Cross-Reference Analysis — Acts 1–28
Methodology and Scope
This document catalogs every Old Testament quotation and identifiable allusion in the book of Acts, chapter by chapter (full-book coverage; chapters with no direct OT citation are explicitly marked “no direct OT quotation” rather than omitted), together with messianic references, typological patterns, and cross-references to the Romans baseline curriculum already anchored in translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json. Where Acts and Romans quote or allude to the same OT source, a rendering-consistency rule is specified so that Phase 2 translation produces identical Japanese wording across both curricula, per the baseline’s Theological Consistency Rules Across Documents.
Citation Normalization Convention
All citations in this document use the normalized English form Book Chapter:Verse (e.g., Acts 2:1-41, Joel 2:28-32, Genesis 15:6). In destination-language teaching materials, citations follow the established Shinkaiyaku Japanese Bible citation format (book name immediately followed by chapter:verse, Arabic numerals, no space), per the baseline document’s Cross-Reference Preservation Rules. Book-name mapping for all books cited in this analysis:
| English | Japanese (Shinkaiyaku) |
|---|
| Acts | 使徒の働き |
| Genesis | 創世記 |
| Exodus | 出エジプト記 |
| Leviticus | レビ記 |
| Numbers | 民数記 |
| Deuteronomy | 申命記 |
| 1 Samuel | サムエル記第一 |
| 2 Samuel | サムエル記第二 |
| Nehemiah | ネヘミヤ記 |
| Psalms | 詩篇 |
| Isaiah | イザヤ書 |
| Jeremiah | エレミヤ書 |
| Ezekiel | エゼキエル書 |
| Amos | アモス書 |
| Habakkuk | ハバクク書 |
| Joel | ヨエル書 |
| Romans | ローマ人への手紙 |
Example destination-format citation: 使徒の働き2:21 (Acts 2:21); ローマ人への手紙10:13 (Romans 10:13).
Critical disambiguation rule: Habakkuk contributes two distinct, doctrinally unrelated citations to this cross-curriculum pair — Habakkuk 2:4 (Romans 1:17, the curriculum’s thesis-verse foundation) and Habakkuk 1:5 (Acts 13:41, a warning against scoffing unbelief). Both share the Japanese book name ハバクク書. Chapter:verse numbers must NEVER be dropped or abbreviated in teaching material discussing either passage, to prevent the two entirely different statements from being confused under one book-name reference.
PART 1 — Chapter-by-Chapter OT Quotation and Allusion Matrix
Acts 1
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 1:6 | Kingdom Mission (nationalistic expectation corrected) | Disciples, Jesus | Allusion to restoration hopes in Amos 9:11-12; Ezekiel 37:21-24 | 神の国 must be immediately corrected toward spiritual/global mission (v.8), not political restoration — key anchor against baseline’s 神国日本 warning |
| Acts 1:8 | Great Commission Fulfilled | Jesus, apostles | Allusion to Isaiah 49:6 (“light… to the end of the earth”) | 地の果てまで must read as literal global scope, structuring the whole book |
| Acts 1:16-20a | Apostolic succession; divine sovereignty over betrayal | Judas, Peter | Direct quotation: Psalm 69:25 (“let his habitation become desolate”) | Imprecatory-psalm application to Judas; not messianic per se but demonstrates Scripture’s binding authority over apostolic office — teach as legal/typological precedent, not a curse formula to be replicated devotionally |
| Acts 1:20b | Apostolic succession | Judas, Matthias | Direct quotation: Psalm 109:8 (“let another take his office”) | Same note as above; establishes scriptural warrant for filling the vacated apostolic office |
| Acts 1:26 | Spirit-guided decision-making | Apostles | Conceptual background: lot-casting practice (Leviticus 16:8; Joshua 18:10; Proverbs 16:33) | くじ (casting lots) risks superficial resemblance to Shinto/Buddhist omikuji fortune-slips; must be anchored to Proverbs 16:33’s “the lot is cast, but its every decision is from the LORD” theology of sovereign guidance, not chance-divination |
Acts 2 (Core Passage — Full Verse-Level Treatment)
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 2:1 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | — | Feast of Weeks/Shavuot background: Leviticus 23:15-21; Deuteronomy 16:9-12 | 五旬節 — biblical-illiteracy gap requiring full OT festival-calendar explanation |
| Acts 2:2-3 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | — | Theophany imagery: 1 Kings 19:11; Ezekiel 37:9-14 (wind/breath = life/Spirit) | Wind/spirit wordplay (רוּח/πνεῦμα) does not survive into Japanese (風 vs 霊 unrelated); must be explained, not assumed |
| Acts 2:4 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Disciples | Reversal typology: Genesis 11:1-9 (Babel confusion reversed) | 他国の言葉 vs 異言 distinction must be made explicit; Babel-reversal typology is a valuable, low-risk teaching bridge with no Japanese religious-collision concern |
| Acts 2:17-21 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter | Direct quotation: Joel 2:28-32 | See Part 2 Romans-parallel table below — Acts 2:21 = Romans 10:13 verbatim |
| Acts 2:22 | Apostolic Authority and Miracles; Humanity of Christ | Jesus | Echoes Deuteronomy 18:15-19 (prophet like Moses, attested by God) | 神の力 combination; carry baseline’s caution against 気/パワー |
| Acts 2:23 | Providence; Universal Human Accountability | Peter’s hearers | Conceptual background: Isaiah 53:10 (it pleased the Lord to crush him); Genesis 50:20 (Joseph typology of sovereignty-through-evil-intent) | 神の定めた計画と予知 — must anchor 予知 to 摂理’s purposive-governance sense, not fortune-telling clairvoyance |
| Acts 2:24-28 | Resurrection of Christ | Jesus, David | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:8-11 | Also cited at Acts 13:35 (internal Acts consistency required); no Romans citation of this psalm, but same Resurrection of Christ doctrine (Critical/High per baseline) |
| Acts 2:29-31 | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Promise | David | Allusion: 2 Samuel 7:12-16; Psalm 132:11 (Davidic covenant oath) | ダビデ established baseline term; requires OT covenant background teaching |
| Acts 2:34-35 | Lordship of Christ; Deity of Christ | David, Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 110:1 | 主の右 (“at the Lord’s right hand”) language recurs at Acts 2:33 and echoed conceptually in Romans 8:34 — see Part 2 table |
| Acts 2:36 | Lordship of Christ; Messianic Promise | Jesus | Climactic synthesis of Psalm 16 and Psalm 110 citations above | 主・キリスト double title; Critical-risk combination per semantic analysis |
| Acts 2:38-39 | Repentance and Baptism; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter | Echoes Joel 2:32’s “all whom the Lord our God calls” and Isaiah 57:19 (“peace to him who is far and to him who is near”) | 遠く離れているすべての人々 must retain full universality, no uchi-soto softening |
Acts 3
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 3:13 | Deity/Humanity of Christ; Servant typology | Jesus | Direct quotation/echo: Exodus 3:6, 15 (God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob); title ὁ παῖς αὐτοῦ echoes Isaiah 52:13 | アブラハム・イサク・ヤコブ established patriarch names; ties covenant-God identity to Jesus’s Father, guarding against “a new deity” misreading |
| Acts 3:18 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | — | General fulfillment formula (no single source text) | 預言者 kanji-verification required per baseline homophone warning |
| Acts 3:22-23 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | Moses, Christ | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 18:15, 18-19 | Prophet-like-Moses typology — see Part 3 typology table |
| Acts 3:25 | Abrahamic Covenant; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Abraham | Direct quotation/echo: Genesis 22:18; 26:4 (“in your offspring”) | No direct Romans quotation of this exact verse, but same Abrahamic covenant narrative underlies Romans 4’s entire argument — see Part 2 |
Acts 4
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 4:11 | Messianic Promise; Universal Human Accountability | Jesus, Jewish leaders | Direct quotation: Psalm 118:22 (“the stone that was rejected… has become the cornerstone”) | “Rejected stone” motif; distinct OT source from Romans 9:33’s Isaiah 28:16/8:14 stone catena — see Part 2 typology cluster |
| Acts 4:24 | Deity of Christ (Creator God) | Believers in prayer | Allusion: Exodus 20:11; Psalm 146:6; Nehemiah 9:6 | 神 requires qualifying language (唯一のまことの神) in this Creator-God doctrinal prayer context per baseline Critical entry |
| Acts 4:25-26 | Persecution and Bold Witness; Providence | Herod, Pilate, Gentile/Jewish rulers | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:1-2 | Psalm 2 cluster — see Part 2 typology table (also Acts 13:33 below) |
Acts 5
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 5:3 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost (personhood of the Spirit) | Ananias, Sapphira | Conceptual echo: sin against a holy, personal presence (cf. Numbers 16; Leviticus 10:1-3) | 聖霊を欺いた — Critical per baseline; reinforces Spirit’s personhood against folk-spirit-force misreading |
| Acts 5:29 | Persecution and Bold Witness | Peter, Sanhedrin | Conceptual echo: Daniel 3:16-18; Daniel 6:10 (obeying God over royal decree) | 人に従うより神に従うべきです — High risk given Japan’s hierarchical-obedience culture |
| Acts 5:30 | Justification apart from the Law (curse-bearing background) | Jesus | Allusion: Deuteronomy 21:22-23 (“hanged on a tree”) | No direct Romans quotation of Deuteronomy 21:23, but conceptually undergirds Romans 8:3-4’s law-curse-bearing atonement theology; flag for future Galatians-curriculum consistency (Galatians 3:13 quotes this verse directly) |
Acts 6
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: introduces the Seven and Stephen; thematic continuity with Church as Community (διακονία) and Apostolic Authority (Spirit-filled qualification for ministry), no new OT citation requiring cross-reference entry.
Acts 7 (Stephen’s Speech — Dense OT Recapitulation)
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 7:3 | Abrahamic Covenant | Abraham | Direct quotation: Genesis 12:1 | Establishes covenant-narrative background shared with Romans 4 |
| Acts 7:5-7 | Abrahamic Covenant; Providence | Abraham | Direct quotation: Genesis 15:13-14; echo Genesis 12:7; 13:15; 17:8; Exodus 3:12 | Genesis 15 chapter itself (vv.13-14, not v.6) is quoted here — distinguish from Romans 4:3’s citation of Genesis 15:6 within the same chapter; both illuminate the same Abraham narrative from different angles (promise of land/descendants here; imputed righteousness in Romans) |
| Acts 7:8 | Justification apart from the Law (background) | Abraham, Isaac | Echo: Genesis 17:10-14 (circumcision covenant sign) | 割礼 background for the Acts 15 debate; ties directly to Justification apart from the Law doctrine |
| Acts 7:9-16 | Christ typology (implicit); Providence | Joseph, patriarchs | Narrative recapitulation of Genesis 37, 39-45 | See Part 3 typology table — Joseph as a type of the rejected-then-exalted deliverer |
| Acts 7:27-28, 35 | Moses typology | Moses | Direct quotation: Exodus 2:14 | Moses rejected by his own people before being sent as deliverer — parallel to Christ’s rejection (Acts 3:13-15) and Israel’s rejection theme (Acts 28:26-27; Romans 9-11) |
| Acts 7:30, 32-34 | Deity of Christ (Creator God); Fulfillment of Prophecy | Moses | Direct quotation: Exodus 3:2, 5-8, 10 | 神 qualifying-language requirement applies at the burning-bush self-revelation moment |
| Acts 7:37 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | Moses, Christ | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 18:15 (repeated from Acts 3:22) | Confirms Prophet-like-Moses as a structurally load-bearing Acts typology — see Part 3 |
| Acts 7:40 | Universal Human Accountability | Israel (wilderness generation) | Direct quotation: Exodus 32:1, 23 | Golden calf idolatry narrative; relevant background for Acts 17’s idols discussion |
| Acts 7:42-43 | Universal Human Accountability | Israel | Direct quotation: Amos 5:25-27 | Judgment oracle against idolatrous worship; sober tone requiring care not to read as ethnic condemnation but covenant unfaithfulness |
| Acts 7:49-50 | Deity of Christ; Kingdom Mission (temple critique) | — | Direct quotation: Isaiah 66:1-2 | God’s transcendence over any localized temple — relevant background for Acts 17:24’s “does not dwell in temples” statement to the Areopagus |
| Acts 7:51 | Persecution and Bold Witness; Universal Human Accountability | Sanhedrin | Allusion: Isaiah 63:10 (“grieved his Holy Spirit”) | 聖霊 personhood reinforced; resisting the Spirit is treated as a persistent moral pattern, not incidental |
Acts 8
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 8:32-33 | Messianic Promise; Suffering Servant typology | Jesus, Ethiopian eunuch, Philip | Direct quotation: Isaiah 53:7-8 | The single most important messianic Servant-Song citation in Acts; no direct Romans quotation of Isaiah 53, but Romans 3:25 (propitiation) and Romans 4:25 (“delivered up for our trespasses”) theologically depend on this same Servant passage — see Part 2 |
Acts 9
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 9:4-6 | Conversion of Paul; Lordship of Christ | Saul, Christ | Echo of prophetic theophany-commissioning pattern: Isaiah 6:1-8; Ezekiel 1:28-2:1 | Κύριε as initial polite address, not yet full confession — teaching point distinguishing generic “sir/master” address from Romans 10:9’s confessional 主 |
| Acts 9:15 | Conversion of Paul; Election; Grace | Saul/Paul | Echo: Jeremiah 1:5 (“I appointed you a prophet to the nations”); Isaiah 49:1, 5-6 (Servant’s prenatal calling) | 選びの器 — must resist competitive-selection (受験/選抜) framing; Paul chosen despite active opposition, echoing grace’s non-meritorious character |
| Acts 9:18 | Conversion of Paul | Saul | Narrative detail (no direct OT citation); thematically parallels Acts 26:18’s darkness-to-light language | Physical/spiritual sight-restoration motif; low collision risk |
Acts 10
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 10:14-15, 28 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Justification apart from the Law | Peter | Overturns ceremonial background: Leviticus 11 (clean/unclean food laws) | 汚れたもの／きよくないもの — must be taught as abolition of OT ceremonial distinction fulfilled in Christ, not conflated with Shinto kegare/harae purity categories |
| Acts 10:34-35 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Universal Scope of the Gospel | Peter | Echo: Deuteronomy 10:17-18 (God who shows no partiality) | 神は人を偏り見ない — must remain fully unqualified, resisting uchi-soto softening |
| Acts 10:36 | Lordship of Christ | Jesus | Echo: Psalm 24:1, 7-10 (Lord of all/King of glory dominion language) | 主 (all) — reinforces exclusive, universal Lordship, not a lord among lords |
| Acts 10:43 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | — | General fulfillment formula (“all the prophets bear witness”) | 預言者たち — kanji-verification, plural prophetic testimony |
Acts 11
No new direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Cornelius narrative received/defended in Jerusalem; Antioch church founded; the term Χριστιανοί (Christians) coined. Thematic continuation of Gospel to Jews and Gentiles without introducing fresh OT citations.
Acts 12
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Peter’s deliverance from prison typologically echoes Exodus-deliverance and angelic-rescue narrative patterns (cf. Exodus 12; Daniel 6:22) at the level of narrative form, but introduces no direct quotation requiring a fresh cross-reference entry. Herod’s death (v.23) echoes divine-judgment-on-the-proud narrative type (cf. Daniel 4; Isaiah 14) without direct citation.
Acts 13
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 13:22 | Davidic Covenant | David | Direct quotation/echo: 1 Samuel 13:14; Psalm 89:20 | ダビデ established term; “a man after my heart” language requires care not to reduce to generic moral-virtue praise (cf. 義’s Bushido-virtue collision risk) |
| Acts 13:33 | Sonship of Christ; Deity of Christ | Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:7 (“You are my Son, today I have begotten you”) | Psalm 2 cluster (also Acts 4:25-26); requires the same adoptionism guard-note as Romans 1:4 — resurrection vindicates/installs publicly, does not originate, eternal Sonship |
| Acts 13:34 | Davidic Covenant; Resurrection of Christ | David, Christ | Direct quotation: Isaiah 55:3 | ”Holy and sure blessings of David” — ties resurrection to covenant fulfillment |
| Acts 13:35 | Resurrection of Christ | David, Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:10 (repeated from Acts 2:27) | Internal Acts consistency required — must match Acts 2:27’s Japanese rendering exactly |
| Acts 13:38-39 | Justification apart from the Law | Paul, hearers | Theological synthesis (no single OT proof-text; conceptual background Habakkuk 2:4; Genesis 15:6) | See Part 2 — direct doctrinal parallel to Romans 3:21-4:25; Critical risk |
| Acts 13:41 | Persecution and Bold Witness (warning tone) | Paul, scoffers | Direct quotation: Habakkuk 1:5 | MUST NOT be confused with Habakkuk 2:4 (Romans 1:17’s thesis verse) — see disambiguation rule above |
| Acts 13:47 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Great Commission Fulfilled | Paul, Barnabas | Direct quotation: Isaiah 49:6 | No verbatim Romans citation, but same “light to the Gentiles” theology; thematic parallel to Romans 15:9-12’s Gentile-inclusion catena — see Part 2 |
Acts 14
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Lystra/Iconium ministry; Acts 14:15-17’s appeal to God’s providential care in nature (rain, seasons, crops) echoes creation/providence themes (cf. Psalm 145:15-16; Psalm 147:8) and parallels Romans 1:19-20’s natural-revelation argument, without directly quoting a specific OT verse.
Acts 15
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 15:11 | Grace; Salvation | Peter | Theological synthesis statement, no direct OT quotation | 恵み and 救い combination — Critical risk per baseline |
| Acts 15:16-17 | Unity of Jews and Gentiles; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | James | Direct quotation: Amos 9:11-12 | ”Tent of David” rebuilt including Gentiles — thematic parallel (different image) to Romans 11:17-24’s olive-tree grafting — see Part 2 |
| Acts 15:21 | Fulfillment of Prophecy (background) | James | Reference to Moses read in synagogues (general, no single verse) | 会堂 — synagogue reading practice background |
Acts 16
No new direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Lydia’s conversion, the Philippian jailer, household salvation. The οἶκος (household) pattern echoes OT household-covenant-sign structure (Genesis 17:12-13’s household circumcision) as a background contrast case relevant to the Repentance and Baptism doctrine, but introduces no fresh direct citation.
Acts 17
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 17:23-25 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Deity of Christ (Creator God) | Paul, Athenians | Echo: Isaiah 42:5; Psalm 50:9-12; Exodus 20:11 | 知られていない神 — Critical risk; genuine but carefully-bounded teaching bridge to Japan’s yaoyorozu no kami tradition, per semantic analysis |
| Acts 17:26 | Universal Human Accountability; Providence | — | Echo: Deuteronomy 32:8 (nations’ boundaries appointed) | 摂理 — reinforces personal, purposive divine governance over all nations, not impersonal fate |
| Acts 17:28 | (Rhetorical bridge, non-biblical) | Paul, Greek poets | Quotation from Greek literature (Epimenides/Aratus/Cleanthes), NOT Scripture | Must be clearly distinguished in teaching materials as Paul’s rhetorical use of pagan literature, not an inspired OT/NT citation — avoid implying canonical status |
| Acts 17:30-31 | Universal Human Accountability; Repentance and Baptism | Paul | Echo: Psalm 9:8; 96:13 (God will judge the world in righteousness) | 悔い改め applied universally (“all people,” πάντας) — reinforces Universal Human Accountability doctrine cross-culturally |
Acts 18
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Corinth ministry; Gallio’s ruling on internal Jewish religious matters touches Gospel to Jews and Gentiles without new citation.
Acts 19
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Ephesus; John’s baptism vs. Christian baptism distinction; tongues/prophecy; burning of magic books. No new OT citation, but see Part 3 for Repentance/Baptism sequencing note.
Acts 20
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 20:27 | Apostolic Authority and Miracles; Providence | Paul | Echo of Acts 2:23’s βουλή language; conceptually related to Isaiah 46:10 (God’s counsel/purpose) | 神のみこころのすべて — ties to baseline 摂理 |
| Acts 20:28 | Church as Community; Apostolic Authority | Elders | Shepherd imagery echoes Ezekiel 34; Psalm 23; Isaiah 40:11 | 監督／長老／牧する — biblical-illiteracy gap given no strong Japanese pastoral-herding tradition |
| Acts 20:35 | Mutual Edification | Jesus (unwritten saying) | A saying of Jesus not recorded in any Gospel (“It is more blessed to give than to receive”) | Should be flagged in teaching notes as an extra-Gospel dominical saying uniquely preserved in Acts, not attributed to a specific OT/NT citation |
Acts 21
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Agabus’s prophecy and Paul’s arrest warnings; temple-riot accusation reuses established 異邦人/神殿 vocabulary without new citation.
Acts 22
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 22:14 | Righteousness; Messianic Promise | Ananias (speaking of Christ) | Title “the Righteous One” (ὁ δίκαιος) echoes Isaiah 53:11 (“the righteous one, my servant”) | 義人 — reinforces Isaiah 53 Servant-typology link established at Acts 8:32-33; must retain forensic/messianic-title sense, distinguished from the Bushido-virtue collision risk flagged for 義 generally |
Acts 23
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 23:5 | Persecution and Bold Witness (civil-authority ethic) | Paul, high priest | Direct quotation: Exodus 22:28 (“you shall not speak evil of a ruler of your people”) | Direct behavioral parallel to Romans 13:1-7’s civil-authority teaching (already anchored in the Romans baseline curriculum) — see Part 2 |
Acts 24
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 24:14-15 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Resurrection | Paul, Felix | General reference to “the Law and the Prophets”; resurrection “of both the just and the unjust” echoes Daniel 12:2 | 復活 combined with 義/不義 distinction — requires care per baseline’s Bushido-virtue caution for 義 |
| Acts 24:25 | Righteousness; Universal Human Accountability | Paul, Felix | No direct OT quotation; conceptual continuation of Universal Human Accountability | 義 — same distinguishing note as baseline mandates for any justification/moral-accountability context |
Acts 25
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: Paul before Festus; appeal to Caesar. Legal-narrative chapter reusing established civil-authority and persecution vocabulary without new citation.
Acts 26
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 26:18 | Conversion of Paul; Great Commission Fulfilled | Paul (recounting his commissioning) | Echo: Isaiah 42:7, 16 (open blind eyes, turn from darkness) | Anchor specifically to spiritual/moral blindness before God, avoiding drift toward Buddhist 悟り-style “enlightenment” framing |
| Acts 26:22-23 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Suffering Servant typology; Great Commission Fulfilled | Paul | Echo: Isaiah 53 (Christ would suffer); Isaiah 49:6 (light to Gentiles, repeated from Acts 13:47) | Reinforces the Isaiah 53/49 cluster as the theological backbone of both the Conversion of Paul and Gospel to Jews and Gentiles doctrines |
Acts 27
No direct OT quotation. Chapter reviewed: the shipwreck narrative illustrates providential care (reusing 摂理 concept) through narrative rather than citation; no new theological vocabulary or OT quotation.
Acts 28
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 28:26-27 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Universal Human Accountability; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Paul, Roman-Jewish audience | Direct quotation: Isaiah 6:9-10 | Book’s closing OT quotation — directly parallels Romans 11:8’s Deuteronomy 29:4/Isaiah 29:10 catena on Israel’s partial hardening; see Part 2 for the critical framing rule preventing a supersessionist misreading |
| Acts 28:30-31 | Great Commission Fulfilled; Kingdom Mission | Paul | Structural fulfillment of Acts 1:8’s programmatic statement | 神の国 — final book statement; requires the same Romans 14:17 doctrinal anchor mandated by baseline, disproportionately important as the reader’s last impression of the term |
PART 2 — Direct Quotation Overlaps with the Romans Curriculum: Rendering-Consistency Rules
| OT Source | Acts Citation | Romans Citation | Relationship | Required Consistent Japanese Rendering | Rule |
|---|
| Joel 2:32 | Acts 2:21 | Romans 10:13 | Verbatim identical LXX quotation | 主の御名を呼び求める者はみな、救われる。 | MANDATORY: render identically in both curricula, character for character. This is the single most important shared-quotation consistency rule in the entire cross-reference set. Any deviation must be flagged for theologian review. |
| Psalm 110:1 | Acts 2:33-35 | Romans 8:34 (allusion, “at the right hand of God,” not a direct quotation) | Conceptual/idiomatic echo, not verbatim | 神の右 | Render the “right hand of God” idiom consistently across both curricula as supreme co-regent authority, not a literal spatial seating arrangement — carry forward semantic analysis note at Acts 2:33 |
| Habakkuk 2:4 | (not quoted in Acts) | Romans 1:17 | No overlap — flagged for disambiguation only | 義人は信仰によって生きる (or established Shinkaiyaku wording) | DO NOT CONFUSE with Habakkuk 1:5 (Acts 13:41); always cite full chapter:verse |
| Habakkuk 1:5 | Acts 13:41 | (not quoted in Romans) | No overlap — flagged for disambiguation only | 見よ、あざける者たちよ… (established rendering per translated text) | See disambiguation rule in Part 1 header; different verse, different theological valence (warning vs. thesis statement) |
| Genesis 15:6 | (not directly quoted; narrated in Acts 7:5-8 via vv.13-14 of the same chapter) | Romans 4:3 (direct quotation, imputed righteousness proof text) | Same patriarch narrative, different verses/emphasis | アブラハム (established baseline proper name) | Teaching notes should cross-reference Acts 7’s Abraham narrative to Romans 4’s doctrinal use of Genesis 15:6, noting they draw on the same chapter without being the same citation |
| Isaiah 53:7-8 | Acts 8:32-33 (direct quotation) | Romans 3:25; Romans 4:25 (theological dependence, not direct quotation) | Shared Suffering Servant theology without verbatim overlap | 主のしもべ (established baseline term for the Isaianic Servant title) | Maintain consistent Servant-title vocabulary across both curricula when teaching the atonement background, even though Romans never quotes Isaiah 53 directly |
| Isaiah 49:6 | Acts 13:47; Acts 26:23 (direct quotation) | Romans 15:9-12 (different OT catena — Deuteronomy 32:43, Psalm 18:49, Psalm 117:1, Isaiah 11:10 — same theme, not same verses) | Thematic parallel only | 異邦人の光 | No verbatim rendering-consistency rule required (different source verses), but teaching materials should note the shared “Gospel to Jews and Gentiles / Universal Scope of the Gospel” theme explicitly connecting the two passages |
| Amos 9:11-12 | Acts 15:16-17 (direct quotation) | Romans 11:17-24 (different image — olive tree grafting, not “tent of David”) | Thematic parallel (Unity of Jews and Gentiles), different figures | ダビデの幕屋 (tent of David) vs. baseline’s olive-tree imagery kept distinct | Do not conflate the two images in teaching; both serve the same doctrine (Unity of Jews and Gentiles) via different OT metaphors |
| Isaiah 6:9-10 | Acts 28:26-27 (direct quotation) | Romans 11:8 (different composite citation — Deuteronomy 29:4 + Isaiah 29:10) | Same theological point (Israel’s partial, temporary hardening), different verses | 見るには見るが認めず、聞くには聞くが理解しない (established rendering per source text) | Critical framing rule: Acts 28:26-27, as the book’s closing quotation, must be taught in direct connection with Romans 11’s fuller argument that Israel’s hardening is partial and temporary, not a final supersessionist verdict — resist any teaching that isolates Acts’ ending as Israel’s permanent rejection |
| Psalm 118:22 | Acts 4:11 (direct quotation) | Romans 9:33 (different composite citation — Isaiah 28:16 + Isaiah 8:14) | Shared “stone” Christological motif, different source verses | 家の隅の親石 (cornerstone) vs. 妨げの石、つまずきの岩 (Romans’ stumbling-stone imagery) kept terminologically distinct | Teach as two related but textually distinct “rejected/stumbling stone” traditions converging on the same Christological point |
| Exodus 22:28 | Acts 23:5 (direct quotation) | Romans 13:1-7 (thematic, not verbatim — civil authority teaching) | Thematic/behavioral parallel | 治める者を悪く言ってはならない | No verbatim overlap requiring identical rendering, but reinforce consistent civil-authority doctrine framing already established in the Romans baseline curriculum |
PART 3 — Typology Summary Table
| Type | OT Basis | Acts Occurrence(s) | Fulfillment/Antitype | Doctrine Connection | Translation Note |
|---|
| Prophet like Moses | Deuteronomy 18:15, 18-19 | Acts 3:22-23; Acts 7:37 | Christ as the definitive prophetic spokesman of God | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | 預言者 kanji-verification at every occurrence per baseline |
| Moses rejected-then-sent deliverer | Exodus 2:14 (narrated in Acts 7:27-28, 35) | Acts 7 | Christ rejected by his own people, then exalted as Savior (Acts 3:13-15) | Christ’s rejection/exaltation pattern; Universal Human Accountability | Requires OT narrative background teaching; low collision risk, high biblical-illiteracy gap |
| Joseph rejected-then-exalted deliverer | Genesis 37, 39-45 (narrated in Acts 7:9-16) | Acts 7 | Implicit type of Christ: sold/rejected by brothers, exalted, becomes the means of salvation for those who rejected him | Christ typology (implicit); Providence; anticipates Israel’s future restoration hope (cf. Romans 11) | No direct NT statement equating Joseph and Christ in this passage — flag as implicit typology, teach cautiously as illustrative pattern, not an explicit apostolic identification |
| Davidic king whose words exceed himself | 2 Samuel 7:12-16; Psalm 16; Psalm 110; Psalm 2 | Acts 2:25-35; 4:25-26; 13:22, 33-36 | Christ as the greater Son of David, resurrected and enthroned | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Promise; Lordship of Christ | ダビデ established term; requires OT covenant-background teaching per baseline note |
| Suffering Servant | Isaiah 52:13-53:12 | Acts 3:13, 26 (ὁ παῖς); Acts 8:32-33 (direct quotation); Acts 22:14 (“the Righteous One”); Acts 26:23 | Christ’s substitutionary suffering, silent before accusers, vindicated | Messianic Promise; Fulfillment of Prophecy; undergirds Romans 3:25/4:25’s atonement theology without verbatim citation | 主のしもべ — see Part 2 rendering-consistency entry |
| Passover/Firstfruits calendar → Spirit outpouring | Leviticus 23:15-21 (Feast of Weeks as firstfruits-of-harvest festival) | Acts 2:1 | The Spirit given on the very festival marking the first fruits of the harvest | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Notable cross-curriculum link: Romans 8:23 uses ἀπαρχή (“firstfruits”) for “the firstfruits of the Spirit” — the same firstfruits concept underlying Shavuot’s agricultural meaning, even though Acts 2 does not use the Greek word ἀπαρχή itself. Recommend explicit teaching-note connection between Acts 2:1’s festival background and Romans 8:23’s firstfruits language. |
| Tabernacle/Temple → global spiritual worship | Isaiah 66:1-2 (Acts 7:49-50); Amos 9:11-12 “tent of David” (Acts 15:16-17); Areopagus temple critique (Acts 17:24) | Acts 7, 15, 17 | God’s presence and worship no longer localized to one temple/nation | Kingdom Mission; Great Commission Fulfilled | Reinforces the baseline’s caution that 神の国 must never be read as a territorial/nationalist claim — these texts actively dismantle that expectation |
| Casting off idols / true God vs. many gods | Exodus 32 (Acts 7:40-41); Acts 17:16, 23-29 | Acts 7, 14, 17 | Christ/the gospel calls all nations from idolatry to the one true Creator God | Deity of Christ; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | 神 qualifying-language requirement (唯一のまことの神) applies with special force to Acts 14 and 17’s pagan-deity-confusion narratives |
PART 4 — Full-Book Coverage Confirmation
All 28 chapters of Acts have been reviewed for OT quotation and allusion content. Chapters with no direct OT quotation (6, 11, 12, 14 [partial], 16, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27) are explicitly confirmed above rather than silently omitted; each such chapter’s thematic continuity with surrounding load-bearing material is noted.
Cross-reference: analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for term-level treatment; analysis/08_core_glossary.md for consolidated glossary entries; analysis/10_biblical_theme_map.md for thematic architecture.
All rendering-consistency rules in Part 2 are binding on Phase 2 translation for both the Acts and Romans curricula and must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json before any segment referencing these shared OT citations is processed.