in 5:19 |
| apostle | 使徒 | Shito | Low (base) / High (in ch.11-12 context) | [Baseline] | throughout, esp. 1, 11-12 | Risk elevates in false-apostle contrast; never 教祖 |
| holy | 聖い | Kiyoi | Medium | [Baseline] | 1, 6, 7 | — |
| saints | 聖徒 | Seito | High | [Baseline] | 1, 8-9, 13 | — |
| sanctification | 聖化 | Seika | High | [Baseline] | 3, 6, 7 | Feeds “transformed” (μεταμορφόω) — see New Terms |
| glory | 栄光 | Eikou | Medium | [Baseline] | 1, 3, 4 | — |
| covenant | 契約 | Keiyaku | High | [Baseline] | 3 | Extended as “new covenant,” 新しい契約 |
| gospel | 福音 | Fukuin | Medium | [Baseline] | 2, 4, 11 | — |
| church | 教会 | Kyoukai | Medium | [Baseline] | 1, 8, 11-12 | — |
| fellowship | 交わり | Majiwari | Low | [Baseline] | 6, 8, 13 | Extended: 奉仕の交わり (fellowship of the ministry, 8:4) |
| thanksgiving | 感謝 | Kansha | Low | [Baseline] | 2, 4, 8-9 | — |
| power_of_god | 神の力 | Kami no Chikara | Medium | [Baseline] | 4, 6, 12-13 | Central to Ch.12 “power in weakness” — see New Terms |
| exhort | 勧める | Susumeru | Low | [Baseline] | 5:20, 6, 8, 10 | Distinguished from new “comfort” term (παράκλησις — see below) |
| resurrection | 復活 | Fukkatsu | High | [Baseline] | 4-5, 13 | Pop-culture “comeback” dilution risk fully applies |
| obedience_of_faith | 信仰の従順 | Shinkou no Juujun | High | [Baseline] | 9-10 | Applied to “obedience of Christ” (10:5) |
| calling / called | 召し／召された | Meshi / Mesareta | High | [Baseline] | 1 (implicit apostolic calling) | — |
B. New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians
Reconciliation with God
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciled / reconciliation | καταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή (katallassō / katallagē) | 和解させる／和解 | wakai saseru / wakai | Critical | 5:18-20 | 和解 defaults to a mutual, often legal, settlement (示談) in everyday Japanese; must be taught as God’s unilateral initiative toward hostile sinners, not a meeting-halfway compromise. Highest-priority term in this curriculum. |
| ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς (diakonia tēs katallagēs) | 和解の務め | wakai no tsutome | High | 5:18 | 務め risks generic-volunteerism reading (社会奉仕) without gospel anchoring |
| not counting [trespasses] | λογίζομαι, negated (logizomai) | 罪を負わせない | tsumi o owasenai | High | 5:19 | Mirror-image of baseline “imputed_righteousness” — non-imputation of sin; flag for same review tier |
| be reconciled (imperative) | καταλλάγητε (katallagēte) | 神と和解しなさい | Kami to wakai shinasai | Critical | 5:20 | Passive voice is doctrinally load-bearing — receiving an accomplished reconciliation, not initiating one; resist active “make peace” phrasing that reverses agency |
| ambassador | πρεσβεύω (presbeuō) | 使者 | shisha | Medium | 5:20 | Established Shinkaiyaku term (not 大使); must retain sense of Christ’s own delegated authority speaking through the envoy |
New Creation in Christ
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | 新しい創造 | atarashii souzou | High | 5:17 | Risk of collapse into Japan’s self-improvement/jiko-keihatsu “new me” reinvention culture; must be taught as God’s unilateral, ontological re-creation, not resolved-upon self-change |
| in Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ (en Christō) | キリストにある | Kirisuto ni aru | High | 5:17 | Identity in union with Christ, not group-belonging/wa harmony status |
| flesh (according to the flesh) | σάρξ / κατὰ σάρκα (sarx / kata sarka) | 肉／肉によって | niku / niku ni yotte | High | 5:16 | 肉 is the ordinary word for edible meat (cf. yakiniku food culture); requires contextual anchoring to avoid literal-meaning intrusion |
| love (of Christ) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | 愛 | ai | High | 5:14, 13:14 | Not in baseline Romans TM; risk of collapse into secular romantic/pop-song 愛; anchor firmly to Christ’s substitutionary death |
| image | εἰκών (eikōn) | 似姿 | nisugata | High | 3:18, 4:4 | Avoid 像 (statue/idol-image) — risk of Buddhist/Shinto statuary collision |
| transformed | μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | 姿を変えられて | sugata o kaerarete | High | 3:18 | NEVER 変身 — saturated with tokusatsu/anime superhero transformation-sequence pop culture |
Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| comfort | παράκλησις / παρακαλέω (paraklēsis / parakaleō) | 慰め／慰める | nagusame / nagusameru | Medium | 1, 7 | Distinguish from generic wellness/self-care 癒し (iyashi) marketing sense; distinct sense-family from baseline’s exhort/susumeru |
| affliction | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | 苦難 | kunan | Medium | 1, 4, 6-8 | Must retain purposeful, ministry-specific framing, not generic hardship |
| seal / guarantee (down payment) | σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών (sphragizō / arrabōn) | 証印を押す／保証 | shōin o osu / hoshō | High | 1:22, 5:5 | Risk of over-literalizing to commercial deposit (手付金); teach as relational, future-certain pledge |
| tent / earthly house | σκῆνος / ἐπίγειος οἰκία (skēnos / epigeios oikia) | 地上の仮の住まい | chijō no kari no sumai | Medium | 5:1 | Deliberately avoid 幕屋 (the literal OT Tabernacle term) |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα (bēma) | キリストの裁きの座 | Kirisuto no sabaki no za | High | 5:10 | Risk of assimilation to Enma (閻魔), the Buddhist folk judge of the dead; clarify as an accounting for believers already reconciled, not a karmic weighing determining salvation |
| conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | 良心 | ryōshin | Medium | 1:12, 5:11 | Risk of collapse into shame-culture social-face-consciousness rather than inner witness before God |
The New Covenant versus the Old
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη (kainē diathēkē) | 新しい契約 | atarashii keiyaku | High | 3 | Extends baseline covenant dilution risk; sharpened by direct old/new contrast |
| letter (vs. Spirit) | γράμμα (gramma) | 文字 | moji | High | 3:6 | Paired against 聖霊 (never 御霊 in this passage — see Holy Spirit note above) |
| veil | κάλυμμα (kalymma) | 覆い | ōi | Medium | 3:13-16 | Requires Exodus 34 background explanation (illiteracy risk) |
| glory (fading vs. abiding) | δόξα (doxa) | 栄光 | eikou | Medium | 3, 4 | [Baseline term reused]; new nuance of Moses’ fading glory vs. the Spirit’s abiding glory |
| freedom | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | 自由 | jiyū | Low | 3:17 | Anchor to freedom from the old covenant’s condemning letter, not generic autonomy |
Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sincerity | ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια (haplotēs / eilikrineia) | 純真さ／誠実さ | junshin-sa / seijitsu-sa | High | 1, 2:17, 4:2 | Directly intersects Japan’s tatemae/honne (public facade vs. true feeling) social structure — teach as collapse of that gap before God |
| commending [ourselves] | συνιστάνω (synistanō) | 自分を推薦する | jibun o suisen suru | Medium | 3:1, 5:12, 10:12 | Contrasted with letters-of-recommendation credentialing culture |
| boast / boasting | καυχάομαι / καύχημα (kauchaomai / kauchēma) | 誇る／誇り | hokoru / hokori | High | 5:12, 10-12 | Tension with Japan’s modesty ethic (謙遜); Paul’s paradox (boasting only in weakness/Christ) requires careful framing |
| outward appearance / heart | πρόσωπον / καρδία (prosōpon / kardia) | 外見／心 | gaiken / kokoro | High | 5:12 | Maps precisely onto tatemae/honne; name the parallel directly in teaching |
| genuine (unhypocritical) love | ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος (agapē anypokritos) | 偽りのない愛 | itsuwari no nai ai | High | 6:6 | Reinforces sincerity/tatemae-honne risk |
| peddlers [of God’s word] | καπηλεύω (kapēleuō) | 神の言葉を売り物にする者 | Kami no kotoba o urimono ni suru mono | Medium | 2:17 | Resonates with post-Aum wariness of profit-driven religious movements |
Generosity and Grace in Giving
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cheerful [giver] | ἱλαρός (hilaros) | 喜んで(与える) | yorokonde (ataeru) | High | 9:7 | Directly engages okaeshi (お返し) gift-reciprocity culture; teach as non-reciprocal, grace-motivated giving |
| equality | ἰσότης (isotēs) | 公平／平等 | kōhei / byōdō | Low | 8:13-14 | Fairness-in-sharing concept, not identical-amount giving |
| fellowship of the ministry | κοινωνία τῆς διακονίας (koinōnia tēs diakonias) | 奉仕の交わり | hōshi no majiwari | Low | 8:4 | Extends baseline fellowship (交わり) |
| sow / reap | σπείρω / θερίζω (speirō / therizō) | 種を蒲く／収穫する | tane o maku / shūkaku suru | Low | 9:6 | Agrarian metaphor increasingly unfamiliar to urban readers (illiteracy risk) |
Power in Weakness
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| power [made perfect] in weakness | δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ (dynamis en astheneia) | 弱さのうちに完全に現れる力 | yowasa no uchi ni kanzen ni arawareru chikara | High | 12:9-10 | Risk of collapse into ganbaru (頑張る) perseverance-toward-strength ethic; God’s power displayed through, not despite, ongoing weakness |
| weakness | ἀσθένεια (astheneia) | 弱さ | yowasa | High | 11-13 | See above; core term of this doctrine |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (skolops tē sarki) | 肉体のとげ | nikutai no toge | Medium | 12:7 | Clarify as persistent affliction, not a literal, momentary splinter |
| treasure in jars of clay | θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν (thēsauros en ostrakinois skeuesin) | 土の器に納められた宝 | tsuchi no utsuwa ni osamerareta takara | Low-Medium | 4:7 | Possible positive wabi-sabi/kintsugi bridge, if not allowed to soften the vessel/content distinction |
| grace is sufficient | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις (arkei hē charis) | 恵みで十分です | megumi de jūbun desu | Critical | 12:9 | Full baseline grace risk applies; ties power-in-weakness to non-transactional grace |
| stronghold | ὀχύρωμα (ochyrōma) | 要塞 | yōsai | Low-Medium | 10:4 | Possible positive castle/fortress cultural bridge if kept purely spiritual |
Genuine versus False Apostleship
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι (pseudapostoloi) | 偽使徒 | gi-shito | High | 11:13 | Resonates with post-Aum Shinrikyo cult-scandal awareness; frame discernment soberly, non-sensationally |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός (angelos phōtos) | 光の御使い | hikari no otsukai | Medium | 11:14 | Deceptive counterfeit-light imagery; distinguish from generic positive “enlightenment” associations |
| godly jealousy | ζῆλος θεοῦ (zēlos theou) | 神の熱心 | Kami no nesshin | Medium | 11:2 | Avoid ねたみ (envy, wholly negative connotation) |
| betrothed [pure virgin] | παρθένος ἁγνή (parthenos hagnē) | 純潔な処女として | junketsu na shojo to shite | Medium | 11:2 | Marriage-covenant metaphor; cultural explanatory framing needed |
| examine yourselves | δοκιμάζω / πειράζω (dokimazō / peirazō) | 自分自身を確かめなさい | jibun jishin o tashikamenasai | Medium | 13:5 | Distinguish from Confucian/Buddhist introspective self-cultivation traditions |
| disqualified | ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | 失格 | shikkaku | Medium | 13:5-7 | Echoes baseline “election” caution against competitive-exam framing (失格 = common sports/exam term) |
| signs [of a true apostle] | σημεῖα (sēmeia) | しるし | shirushi | Low-Medium | 12:12 | Standard biblical sign vocabulary |
Additional Supporting Terms (Cross-Cutting)
| English | Greek (translit.) | Japanese | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the god of this age (Satan) | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (ho theos tou aiōnos toutou) | この世の神(サタン) | kono yo no kami (Satan) | Critical | 4:4 | Only occurrence applying 神 to a false pretender; mandatory bracketed disqualifying clarification, every occurrence flagged |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς (Satanas) | サタン | Satan | Low | 2:11, 11:14, 12:7 | Established loanword; distinguish from generic folk-spirit/yōkai categories |
| forgive | χαρίζομαι (charizomai) | 赦す | yurusu | High | 2:7-10 | Same root as grace; on-giri non-transactional caution applies |
| triumphal procession | θριαμβεύω (thriambeuō) | 凱旋行列に加える | gaisen kōretsu ni kuwaeru | Medium | 2:14 | Requires historical (Roman triumph) explanation |
| aroma / fragrance of Christ | εὐωδία / ὀσμή (euōdia / osmē) | キリストの良い香り | Kirisuto no yoi kaori | Medium | 2:15-16 | Possible incense-ritual (お線香) association; flag for native-speaker review |
| temple of the living God | ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος (naos theou zōntos) | 生ける神の神殿 | ikeru Kami no shinden | High | 6:16 | Distinguish 神殿 from 神社/寺; always pair with “living God” qualifier |
| unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγέω (heterozygeō) | つり合わない軛を共にする | tsuriawanai kubiki o tomo ni suru | Medium | 6:14 | Agrarian yoke imagery unfamiliar to modern urban readers |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | 悔い改め | kuiarame | High | 7:9-10 | Not in baseline Romans TM; distinguish from 反省 (secular self-reflection ritual) and NEVER 懴悔 (Buddhist confession rite) |
| godly sorrow / worldly sorrow | λύπη κατὰ θεόν / τοῦ κόσμου (lypē kata theon / tou kosmou) | 神のみ心に添った悲しみ／世の悲しみ | Kami no mikokoro ni sotta kanashimi / yo no kanashimi | Medium | 7:10 | Preserve sharp life/death contrast |
| trespasses | παράπτωμα (paraptōma) | 過ち | ayamachi | High | 5:19 | Near-synonym of 罪 (sin); inherits baseline sin risk notes |
| eternal weight of glory | βάρος δόξης αἰώνιον (baros doxēs aiōnion) | 永遠の重みのある栄光 | eien no omomi no aru eikou | Medium | 4:17 | Extends baseline glory (栄光) |
| weapons of warfare | ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας (hopla tēs strateias) | 戦いの武器 | tatakai no buki | Medium | 10:4 | Sensitivity to Japan’s postwar pacifist identity and WWII-era war-language caution |
| paradise | παράδεισος (paradeisos) | 楽園／パラダイス | rakuen / paradaisu | High | 12:4 | NEVER conflate with 極楽 (Pure Land Buddhist paradise); avoid secular tourism-marketing パラダイス trivialization |
| third heaven | τρίτος οὐρανός (tritos ouranos) | 第三の天 | dai-san no ten | Medium | 12:2 | Requires ancient tiered-heaven cosmology explanation |
| holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον (philēma hagion) | 聖なる口づけ | seinaru kuchizuke | Low-Medium | 13:12 | Cultural-adaptation note (Japanese greeting custom favors bowing); not a doctrinal risk |
| beside ourselves / in our right mind | ἐξίστημι / σωφρονέω (existēmi / sōphroneō) | 気が変になっている／正気である | ki ga hen ni natte iru / shōki de aru | Low | 5:13 | — |
Risk Tier Summary (2 Corinthians New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | Human theologian, every occurrence (reconciliation, ministry of reconciliation-adjacent non-imputation, be-reconciled imperative, the god of this age, grace is sufficient, plus baseline-critical righteousness/grace/salvation/god recurrences) |
| High | 24 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
This glossary is proposed for merge into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json at Phase 1 Step 9 (Language Package finalization). All Critical and High risk new terms require theologian sign-off before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Kami
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 八百万の神の一柱としての神, 神様
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Especially acute at 2 Corinthians 4:4, where ‘the god of this age’ applies this same word to Satan’s usurped self-designation — see the new ‘god_of_this_age’ entry, which requires the OPPOSITE of the baseline’s usual reverential qualifying convention (a disqualifying clarification, not a ‘one true God’ affirmation). Elsewhere retain 唯一のまことの神 qualifying language at first occurrence and in doctrinal statements.
Jesus
Approved rendering: イエス
Transliteration: Iesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ゼズス
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. No new nuance introduced in 2 Corinthians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖霊
Transliteration: Seirei
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 霊, 幽霊, 御霊
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 霊 alone. In this curriculum ALSO never 御霊 (mitama) — a historic Japanese translation variant that collides with 御霊信仰 (goryō shinkō) and 英霊 (eirei, enshrined war-dead spirits at sites such as Yasukuni Shrine). This forbidden-substitution is especially critical at 2 Corinthians 3:17 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’) and load-bearing again at the 13:14 Trinitarian benediction.
Grace
Approved rendering: 恵み
Transliteration: megumi
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 恩返しが要る恵み, 功徳
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Corinthians the on-giri (恩・義理) non-transactional caution extends beyond soteriology into forgiveness (2:7-10), financial giving (chs. 8-9, where it must also be fenced against お返し okaeshi gift-reciprocity culture and 御利益 goriyaku shrine-offering exchange logic), and Paul’s own affliction (12:9, ‘my grace is sufficient’).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 義
Transliteration: gi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 道徳, 正義感
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. The Bushido-virtue collision flag is at its most acute at 2 Corinthians 5:21, the letter’s climactic statement that believers ‘become the righteousness of God’ — must remain a forensic, exchanged status, never the samurai-honor virtue of moral courage/rectitude carried by the same kanji.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救い
Transliteration: sukui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 極楽往生
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 1, 6-7. Conceptually linked to but distinct from the newly established ‘reconciliation’ (和解) term: salvation is the accomplished deliverance, reconciliation is the relational outcome it produces.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 義と認められること
Transliteration: gi to mitomerareru koto
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 修行によって得た義, 自己義認
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:19’s ‘not counting their trespasses against them’ is the conceptual mirror-image of this term — non-imputation of sin rather than imputation of righteousness — and both directions of this forensic-accounting language converge at 5:21. See ‘non_imputation_of_sin’.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: 和解
Transliteration: wakai
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 仲直り, 講和
Original: καταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. 和解 is the everyday word for a mutual legal/interpersonal settlement (示談, jidan) between two at-fault parties each moving partway toward the other. Biblical reconciliation is God’s entirely unilateral, gracious initiative toward hostile, guilty humanity, accomplished through Christ’s death alone (2 Cor 5:18-19; cf. Romans 5:10). Every occurrence must be taught with explicit one-directional framing. Highest-priority term in this curriculum; flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Be Reconciled Imperative
Approved rendering: 神と和解しなさい
Transliteration: Kami to wakai shinasai
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 神と平和を作りなさい
Original: καταλλάγητε
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. The Greek aorist passive imperative (καταλλάγητε, 5:20) is doctrinally load-bearing: the hearer is called to RECEIVE an already-accomplished reconciliation, not to perform one. Japanese passive-imperative constructions are stylistically awkward, creating pressure toward an active ‘make peace with God’ phrasing (神と平和を作りなさい) that reverses agency — this must be resisted at every occurrence.
Letter Vs Spirit
Approved rendering: 文字／聖霊
Transliteration: moji / Seirei
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Life-Giving New Covenant Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 御霊
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
NEW, CRITICAL. Some historic Japanese Bible traditions render ‘the Spirit’ at 2 Corinthians 3:17 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’) with 御霊 (mitama). This package REQUIRES 聖霊 without exception here, because 御霊 is also the standing term for enshrined ancestral/war-dead spirits (御霊信仰, goryō shinkō; 英霊, eirei, e.g. at Yasukuni Shrine). 文字 (moji) is the paired term for γράμμα, ‘letter.‘
Grace Is Sufficient
Approved rendering: 恵みで十分です
Transliteration: megumi de juubun desu
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Full baseline Critical ‘grace’ risk applies at 2 Corinthians 12:9. Ties the Power in Weakness doctrine directly to grace’s non-transactional nature; flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: この世の神(サタン)
Transliteration: kono yo no kami (Satan)
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Discernment of Deception
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: False Teaching
NEW, CRITICAL. The one occurrence in the entire curriculum where 神 is applied to a false pretender (2 Cor 4:4). REQUIRES the opposite of the baseline’s usual reverential ‘one true God’ qualifier: a mandatory disqualifying bracket clarifying this is Satan’s usurped, blasphemous self-designation, never an acknowledgment of actual deity. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Made Him To Be Sin
Approved rendering: 罪となさいました
Transliteration: tsumi to nasaimashita
Doctrine: Substitutionary Sin-Bearing and Imputed Righteousness
Rejected alternatives: 罪人として扱われた
NEW, CRITICAL. Must be preserved as a strong substitutionary statement at 2 Corinthians 5:21, not softened into ‘罪人として扱われた’ (‘was treated as a sinner’). This is the theological hinge of the core passage: Christ’s identification with sin’s guilt so believers might be identified with God’s righteousness.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: Shu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 主君, ご主人様
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’) and 5:6-8. The identification of ‘the Lord’ with ‘the Spirit’ at 3:17 requires 聖霊 without exception — see ‘letter_vs_spirit’.
Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰
Transliteration: shinkou
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 信心, 宗教心
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 1, 4-5, 10, 13; no new collision risk introduced.
Sin
Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: tsumi
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 恥, 迷惑をかけること
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 2 Corinthians 5:21’s substitutionary formula (‘he made him to be sin who knew no sin’); also underlies ‘trespasses’ (παράπτωμα) at 5:19 — see ‘trespasses’ and ‘made_him_to_be_sin’ entries.
Saints
Approved rendering: 聖徒
Transliteration: seito
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 聖者, 菩薩
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 1, 8-9, 13; never 菩薩 or 聖者.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 聖化
Transliteration: seika
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 修行, 悟り
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Directly feeds the newly established ‘transformed_metamorphoo’ term at 2 Corinthians 3:18; distinguish from 修行 and 悟り as in baseline.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 契約
Transliteration: keiyaku
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 2 Corinthians 3 as ‘new covenant’ (新しい契約), with a sharpened dilution risk given the direct old/new contrast — see ‘new_covenant’.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 復活
Transliteration: fukkatsu
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 輪廻転生, カムバック
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at 2 Corinthians 4:14, 5:15, and chapter 13; the pop-culture ‘comeback’ dilution risk fully applies and must be actively countered when teaching the Resurrection Hope and Eternal Perspective doctrine.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰の従順
Transliteration: shinkou no juujun
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 空気を読んだ従順, 上下関係への服従
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Applied specifically to ‘the obedience of Christ’ as the target of the mind’s captivity at 2 Corinthians 10:5.
Called
Approved rendering: 召された
Transliteration: mesareta
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 運命づけられた, 天職
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Paul’s apostolic self-designation at 2 Corinthians 1:1; no new nuance beyond the baseline’s caution against 運命.
Calling
Approved rendering: 召し
Transliteration: meshi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 運命, 天職
Inherited from Romans package. No new nuance introduced in 2 Corinthians.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: 和解の務め
Transliteration: wakai no tsutome
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 社会奉仕としての務め
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. 務め risks a generic-volunteerism reading (社会奉仕, shakai hōshi) unless anchored explicitly to gospel proclamation and to the 和解 doctrine of 5:18.
Non Imputation Of Sin
Approved rendering: 罪を負わせないこと
Transliteration: tsumi o owasenai koto
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 罪を数えないこと
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος (τὰ παραπτώματα)
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. Conceptual mirror-image of the baseline Critical ‘imputed_righteousness’ entry — the same forensic-accounting verb family (λογίζομαι) operating in reverse at 2 Corinthians 5:19. Must be reviewed at the same tier as imputed righteousness, not treated as a lesser pastoral statement.
New Creation
Approved rendering: 新しい創造
Transliteration: atarashii souzou
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 生まれ変わる, 新生
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
NEW. Risk of collapse into Japan’s self-improvement industry (自己啓発, jiko keihatsu) and New Year’s-resolution ‘new me’ rhetoric (心を入れ替える). NEVER 生まれ変わる (rebirth register, collides with reincarnation). Must be taught as God’s unilateral, ontological re-creative act at 2 Corinthians 5:17, parallel to Genesis creation.
In Christ
Approved rendering: キリストにある
Transliteration: Kirisuto ni aru
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: New Creation
NEW (extends baseline’s ‘christian_identity_in_christ’ doctrine into 2 Corinthians 5:17). Identity located in union with Christ, not in group-belonging/harmony (和) status.
Flesh Kata Sarka
Approved rendering: 肉
Transliteration: niku
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: σάρξ / κατὰ σάρκα
Category: New Creation
NEW. 肉 is the ordinary word for edible meat (cf. 焼肉, yakiniku food culture). At 2 Corinthians 5:16 (‘according to the flesh’), pair with 人間的な (‘merely human’) on first use per unit to prevent the culinary sense from crowding out the theological sense.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: 愛
Transliteration: ai
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: ἀγάπη (τοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Category: New Creation
NEW. Not present in the baseline Romans TM despite its centrality; freshly established here. Modern Japanese 愛 is saturated with romantic (恋愛, ren’ai) and generic-humanistic pop-culture usage. Must be firmly anchored to Christ’s substitutionary death at 2 Corinthians 5:14 (‘one has died for all’), and recurs at the 13:14 Trinitarian benediction. The related verb ‘controls/compels us’ (συνέχω, 5:14) should be rendered 支配する／動かす, avoiding vocabulary implying external social compulsion (cf. baseline obedience_of_faith caution) — this is internal, love-generated constraint.
Image Eikon
Approved rendering: 似姿
Transliteration: nisugata
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 像
Original: εἰκών
Category: New Creation
NEW. NEVER 像 (statue/idol-image) — risks direct collision with Buddhist statuary (仏像, butsuzō) and Shinto deity images (神像). Used at 2 Corinthians 3:18 and 4:4.
Transformed Metamorphoo
Approved rendering: 姿を変えられて
Transliteration: sugata o kaerarete
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Life-Giving New Covenant Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 変身
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: New Creation
NEW. NEVER 変身 (henshin) — inseparably associated with tokusatsu/anime superhero transformation sequences (仮面ライダー, Super Sentai). Use the periphrastic rendering at 2 Corinthians 3:18 to preserve the Spirit’s progressive, non-costume-change sanctifying work.
Seal And Guarantee
Approved rendering: 保証
Transliteration: hoshou
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 手付金
Original: σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Risks over-literalizing to a real-estate/commercial deposit (手付金, tetsukekin). Can be a positive bridge (like baseline’s adoption/yōshi engumi) if explicitly reframed as a relational, future-certain pledge from a personal God at 2 Corinthians 1:22 and 5:5.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: キリストの裁きの座
Transliteration: Kirisuto no sabaki no za
Doctrine: Judgment Seat of Christ and Believer’s Accountability
Original: τὸ βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Risks assimilation to Enma (閻魔, Enma-ō), the widely known Buddhist folk judge of the dead who weighs deeds. Must clarify at 2 Corinthians 5:10 that believers are already reconciled and justified (5:18-21) and give an account of a life already secured in Christ, not undergo a karmic weighing determining fundamental salvific standing.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: 新しい契約
Transliteration: atarashii keiyaku
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. Extends the baseline covenant dilution risk (契約 defaults to an ordinary secular contract), sharpened at 2 Corinthians 3 by the direct old/new contrast requiring active teaching of the relational, Spirit-enabled nature of the new covenant.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: 誠実さ
Transliteration: seijitsu-sa
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 純真さ
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Already a prized Japanese social/business virtue (customer-service and hospitality sincerity, omotenashi), risking a ‘skillful social performance’ reading rather than actual transparency before God. Directly intersects Japan’s tatemae/honne (建前／本音) structure; must be taught as the collapse of that gap before God, named directly in teaching materials.
Boasting
Approved rendering: 誇り
Transliteration: hokori
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχημα
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Collides with 謙遜 (kenson, modesty) and the proverb 出る釘は打たれる (‘the nail that sticks up gets hammered down’). Paul’s boasting-paradox (boasting only in Christ or in his own weakness, never in self) must be explicitly framed at every occurrence (5:12; chs. 10-12) as the structural opposite of self-promotion.
Outward Appearance Vs Heart
Approved rendering: 外見／心
Transliteration: gaiken / kokoro
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρόσωπον / καρδία
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Maps with unusual precision onto tatemae/honne. Name this parallel directly in teaching material at 2 Corinthians 5:12: apostolic sincerity requires honne and tatemae to be one and the same before God.
Genuine Unhypocritical Love
Approved rendering: 偽りのない愛
Transliteration: itsuwari no nai ai
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Reinforces the tatemae/honne sincerity risk. The Greek ἀνυπόκριτος is literally ‘unmasked’ (from the stage-actor’s mask) — love that is not a performed role, at 2 Corinthians 6:6.
Forgive Charizomai
Approved rendering: 赦す
Transliteration: yurusu
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Restoration of the Repentant
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. Shares its root with χάρις/恵み. Directly inherits the baseline Critical ‘grace’ risk: forgiveness at 2 Corinthians 2:7-10 must be taught as non-transactional, resisting the on-giri (恩・義理) framework that could recast it as a repayment debt on the forgiven party.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: 喜んで与えること
Transliteration: yorokonde ataeru koto
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρός
Category: Giving and Generosity
NEW. Directly engages Japan’s formalized gift-reciprocity culture — お返し (okaeshi), o-chūgen/o-seibo, White Day. Must be taught as grace-motivated and non-reciprocal at 2 Corinthians 9:7, not one more instance of the okaeshi obligation cycle, and free of 御利益 (goriyaku) transactional shrine-offering logic.
Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: 弱さのうちに完全に現れる力
Transliteration: yowasa no uchi ni kanzen ni arawareru chikara
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: 努力して乗り越える力
Original: ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ [τελειοῦται]
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Runs against the Bushido strength/honor ethic and the modern 頑張る (ganbaru) achievement ethic. Must be taught as God’s power displayed THROUGH, not despite or eventually overcoming, ongoing insufficiency (2 Cor 12:9-10) — not a ‘grow stronger through adversity’ motivational trope.
Weakness Astheneia
Approved rendering: 弱さ
Transliteration: yowasa
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Core term of chapters 11-13; must not be reframed as a temporary state to be overcome through ganbaru-style effort — it is the ongoing condition through which God’s power operates.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: 偽使徒
Transliteration: gi-shito
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Compound of established 使徒 with 偽 (‘false’). Lands with particular cultural urgency given the still-vivid public memory of Aum Shinrikyo. Frame discernment at 2 Corinthians 11:13 soberly, non-sensationally.
Temple Of The Living God
Approved rendering: 生ける神の神殿
Transliteration: ikeru Kami no shinden
Doctrine: The Church as God’s Dwelling Place
Rejected alternatives: 神社, 寺
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
NEW. 神殿 (shinden) must be sharply distinguished from 神社 (Shinto shrine) and 寺 (Buddhist temple) — NEVER use either, per baseline’s church note. The qualifier 生ける神 (‘the living God’) must always accompany this term at 2 Corinthians 6:16 to keep emphasis on God’s personal indwelling presence, not a physical sacred site.
Repentance
Approved rendering: 悔い改め
Transliteration: kuiarame
Doctrine: Repentance unto Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 反省, 懴悔
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
NEW. Not in the baseline Romans TM; freshly established here as the established Shinkaiyaku term. Distinguish from 反省 (hansei, secular self-critique/apology-culture ritual, e.g. corporate apology press conferences). NEVER 懴悔 (sange), a formal liturgical Buddhist confession rite. Biblical repentance at 2 Corinthians 7:9-10 is God-ward, salvation-oriented turning, not social face-repair.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: 過ち
Transliteration: ayamachi
Doctrine: Substitutionary Sin-Bearing and Imputed Righteousness
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
NEW. Near-synonym of 罪 (sin) with emphasis on discrete acts of failure at 2 Corinthians 5:19; may also be rendered 罪 in context. Inherits baseline’s caution that Japan’s shame-oriented culture risks reading this as social 迷惑 (meiwaku, inconvenience) rather than moral guilt before God.
Paradise
Approved rendering: 楽園
Transliteration: rakuen
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Eternal Perspective
Rejected alternatives: 極楽, パラダイス
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Two collision risks at 2 Corinthians 12:4: NEVER conflate with 極楽 (gokuraku, Pure Land Buddhist paradise — full force of baseline’s ‘salvation’ caution applies); and avoid the loanword パラダイス, saturated with tourism/resort-marketing (‘tropical paradise’).
Knew No Sin
Approved rendering: 罪を知らない方
Transliteration: tsumi o shiranai kata
Doctrine: Substitutionary Sin-Bearing and Imputed Righteousness
NEW. Undergirds Christ’s sinless humanity at 2 Corinthians 5:21; must not be blurred into a merely relative or comparative sinlessness.
Died For All
Approved rendering: すべての人のために死んだ
Transliteration: subete no hito no tame ni shinda
Doctrine: Substitutionary Sin-Bearing and Imputed Righteousness
NEW. The substitutionary ὑπέρ (‘on behalf of’) at 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 must be preserved as representative/substitutionary death, not softened to a merely exemplary or sympathetic death.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: 主イエス・キリストの恵み、神の愛、聖霊の交わり
Transliteration: Shu Iesu Kirisuto no megumi, Kami no ai, Seirei no majiwari
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction and Christian Greeting Customs
NEW composite entry reusing 恵み, 聖霊, and 交わり exactly plus the newly established 愛. Load-bearing doxological summary at 2 Corinthians 13:14 that must be rendered identically wherever it recurs across curriculum materials, per cross-document consistency principle.
Medium Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: chichi
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 家長
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Especially significant at 2 Corinthians 1:3 (‘Father of mercies’) — actively build relational warmth in this comfort-in-affliction context, compensating for Japan’s culturally distant father-figure associations.
Holy
Approved rendering: 聖い
Transliteration: kiyoi
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清らか, 穢れがない
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 1, 6-7; no new nuance introduced.
Glory
Approved rendering: 栄光
Transliteration: eikou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 名誉
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New nuance in 2 Corinthians 3-4: Moses’ fading glory contrasted with the Spirit’s abiding, ever-increasing glory; avoid collapsing into 名誉 (secular honor).
Gospel
Approved rendering: 福音
Transliteration: fukuin
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: いい知らせ, グッドニュース
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 2, 4, 11 (as a warning against ‘a different gospel’ proclaimed by false apostles), compounding the baseline’s blankness/biblical-illiteracy risk with the false-apostleship contrast.
Church
Approved rendering: 教会
Transliteration: kyoukai
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 寺, 神社
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout, notably chapters 8-9 (giving) and 11-12 (false apostleship). NEVER 寺 or 神社. Extended by the new ‘temple_of_the_living_god’ term at 6:16, which requires the living-God qualifier alongside these same forbidden substitutions.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 神の力
Transliteration: Kami no Chikara
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 気, パワー
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the newly established ‘power_in_weakness’ doctrine of chapters 4, 12-13. Avoid 気 and パワー as in baseline.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: 使者
Transliteration: shisha
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 大使
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. Established Shinkaiyaku term for πρεσβεύω (5:20); NOT the modern diplomatic-office term 大使. Must retain the sense of carrying Christ’s own delegated authority and voice (‘God making his appeal through us’), not merely an ordinary courier.
Comfort Paraklesis
Approved rendering: 慰め
Transliteration: nagusame
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 癒し
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Distinguish from 癒し (iyashi), Japan’s dominant wellness/self-care marketing term (per baseline ‘peace’ note). This is God’s personal comfort amid gospel-ministry affliction (2 Cor 1:3-7), not spa-like emotional soothing. Distinct sense-family from baseline’s ‘exhort’ (勧める), also from παρακαλέω.
Affliction Thlipsis
Approved rendering: 苦難
Transliteration: kunan
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 苦労
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Must retain ministry-specific, purposeful framing rather than collapsing into generic everyday hardship (苦労, kurō); always paired with 慰め in teaching material.
Tent Earthly House
Approved rendering: 地上の仮の住まい
Transliteration: chijou no kari no sumai
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Eternal Perspective
Rejected alternatives: 幕屋
Original: σκῆνος / ἐπίγειος οἰκία
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Deliberately avoid 幕屋 (makuya), the established term for the literal Mosaic Tabernacle, to prevent conflating this bodily metaphor at 2 Corinthians 5:1 with that specific structure.
Conscience
Approved rendering: 良心
Transliteration: ryoushin
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 人の目を気にする心
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Given Japan’s shame- rather than guilt-oriented cultural default (per baseline ‘sin’ note), risks being processed as social face-consciousness (人の目を気にする) rather than an inner witness before God. Anchor explicitly to accountability before God (2 Cor 1:12; 5:11), not peer opinion.
Veil
Approved rendering: 覆い
Transliteration: oi
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Requires Exodus 34 background explanation (Moses’ veiled face) for a biblically illiterate readership at 2 Corinthians 3:13-16; a biblical-illiteracy risk, not a doctrinal collision.
Commending Ourselves
Approved rendering: 自分を推薦する
Transliteration: jibun o suisen suru
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 自分を売り込む
Original: συνιστάνω / συνίστημι
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Contrasted with the ancient letters-of-recommendation credentialing culture referenced at 2 Corinthians 3:1; must preserve Paul’s deliberate rejection of self-promotion as a ground of legitimacy (3:1; 5:12; 10:12).
Peddlers Of Gods Word
Approved rendering: 神の言葉を売り物にする者
Transliteration: Kami no kotoba o urimono ni suru mono
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW. Resonates, as a warning rather than an endorsement, with post-Aum Shinrikyo wariness of profit-driven religious movements (cf. baseline caution against 教祖). Frames 2 Corinthians 2:17 as a warning against false teachers.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: 肉体のとげ
Transliteration: nikutai no toge
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Clarify as a persistent, chronic affliction at 2 Corinthians 12:7, not a single momentary event; avoid an overly literal ‘splinter’ reading.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: 土の器に納められた宝
Transliteration: tsuchi no utsuwa ni osamerareta takara
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Japan’s wabi-sabi/kintsugi aesthetic (prizing the beauty of repaired imperfection) offers a positive teaching bridge at 2 Corinthians 4:7, provided it never softens the point that the vessel’s value lies entirely in its contents (Christ), not the vessel’s own aesthetic worth.
Stronghold
Approved rendering: 要塞
Transliteration: yousai
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀχύρωμα
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Potential positive bridge to Japan’s castle/fortress cultural imagery (cf. baseline’s 主君 feudal-lord bridge), provided the referent at 2 Corinthians 10:4 (idolatrous strongholds of thought) is kept strictly spiritual, not literal military architecture.
Weapons Of Warfare
Approved rendering: 戦いの武器
Transliteration: tatakai no buki
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Discernment of Deception
Original: ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας
Category: Power and Weakness
NEW. Militaristic metaphor at 2 Corinthians 10:4 requires care given Japan’s postwar pacifist constitutional identity (Article 9) and WWII-era war-language sensitivity; frame as spiritual/metaphorical from the outset.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: 光の御使い
Transliteration: hikari no otsukai
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Discernment of Deception
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Reuses established 御使い (‘angel’); the deceptive counterfeit-light imagery at 2 Corinthians 11:14 must be distinguished from generic positive ‘enlightenment’ associations (cf. baseline caution on 悟り, satori).
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: 神の熱心
Transliteration: Kami no nesshin
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ねたみ
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Deliberately avoid ねたみ (netami, ‘envy’), wholly negative in Japanese. Names Paul’s protective, covenantal zeal for the Corinthians’ undivided devotion at 2 Corinthians 11:2.
Betrothed Pure Virgin
Approved rendering: 純潔な処女として
Transliteration: junketsu na shojo to shite
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: παρθένος ἁγνή
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Marriage/betrothal covenant metaphor at 2 Corinthians 11:2 requires cultural explanatory framing given differing modern marriage customs; not a doctrinal collision per se.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: 自分自身を確かめなさい
Transliteration: jibun jishin o tashikamenasai
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: δοκιμάζω / πειράζω
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Risks collision with Confucian 内省 (naishō) and Buddhist mindfulness self-examination traditions. Must be clarified at 2 Corinthians 13:5 as testing the presence of Christ-uniting faith specifically (‘Christ is in you’), not generic moral self-improvement.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: 失格
Transliteration: shikkaku
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: False Teaching
NEW. 失格 is heavily used in competitive sports/examination contexts, echoing the baseline’s caution under ‘election’ against merit-based competitive-selection framing. At 2 Corinthians 13:5-7, clarify as failing the test of genuine faith-union with Christ, not a performance-based evaluation passable through greater effort.
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: しるし
Transliteration: shirushi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 前兆
Original: σημεῖα
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Standard biblical ‘sign’ vocabulary at 2 Corinthians 12:12; distinguish from folk-superstition omens (前兆, zenchō).
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: 凱旋行列に加える
Transliteration: gaisen kouretsu ni kuwaeru
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. Requires historical explanation of the Roman military triumph, unfamiliar to Japanese readers, at 2 Corinthians 2:14 — a biblical-illiteracy note, not a doctrinal collision.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: キリストの良い香り
Transliteration: Kirisuto no yoi kaori
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: εὐωδία / ὀσμή
Category: Ministry and Suffering
NEW. 香 (fragrance) carries some association with Buddhist temple incense-offering ritual (お線香) at 2 Corinthians 2:15-16; flag for native-speaker review as either a helpful sensory bridge or an unwanted ritual-association risk depending on framing.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: つり合わない軛を共にする
Transliteration: tsuriawanai kubiki o tomo ni suru
Doctrine: The Church as God’s Dwelling Place
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Church
NEW. Modern urban Japan has little living familiarity with agricultural yoke imagery at 2 Corinthians 6:14, though the phrase is established in Japanese Bible tradition (cf. Matthew 11:29); a biblical-illiteracy risk requiring brief explanatory framing.
Godly Sorrow And Worldly Sorrow
Approved rendering: 神のみ心に添った悲しみ／世の悲しみ
Transliteration: Kami no mikokoro ni sotta kanashimi / yo no kanashimi
Doctrine: Repentance unto Salvation
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Repentance
NEW. The life/death contrast at 2 Corinthians 7:10 must be preserved sharply; do not flatten both into a single generic ‘sadness’ term.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: 永遠の重みのある栄光
Transliteration: eien no omomi no aru eikou
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Eternal Perspective
Original: βάρος δόξης αἰώνιον
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Extends baseline 栄光 (glory) at 2 Corinthians 4:17; preserve the weight/momentary-affliction contrast and avoid collapsing into 名誉 (secular honor).
Third Heaven
Approved rendering: 第三の天
Transliteration: dai-san no ten
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Eternal Perspective
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Requires explanation of ancient Jewish tiered-heaven cosmology at 2 Corinthians 12:2; a biblical-illiteracy risk, not a doctrinal collision.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 主を恐れること
Transliteration: Shu o osoreru koto
Doctrine: Judgment Seat of Christ and Believer’s Accountability
NEW. Japanese 恐れ/恐怖 (kyōfu) defaults toward ordinary dread; at 2 Corinthians 5:11 this must be taught as covenantal reverence before the judgment seat of v.10, not generic fright.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shito
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 教祖
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Risk elevates to High in the genuine-vs-false-apostle contrast of chapters 10-12 — see ‘false_apostles’. NEVER 教祖, given post-Aum Shinrikyo cult-leader associations.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 交わり
Transliteration: majiwari
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: 仲間意識
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extended as ‘fellowship of the ministry’ (奉仕の交わり, 8:4) and as the closing term of the 13:14 Trinitarian benediction.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 感謝
Transliteration: kansha
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 2, 4, 8-9, notably in connection with generous giving.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 勧める
Transliteration: susumeru
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguished in this book from the new ‘comfort_paraklesis’ sense-family (慰め), also derived from παρακαλέω. At 2 Corinthians 5:20’s urgent entreaty (‘we implore you’), use 懇願する／切に勧める rather than the routine 勧める.
Freedom
Approved rendering: 自由
Transliteration: jiyuu
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Standard modern vocabulary; anchor to freedom from the old covenant’s condemning letter (2 Cor 3:17), not generic personal autonomy.
Equality Isotes
Approved rendering: 公平
Transliteration: kouhei
Doctrine: Practical Equality and Fellowship in the Collection
Rejected alternatives: 平等
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving and Generosity
NEW. Prefer 公平 (fairness-in-sharing) over 平等 (identical-amount reading) at 2 Corinthians 8:13-14.
Fellowship Of The Ministry
Approved rendering: 奉仕の交わり
Transliteration: houshi no majiwari
Doctrine: Practical Equality and Fellowship in the Collection
Original: κοινωνία τῆς διακονίας
Category: Giving and Generosity
NEW. Extends baseline 交わり (fellowship) at 2 Corinthians 8:4; ensure gospel content, not generic in-group solidarity, remains explicit.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: 種を蒔く／収穫する
Transliteration: tane o maku / shuukaku suru
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Giving and Generosity
NEW. Agrarian metaphor (2 Cor 9:6) increasingly unfamiliar to urban Japanese readers — a biblical-illiteracy note rather than a doctrinal collision.
Satan
Approved rendering: サタン
Transliteration: Satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Discernment of Deception
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Established loanword (2 Cor 2:11; 11:14; 12:7). Distinguish from generic folk-spirit/yōkai categories per baseline’s ‘holy_spirit’ animistic-spirit-world note — Satan is a specific personal adversary, not one more folk-spirit entity.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: 聖なる口づけ
Transliteration: seinaru kuchizuke
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction and Christian Greeting Customs
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
NEW. Physical kissing as an ordinary greeting is foreign to Japanese custom (bowing is normative). Render literally at 2 Corinthians 13:12 with a cultural-adaptation note that this reflects the original setting’s custom, not a mandate for contemporary practice.
Persuade
Approved rendering: 説得する
Transliteration: settoku suru
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
NEW. Paul’s transparent apostolic appeal at 2 Corinthians 5:11, contrasted with manipulative rhetoric (2:17; 4:2). Low collision risk.
Beside Ourselves Sober Minded
Approved rendering: 気が変になっている／正気である
Transliteration: ki ga hen ni natte iru / shouki de aru
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
NEW. Answers a possible accusation of religious excess at 2 Corinthians 5:13; low collision risk, primarily a fluency/idiom matter.
Referenced passages