Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Titus (English → Japanese)
Notes on Use
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term across the whole book of Titus (chapters 1–3), organized by curriculum doctrine. Terms marked [REUSED] are fixed exactly by the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must not be altered. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions specific to Titus and should be written into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment) before Phase 2 translation begins, per the AI Translation Requirements’ term-discovery protocol. Risk tiers follow the same four-tier definitions as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | χάρις | charis | 恵み | [REUSED] | Critical | 1:4; 2:11; 3:7, 15 | On-giri (恩・義理) reciprocal-obligation risk; must be taught as non-transactional per baseline note. |
| Appeared / appearing | ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια | epiphainō / epiphaneia | 現れた / 現れ | [NEW] | High | 2:11, 13; 3:4 | NEVER 化身/権化 (provisional deity-manifestation vocabulary). Preserve the deliberate two-appearings (first/second coming) literary structure by using one consistent root across 2:11, 2:13, 3:4. |
| Trains / trained us | παιδεύω | paideuō | 訓練する | [NEW] | Critical | 2:12 | Must be anchored to grace as the acting subject; risk of collapsing into self-effort ascetic discipline (修行) or spartan training culture (根性論) if grace is not kept explicit as the trainer. |
| Ungodliness | ἀσέβεια | asebeia | 不敬虔 | [NEW] | Medium | 2:12 | Unfamiliar formal vocabulary; biblical-illiteracy risk requiring first-use explanation. |
| Worldly desires | κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι | kosmikai epithymiai | 世的な欲望 | [NEW] | Medium | 2:12 | Must not imply the body/physical desire itself is evil; the qualifier is “belonging to this present fallen order,” not “bodily.” |
| Self-controlled(ly) | σώφρων / σωφρόνως / σωφρονίζω | sōphrōn / sōphronōs / sōphronizō | 自制 word-family | [NEW] | Medium | 1:8; 2:2, 4, 5, 6, 12 | Track as one consistent recurring word-family across six occurrences for pedagogical coherence. |
| Godliness / godly | εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς | eusebeia / eusebōs | 敬虔 | [NEW] | Medium | 1:1; 2:12 | Unfamiliar formal Sino-Japanese compound; distinguish from generic secular moral propriety. |
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elder | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | 長老 | [NEW] | High | 1:5 | Positive cultural bridge (Japan’s elder-respect/敬老 culture) but risks reducing the office to age-honorific status rather than an examined, qualification-based teaching/ruling office. |
| Overseer / bishop | ἐπίσκοπος | episkopos | 監督 | [NEW] | Medium-High | 1:7 | Common secular usage (film director, sports coach, work supervisor) creates dilution risk; must restore specific ecclesial-spiritual-oversight sense. |
| Older man / older woman (age-cohort) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις | presbytēs / presbytis | 年配の男性・女性 | [NEW] | Medium | 2:2–3 | Distinct Greek root from πρεσβύτερος; must not be rendered with 長老 or students will think every older member holds the elder office. |
| Above reproach | ἀνέγκλητος | anegklētos | 責められるところのない | [NEW] | Medium | 1:6–7 | Real, publicly-examined character standard, not a vague aspirational ideal. |
| Steward (of God) | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | 神の管理者 | [NEW] | Low | 1:7 | Delegated stewardship, not personal ownership/authority. |
| Sound teaching / sound doctrine | διδασκαλία/διδαχή ὑγιαίνουσα | didaskalia/didachē hygiainousa | 健全な教え | [NEW] | High | 1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8 | See “Sound Doctrine and Good Works” doctrine below; central recurring Titus keyword. |
| Master (of slaves) | δεσπότης | despotēs | 主人 | [NEW] | Medium | 2:9 | Correct rendering for literal human master; must be clearly distinguished in teaching from the baseline’s prohibition of 主人 as a substitute for 主 (Lord) when the referent is Christ. |
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound doctrine/teaching; sound in the faith | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνειν τῇ πίστει | hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainein tē pistei | 健全な教え / 信仰において健全な | [NEW] | High | 1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8 | 健全 is common secular vocabulary (healthy finances, wholesome media) — dilution risk parallel to baseline’s 復活/resurrection pop-culture caution; must actively restore doctrinal weight as apostolic-truth-consistency. |
| Good works | καλὰ/ἀγαθὰ ἔργα | kala/agatha erga | 良い行い | [NEW] | Critical | 1:16; 2:7, 14; 3:1, 8, 14 | See “Salvation by Grace not Works” below for the 行い vs. 業 risk; recurring seven times, the letter’s dominant ethical refrain. |
| Myths / fables | μῦθοι | mythoi | 作り話 | [NEW] | Medium-High | 1:14 | NEVER 神話 — risks resonance with Japan’s own national-origin mythology (Kojiki/imperial divine descent), echoing the baseline’s 神の国/kingdom_of_god sensitivity. |
| Controversies / disputes | ζητήσεις | zētēseis | 論争 / 不毛な議論 | [NEW] | Medium-High | 3:9 | Must be distinguished from healthy theological study; condemns divisive speculation specifically, not doctrinal reflection generally. |
| Genealogies | γενεαλογίαι | genealogiai | 系図 | [NEW] | Medium | 3:9 | Sensitive given Japan’s strong ancestor/family-registry culture (koseki, Obon); clarify Paul condemns speculative myth-genealogies, not genealogical interest as such. |
| Divisive/factious person | αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος | hairetikos anthrōpos | 分派を引き起こす人 | [NEW] | Medium | 3:10 | Avoid the loanword/technical term 異端 (heresy), which shifts the sense toward doctrinal-purity testing rather than Paul’s actual concern with faction-causing behavior. |
| Conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | 良心 | [NEW] | Medium | 1:15 | Must be moral accountability before God, not merely culturally-conditioned social-shame sensor (cf. baseline’s shame/guilt caution under 罪). |
| Unfruitful | ἄκαρπος | akarpos | 実を結ばない | [NEW] | Low | 3:14 | Positive agricultural-metaphor fit for Japanese culture. |
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | 救い主 | [NEW] | High | 1:3, 4; 2:10, 13; 3:4, 6 | Six occurrences in a short letter; directly tied to the Critical Titus 2:13 deity-of-Christ clause. Must render all six occurrences identically. |
| Works (soteriological) | ἔργα | erga | 行い | [NEW] | Critical | 1:16; 2:14; 3:1, 5, 8, 14 | NEVER 業 (gō/waza) — 業 is the standing Japanese word for Buddhist karma (自業自得), the exact cause-and-effect merit framework Titus 3:5 explicitly denies as the ground of salvation. This is the single highest-stakes lexical choice in the curriculum. |
| Redeem / redemption | λυτρόω / λύτρωσις | lytroō / lytrōsis | 贖う / 贖い | [NEW] | Critical | 2:14 | Costly, substitutionary, once-for-all act; must not dilute into commercial “buy back” sense nor Buddhist merit-transfer (回向) concepts; no on-giri repayment framing. |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | dikaiosynē | 義 | [REUSED] | Critical | 3:5 | Per baseline: distinguish from the Bushido virtue of moral-courage 義; here “works done in righteousness” are explicitly excluded as the ground of salvation. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | 憐れみ | [NEW] | Medium | 3:5 | Distinguish from generic pity/sympathy (同情); covenantal compassion from a holy God who acts to rescue. |
| Justified | δικαιόω | dikaioō | 義と認められること | [REUSED] | Critical | 3:7 | Distinguish from regeneration (an inward re-creation) as two distinct but inseparable dimensions of salvation. |
| Heirs | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | 相続人 | [NEW] | Medium (positive bridge) | 3:7 | Strong positive cultural bridge via Japan’s adult-heir-adoption/succession custom (養子縁組), paralleling the baseline’s adoption entry. |
| Kindness | χρηστότης | chrēstotēs | 親切 / 慈愛 | [NEW] | Medium | 3:4 | 親切 alone risks sounding like ordinary interpersonal niceness; prefer 慈愛 for doctrinal statements about God’s character. |
| Love for mankind | φιλανθρωπία | philanthrōpia | 人への深い愛情 | [NEW] | Medium-High | 3:4 | Avoid the katakana loanword フィランソロピー, fully secularized in Japanese business/CSR usage; would reduce God’s benevolence to generic corporate philanthropy. |
| The saying is trustworthy (formula) | Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | Pistos ho logos | この言葉は信頼できる | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:8 | Fixed Pastoral Epistles formula; note for consistency if a 1–2 Timothy curriculum follows. |
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regeneration / new birth | παλιγγενεσία | palingenesia | 新しく生まれること | [NEW] | Critical | 3:5 | HIGHEST-COLLISION-RISK TERM IN THE CURRICULUM. NEVER 輪廻転生 (Buddhist reincarnation, per baseline’s absolute prohibition under resurrection). AVOID stand-alone 生まれ変わり (“being reborn”), which in secular Japanese denotes casual self-help/astrology “new me” reinvention, entirely divorced from Spirit-wrought, one-time, non-repeatable spiritual re-origination. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. |
| Renewal | ἀνακαίνωσις | anakainōsis | 新たにすること | [NEW] | Medium | 3:5 | Avoid 更新 (contract/subscription renewal) as a stand-alone rendering — dilution risk parallel to baseline’s 契約/covenant caution; if used, qualify explicitly as “聖霊による更新.” |
| Washing | λουτρόν | loutron | 洗い | [NEW] | Medium-High | 3:5 | Risk of Shinto ritual-purification association (禊, misogi; 水垢離, mizugori); teach that the washing symbolizes, but the Spirit alone accomplishes, regeneration — water does not perform ritual-magical cleansing apart from the Spirit. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | pneuma hagion | 聖霊 | [REUSED] | Critical | 3:5 | Per baseline: NEVER 霊 alone; the Spirit, not the water, is the effective regenerating agent in 3:5’s grammar. |
| Poured out | ἐκχέω | ekcheō | 注がれた | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:6 | Pentecost-echoing imagery (Joel 2:28/Acts 2:17); track for consistency with any future Acts curriculum. |
| Saved | σῴζω | sōzō | 救った / 救い | [REUSED] | Critical | 3:5 | Per baseline: NEVER 解脱 (gedatsu); use extreme care with Pure Land rebirth (極楽往生) bridge language — never present as equivalent. |
| Cleanse / purify | καθαρίζω | katharizō | 清める | [NEW] | Medium | 2:14 | Distinguish from Shinto ceremonial purification (禊, 祓い) addressing ritual pollution (穢れ), not moral guilt before a holy, personal God. |
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submit / be subject to | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | 従う | [NEW] | High | 2:5 (wives); 2:9 (slaves); 3:1 (civil rulers) | Recurs across three distinct relational domains. Japan’s group-conformity instinct (空気を読む), corporate/seniority hierarchy, and historic loyalty-to-superior ethics risk collapsing this into reflexive social compliance rather than considered, voluntary, gospel-adorning submission modeled on Christ; parallels baseline’s obedience_of_faith caution. Track all three occurrences for consistent framing. |
| Rulers / magistrates | ἀρχαί | archai | 支配者たち | [NEW] | High | 3:1 | Concrete civil office-holders; requires historical framing given Japan’s 20th-century experience of totalitarian State Shinto government. |
| Authorities / powers | ἐξουσίαι | exousiai | 権威 | [NEW] | Critical | 3:1 | Most sensitive doctrine in the curriculum for a Japanese audience: must clarify submission to legitimate civil governance for gospel witness, NOT endorsement of authoritarian state power or wartime-style unquestioning obedience. Mandatory human theologian review. |
| Obey | πειθαρχέω | peitharcheō | 従う / 服従する | [NEW] | Medium | 3:1 | Near-synonym reinforcing ὑποτάσσω; consider rendering to preserve the Greek’s rhetorical doubling rather than flattening to one word. |
| Gentle | ἐπιεικής | epieikēs | 温和 / 寛容 | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:2 | Distinguish from πραΰτης in the same verse — two distinct Greek terms, should not collapse to one Japanese word. |
| Gentleness / meekness | πραΰτης | prautēs | 柔和 | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:2 | Strength held in restraint, not mere social passivity/harmony-preservation (和); avoid over-easy conflation with Japan’s conflict-avoidance instinct. |
| Slanders no one | βλασφημέω (of persons) | blasphēmeō | そしる / 悪く言う | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:2 | Distinguish from the God-honor sense of the same verb at 2:5 (word of God “blasphemed/discredited”). |
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
(See also “Sound Doctrine and Good Works” above for μῦθοι, ζητήσεις, γενεαλογίαι, αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος, which are cross-listed there.)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quarrels / fights about the law | ἔρεις καὶ μάχαι νομικαί | ereis kai machai nomikai | 争いと律法についての論争 | [NEW] | Low | 3:9 | νομικός here denotes disputation about the Mosaic Law, distinct from [REUSED] 律法 itself. |
| Admonition / warning | νουθεσία | nouthesia | 警告 / 戒め | [NEW] | Low | 3:10 | Required pastoral step before disassociation from a divisive person. |
| Self-condemned | αὐτοκατάκριτος | autokatakritos | 自分自身を罪に定めている | [NEW] | Low | 3:11 | The person’s own persistent behavior, not arbitrary judgment, is what condemns. |
| Rebuke / reprove | ἐλέγχω | elenchō | 戒める | [NEW] | Medium | 1:9, 13; 2:15 | Japan’s harmony-preserving communication culture (和) can make direct rebuke feel socially costly; frame as loving correction rooted in truth, without softening textual directness. |
Core Christology / Salvation Vocabulary (Recurring Across the Whole Book)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Japanese | Status | Risk | Chapter Refs | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | theos | 神 | [REUSED] | Critical | throughout | Per baseline: qualify with 唯一のまことの神 at first occurrence and doctrinal statements. |
| Jesus Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Iēsous Christos | イエス・キリスト | [REUSED] | Critical | 1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6 | Established Shinkaiyaku form. |
| Great God and Savior Jesus Christ (single-referent clause) | ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | ho megas theos kai sōtēr hēmōn Iēsous Christos | 私たちの偉大な神であり救い主であるイエス・キリスト | [NEW] | Critical | 2:13 | One of the NT’s clearest single-verse grammatical identifications of Jesus as God (cf. 2 Peter 1:1, “Sharp’s rule” construction). Japanese grammar must preserve the single-referent reading; mandatory theologian review; requires a [TRANSLATOR NOTE] per Phase 2 protocol. |
| Glory | δόξα | doxa | 栄光 | [REUSED] | Medium | 2:13 | Christ’s own glory to be revealed at his appearing; deity-of-Christ freight is high here. |
| Faith / believed | πίστις / πιστεύω | pistis / pisteuō | 信仰 / 信じる | [REUSED] | High | 1:1, 4, 13; 2:2, 10; 3:8, 15 | Personal trust in Christ, not generic “both-and” religious sentiment. |
| Election / elect | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | 選ばれた | [REUSED concept] | Medium | 1:1 | Avoid competitive-selection (選抜) framing per baseline election entry. |
| Truth | ἀλήθεια | alētheia | 真理 | [NEW] | Medium | 1:1, 14 | Standard term; contrast with the “myths” (1:14) that oppose it. |
| Hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | 望み | [NEW] | Medium | 1:2; 2:13; 3:7 | Distinguish from casual 希望 (secular wish/optimism); confident expectation grounded in God’s promise-keeping character. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | 永遠のいのち | [NEW] | Medium | 1:2; 3:7 | Distinguish from Buddhist cyclical-existence/immortality-of-soul concepts; letter’s opening/closing inclusio — render identically at both occurrences. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | 平安 | [REUSED] | Medium | 1:4 | Relational peace, not generic 安心/癒し wellness sense. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | 使徒 | [REUSED] | Low | 1:1 | Avoid 教祖 (post-Aum Shinrikyo negative associations). |
| Servant/slave of God | δοῦλος θεοῦ | doulos theou | 神の僕 | [NEW] | Medium | 1:1 | Distinguish from the literal δεσπότης/slave-master social institution addressed at 2:9. |
| Sin(s) / sinning | ἁμαρτάνω | hamartanō | 罪を犯す | [REUSED concept] | High | 3:11 | Moral transgression before a personal God, not mere social shame (恥) or causing 迷惑. |
Cross-Curriculum Consistency Requirements
- σωτήρ (Savior) → 救い主: must be rendered identically at all six Titus occurrences (1:3, 4; 2:10, 13; 3:4, 6) and should be added to translation memory as a High-risk term extending the baseline’s existing 救い/salvation entry family.
- ἐπιφαίνω/ἐπιφάνεια (appear/appearing) → 現れた/現れ: must use one consistent root across 2:11, 2:13, and 3:4 to preserve the passage’s deliberate first-coming/second-coming literary structure.
- ἔργα in soteriological contexts (works) → 行い, NEVER 業: the single highest-stakes lexical rule in this curriculum; applies at 1:16; 2:7, 14; 3:1, 5, 8, 14.
- παλιγγενεσία (regeneration) → 新しく生まれること: Critical risk, mandatory theologian review, absolute prohibition on 輪廻転生 and caution against stand-alone 生まれ変わり.
- ὑποτάσσω (submit) → 従う: track consistently across 2:5, 2:9, and 3:1; all three require the same High-risk framing note distinguishing gospel-motivated voluntary submission from reflexive hierarchical compliance.
- ζωὴ αἰώνιος (eternal life) → 永遠のいのち: render identically at 1:2 and 3:7 to preserve the letter’s opening/closing inclusio.
- All terms marked [REUSED] above are governed by
translation_memory.jsonv1 (Romans) and must not be altered by this curriculum; any apparent conflict must be escalated rather than silently resolved.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 恵み
Transliteration: megumi
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 恩返しが要る恵み, 功徳
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Titus, grace is personified as the active agent that both saves (2:11) and trains (2:12) believers, and is directly contrasted with ‘works’ at 3:5 — the on-giri (恩・義理) reciprocal-obligation risk is maximally active in this letter’s core passage (2:11-3:7) and must be fenced at every occurrence.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 義
Transliteration: gi
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 道徳, 正義感
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus 3:5’s ‘works done in righteousness’ (義において行った行い) is the hardest single-verse test of the Bushido-virtue caution: even outwardly righteous deeds are explicitly excluded as salvation’s ground. Must retain the forensic sense here even though it modifies conceded-good works.
Justification
Approved rendering: 義と認められること
Transliteration: gi to mitomerareru koto
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 悟りを開くこと, 解脱
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus 3:7 pairs justification (‘having been justified by his grace’) with regeneration (3:5) as two distinct but inseparable dimensions of salvation — status versus nature; teaching must distinguish without confusing them.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救い
Transliteration: sukui
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 極楽往生
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus 3:5’s explicit works-negation (‘he saved us… not because of works’) makes this passage the doctrinal anchor for the baseline’s non-transactional caution; the σωτήρ/救い主 title family (below) extends this entry for Titus specifically.
Messiah
Approved rendering: キリスト
Transliteration: Kirisuto
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 救世主
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout Titus as part of ‘Jesus Christ’ (1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6); risk remains biblical illiteracy — most secular Japanese know ‘Kirisuto’ only as a foreign cultural brand, requiring substantial explanatory teaching, not just correct word choice.
Jesus
Approved rendering: イエス
Transliteration: Iesu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ゼズス
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Established Shinkaiyaku form; never ゼズス in modern curriculum text. Occurs in Titus 1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6.
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Kami
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 八百万の神の一柱としての神, 神様
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Requires persistent qualifying language (唯一のまことの神) at first occurrence and in doctrinally weighty passages, especially Titus 2:13’s single-referent ‘great God and Savior’ clause (see great_god_and_savior_clause below).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖霊
Transliteration: Seirei
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 霊, 幽霊
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER 霊 alone. Titus 3:5’s grammar (a single διά governing both the washing and the Spirit) ties the Spirit, not the water, to the effective regenerating act; sentence structure must keep the Spirit grammatically prominent as agent.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 義と認められること
Transliteration: gi to mitomerareru koto
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 修行によって得た義, 自己義認
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Directly relevant to Titus 3:5-7’s grace/works contrast: righteousness credited by God, never earned through ascetic training (修行) or self-righteousness; resists collapse into the Bushido-virtue sense of 義.
Great God And Savior Clause
Approved rendering: 私たちの偉大な神であり救い主であるイエス・キリスト
Transliteration: watashitachi no idai na Kami de ari sukuinushi de aru Iesu Kirisuto
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 私たちの偉大な神、および救い主イエス・キリスト (two-referent misreading)
Original: ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW - Titus. Single-article Greek construction (τοῦ…θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος) identifying Jesus Christ AS God — one of the NT’s clearest single-verse deity-of-Christ statements (cf. 2 Peter 1:1, ‘Sharp’s rule’). Japanese grammar must preserve the single-referent reading and resist any construction readable as two figures. Mandatory [TRANSLATOR NOTE] and human theologian review at every occurrence (Titus 2:13).
Training Paideuo
Approved rendering: 訓練する
Transliteration: kunren suru
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 修行させる, 根性で鍛える
Original: παιδεύω
Category: Sanctification
NEW - Titus. Formative, parental-style discipline; at Titus 2:12, grace itself is the subject that ‘trains us.’ Japan’s vivid self-effort training paradigms (修行, 根性論, corporate training culture) risk inverting the verse by making the trainee’s own effort, not grace, the active force. Every occurrence must keep 恵み grammatically explicit and active as the trainer.
Redeem
Approved rendering: 贖う
Transliteration: akanau
Doctrine: Redemption and a Treasured People
Rejected alternatives: 買い戻す, 回向
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW - Titus. Christ ‘gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness’ (2:14). Must never dilute into commercial ‘buy back’ (買い戻す) nor be confused with Buddhist merit-transfer (回向, ekō, transferring accumulated merit to another). Christ pays; the redeemed do not repay — no on-giri reciprocal framing.
Good Works
Approved rendering: 行い
Transliteration: okonai
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 業, 善行, 功徳
Original: καλὰ/ἀγαθὰ ἔργα (soteriological ἔργα)
Category: Salvation
NEW - Titus. THE single highest-stakes lexical rule in this curriculum. MUST render as 行い and NEVER as 業 (gō/waza), the standing Japanese word for Buddhist karma (自業自得, jigō-jitoku). Using 業 at Titus 3:5 would silently reintroduce a karmic merit framework into the exact verse denying works as salvation’s ground. Applies at every occurrence: 1:16; 2:7, 14; 3:1, 5, 8, 14.
Authorities
Approved rendering: 権威
Transliteration: ken’i
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἐξουσίαι
Category: Civil Authority
NEW - Titus. ἐξουσίαι (3:1). The most politically sensitive term in the curriculum: must clarify submission to legitimate civil governance for gospel witness, NOT endorsement of authoritarian state power or a return to unquestioning pre-1945 State Shinto-era obedience; conversely must not collapse into mere social-compliance instinct. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: 新しく生まれること
Transliteration: atarashiku umareru koto
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 輪廻転生, 生まれ変わり
Original: παλιγγενεσία
Category: Regeneration
NEW - Titus. παλιγγενεσία (3:5), the highest-collision-risk term in the entire curriculum. NEVER 輪廻転生 (Buddhist reincarnation, an absolute forbidden substitution already fixed under the baseline’s resurrection entry); AVOID stand-alone 生まれ変わり (diluted by secular astrology/self-help ‘new me’ usage). Must be taught as a one-time, Spirit-wrought, non-repeatable spiritual re-origination. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, matching the baseline’s escalation tier for Incarnation and Resurrection.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰
Transliteration: shinkou
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 信心, 宗教心
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus 3:8’s ‘those who have believed God’ (perfect tense, a settled ongoing state) governs the letter’s closing exhortation to good works.
Law
Approved rendering: 律法
Transliteration: ritsuhou
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 空気を読むこと, 法律
Original: νόμος / νομικαί
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER 法律 (secular/civil law). At Titus 3:9 (‘quarrels about the law’), the risk is disputation ABOUT the Mosaic Law fueling division, distinct from the law itself.
Sin
Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: tsumi
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 恥, 迷惑をかけること
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτάνω
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of the divisive person’s continued ‘sinning’ after warning (Titus 3:11); must be taught as guilt before a holy, personal God, not merely social shame (恥) or causing 迷惑.
Glory
Approved rendering: 栄光
Transliteration: eikou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 名誉
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus 2:13: Christ’s own glory to be revealed at his appearing; deity-of-Christ freight is especially high in this clause. Avoid collapsing into 名誉 (secular honor/reputation).
Election
Approved rendering: 選ばれた
Transliteration: erabareta
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 合格, 選抜
Original: ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering form adapted to attributive use), unchanged in sense. Titus 1:1: Paul’s ministry serves ‘the faith of God’s elect’; avoid competitive-exam-selection (選抜) framing — God’s election is sovereign and gracious, not merit-earned.
Mission
Approved rendering: 宣教
Transliteration: senkyou
Doctrine: Mission and Proclamation of the Word
Rejected alternatives: 布教
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Background term for Titus’s proclamation vocabulary (κήρυγμα, see ‘proclamation’ below); carries the historical weight of the Kirishitan persecution and sakoku-era seclusion, plus risk of a ‘foreign import’ (外国の宗教) association.
Father
Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: chichi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 家長
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. God as personal, caring Father, paired with grace in the letter’s opening greeting (Titus 1:4). Actively build relational-intimacy sense given Japan’s culturally distant modern father-figure associations.
Savior
Approved rendering: 救い主
Transliteration: sukuinushi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 救世主
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
NEW - Titus. Title applied to both God the Father (1:3; 3:4) and Jesus Christ (1:4; 2:10, 13; 3:6) — six occurrences in a short letter. Must render identically at all six occurrences; directly feeds the Critical 2:13 deity-of-Christ clause.
Appearing Epiphany
Approved rendering: 現れる / 現れ
Transliteration: arawareru / araware
Doctrine: Blessed Hope and the Second Coming of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 化身する, 権化する, エピファニー
Original: ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
NEW - Titus. The decisive, visible manifestation of grace (2:11), Christ’s future glory (2:13), and God’s kindness (3:4) — one Greek word-family across three verses forming a deliberate first-coming/second-coming structure. NEVER 化身/権化 (a kami’s or bodhisattva’s provisional, repeatable manifestation per honji suijaku theology). Use one consistent root across all three occurrences.
Love For Mankind
Approved rendering: 人への深い愛情
Transliteration: hito e no fukai aijou
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: フィランソロピー
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: God
NEW - Titus. φιλανθρωπία, God’s benevolent goodwill toward humanity, the ground of his saving initiative (3:4). Modern secular Japanese has fully adopted フィランソロピー as a business/CSR term; using it would reduce God’s benevolence to generic corporate charity. Render descriptively; never use the loanword.
Elder
Approved rendering: 長老
Transliteration: chourou
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. Functional teaching/ruling office (1:5-9), distinguished by demonstrated character and doctrinal qualifications, not age alone. 長老 bridges positively into Japan’s elder-respect culture (敬老) but risks defaulting to age-honorific deference; must be paired with the qualification list at every occurrence. Distinguish clearly from the age-cohort term below (older_man_older_woman).
Overseer
Approved rendering: 監督
Transliteration: kantoku
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. Same office as elder, described by supervisory function (1:7). 監督 is extremely common in secular modern Japanese for a film director, sports coach/manager, or work-site supervisor — a dilution risk parallel to the baseline’s 契約/covenant and 復活/resurrection cautions. Teach explicitly alongside 長老 as two functional descriptions of one office.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: 健全な教え
Transliteration: kenzen na oshie
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: διδασκαλία/διδαχή ὑγιαίνουσα
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. The letter’s central recurring keyword (1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8). 健全 is very common secular vocabulary (healthy finances, wholesome entertainment ratings) — a dilution risk parallel to the baseline’s 復活 pop-culture caution. Must be actively taught as apostolic-truth-consistency (health-giving vs. disease-causing teaching), not generic ‘moderate, non-extreme’ messaging.
Myths
Approved rendering: 作り話
Transliteration: tsukuribanashi
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 神話
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. μῦθοι, fabricated ‘Jewish myths’ circulating among false teachers (1:14). NEVER 神話 (mythology), which in Japanese usage evokes Shinto and world mythology, including Japan’s own foundational national mythology (Kojiki/Nihon Shoki imperial divine descent) — echoing the baseline’s 神の国/kingdom_of_god sensitivity.
Submit
Approved rendering: 従う
Transliteration: shitagau
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Civil Authority
NEW - Titus. ὑποτάσσω, recurring across three relational domains: wives (2:5), slaves (2:9), civil rulers (3:1). Japan’s group-conformity instinct (‘reading the air,’ 空気を読む), corporate/seniority hierarchy, and historic loyalty-to-superior ethics risk collapsing this into reflexive social compliance rather than considered, voluntary, gospel-adorning submission modeled on Christ. Track all three occurrences for consistent framing, parallel to the baseline’s obedience_of_faith caution.
Rulers
Approved rendering: 支配者たち
Transliteration: shihaisha-tachi
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἀρχαί
Category: Civil Authority
NEW - Titus. ἀρχαί (3:1), concrete civil office-holders. Given Japan’s 20th-century experience of totalitarian State Shinto government, teaching here requires careful historical framing so it is not heard as endorsing unquestioning wartime-style obedience.
Treasured Possession People
Approved rendering: 神ご自身の宝の民
Transliteration: Kami go-jishin no takara no tami
Doctrine: Redemption and a Treasured People
Original: λαὸς περιούσιος
Category: Covenant
NEW - Titus. λαὸς περιούσιος (2:14), echoing Exodus 19:5 (LXX), where Israel is called God’s treasured possession, applied by Paul to the redeemed church. Two risks: (1) OT covenant background must be actively taught (biblical-illiteracy gap); (2) uncomfortable resonance with pre-1945 State Shinto ideology of Japan as a uniquely divine nation (神国日本, cf. baseline’s 神の国/kingdom_of_god caution). Must be anchored as the redemptive-historical, all-nations-inclusive church, never ethnic-national exceptionalism.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 福音
Transliteration: fukuin
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: いい知らせ, グッドニュース
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus does not use the literal word but the underlying doctrine (God’s saving proclamation) undergirds ‘Sound Doctrine and Good Works’ and ‘Mission and Proclamation of the Word’; retain as background vocabulary for teaching materials.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shito
Doctrine: Mission and Proclamation of the Word
Rejected alternatives: 教祖
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church Leadership
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul’s self-designation at Titus 1:1, paired there with 神の僕 (‘servant/slave of God’, new Titus term below).
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: heian
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 安心, 癒し
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with grace in the letter’s opening greeting (Titus 1:4); distinguish from the generic wellness/self-care sense of 安心 or 癒し.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: 不敬虔
Transliteration: fukeikei
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
NEW - Titus. Active impiety/disregard for God, opposite of 敬虔; unfamiliar formal Sino-Japanese compound requiring first-use explanation (biblical-illiteracy risk, not a competing false concept).
Worldly Desires
Approved rendering: 世的な欲望
Transliteration: sezokuteki na yokubou
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι
Category: Sanctification
NEW - Titus. Desires shaped by the present God-excluding value system (2:12); must not imply the body/physical desire itself is evil — the qualifier is ‘belonging to the fallen present order,’ not ‘bodily.‘
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: 自制
Transliteration: jisei
Doctrine: Godliness and Self-Control Across Generations
Original: σώφρων / σωφρόνως / σωφρονίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW - Titus. σώφρων/σωφρόνως/σωφρονίζω word-family recurring six times (1:8; 2:2, 4, 5, 6, 12); track as one consistent word-family across all occurrences for pedagogical coherence.
Godliness
Approved rendering: 敬虔
Transliteration: keikei
Doctrine: Godliness and Self-Control Across Generations
Original: εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς
Category: Sanctification
NEW - Titus. εὐσέβεια/εὐσεβῶς; unfamiliar formal vocabulary to secular readers requiring first-use explanation; distinguish from generic secular moral propriety.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 憐れみ
Transliteration: awaremi
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 同情
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW - Titus. God’s compassionate response to human wretchedness/need specifically (3:5, contrast 3:3’s catalogue of prior misery), distinct from χάρις’s broader favor-to-the-undeserving sense. Distinguish from generic pity/sympathy (同情).
Heirs
Approved rendering: 相続人
Transliteration: souzokunin
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Hope of Eternal Life
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW - Titus. Titus 3:7: believers ‘become heirs according to the hope of eternal life.’ A genuinely positive cultural bridge via Japan’s adult-heir adoption/business-succession custom (養子縁組, yōshi engumi), paralleling the Romans baseline’s adoption entry.
Hope
Approved rendering: 望み
Transliteration: nozomi
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: 希望
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
NEW - Titus. Confident expectation grounded in God’s promise-keeping character (1:2; 2:13; 3:7); must be distinguished from casual secular 希望 (ordinary hope/wish), paralleling the baseline’s providence (摂理) caution against fate/luck framing.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 永遠のいのち
Transliteration: eien no inochi
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Faith
NEW - Titus. Forms a deliberate structural bookend, appearing identically at the letter’s opening (1:2) and near its close (3:7); must render identically at both occurrences to preserve the inclusio. Distinguish from Buddhist cyclical-existence/immortality-of-soul concepts.
Truth
Approved rendering: 真理
Transliteration: shinri
Doctrine: Mission and Proclamation of the Word
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Faith
NEW - Titus. God’s reliable revealed message, set in direct contrast to the ‘myths’ of the false teachers (1:1, 14); risk is mainly ensuring this contrast is preserved so truth is felt as historically grounded, not one more religious narrative among others.
God Who Does Not Lie
Approved rendering: 偽ることのない神
Transliteration: itsuwaru koto no nai Kami
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ἀψευδὴς θεός
Category: God
NEW - Titus. Emphatic negative construction (1:2) grounding the hope of eternal life in God’s own truthful character; positive reinforcement of the baseline’s ‘one true God’ qualifying pattern.
Kindness
Approved rendering: 慈愛
Transliteration: jiai
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 親切
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
NEW - Titus. God’s benevolent disposition, ‘appeared’ together with his love for mankind (3:4). 親切 alone can sound like ordinary interpersonal niceness; 慈愛 retains theological weight for doctrinal statements about God’s character.
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: 責められるところのない
Transliteration: semerareru tokoro no nai
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. A public-reputation standard for elder candidates (1:6-7); must be taught as a real, publicly examined character standard, not a vague aspirational ideal.
Older Man Older Woman
Approved rendering: 年配の男性・女性
Transliteration: nenpai no dansei / josei
Doctrine: Godliness and Self-Control Across Generations
Rejected alternatives: 長老
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. πρεσβύτης/πρεσβῦτις (2:2-3), a distinct Greek root from πρεσβύτερος (elder office, 1:5). NEVER render with 長老 — students must not conclude every older church member holds the elder office.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: 神の僕
Transliteration: kami no shimobe
Doctrine: Mission and Proclamation of the Word
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. δοῦλος θεοῦ, Paul’s self-designation of total ownership/belonging to God (1:1). Distinguish from the literal δεσπότης/slave-master social institution addressed at 2:9-10 (master_despotes below) so students do not conflate Paul’s metaphorical self-humbling with that concrete institution.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: 主人
Transliteration: shujin
Doctrine: Household Codes and Gospel Adornment
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. δεσπότης, the concrete legal master of a household slave (2:9), a different Greek word from κύριος. The Romans baseline forbids 主人 as a substitute for 主 (Lord) specifically to protect Christ’s exclusive Lordship; here the referent is an ordinary human master, and 主人 is the correct, natural rendering. Translators must distinguish these two cases clearly and never conflate them.
Controversies
Approved rendering: 論争
Transliteration: ronsou
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ζητήσεις
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. ζητήσεις (3:9), unfruitful speculative doctrinal disputing. Must be distinguished from healthy, edifying theological study/discussion, which Titus elsewhere commends.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: 系図
Transliteration: keizu
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: γενεαλογίαι
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. γενεαλογίαι (3:9), speculative genealogical lists tied to divisive false teaching. Japan’s strong cultural investment in genealogical/ancestral record-keeping (koseki family registry; Obon ancestor veneration) requires clarifying teaching that Paul condemns speculative myth-genealogies, not genealogical interest as such.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: 分派を引き起こす人
Transliteration: bunpa wo hikiokosu hito
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 異端
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος (3:10), a person causing factions through persistent quarrelsomeness — the word’s earlier behavioral sense, not the later technical sense of doctrinal heterodoxy. AVOID 異端 (heresy), which shifts Paul’s behavior-focused concern toward a narrower doctrinal-purity test than the text intends.
Conscience
Approved rendering: 良心
Transliteration: ryoushin
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. συνείδησις (1:15), defiled in the false teachers alongside their minds. Must be taught as moral accountability before God, not merely a culturally-conditioned social-shame sensor, per the baseline’s shame/guilt caution under 罪.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 戒める
Transliteration: imashimeru
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. ἐλέγχω (1:9, 13; 2:15), a pastoral task paired with exhortation. Japan’s harmony-preserving communication culture (和) can make direct rebuke feel socially costly; teach as loving pastoral correction rooted in truth, without softening textual directness.
Obey
Approved rendering: 服従する
Transliteration: fukujuu suru
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: πειθαρχεῖν
Category: Civil Authority
NEW - Titus. πειθαρχεῖν (3:1), a near-synonym reinforcing ὑποτάσσω in the same verse; render distinctly from 従う to preserve the Greek’s rhetorical doubling rather than flattening to one repeated word.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 不法
Transliteration: fuhou
Doctrine: Redemption and a Treasured People
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
NEW - Titus. ἀνομία (2:14), moral rebellion against God’s order generally, broader than a specific legal-code violation. 不法 risks sounding like narrow criminal-code violation (法律違反) in ordinary Japanese; actively broaden to moral rebellion against God, distinct from 律法 (Mosaic Law).
Renewal
Approved rendering: 新たにすること
Transliteration: arata ni suru koto
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 更新
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις
Category: Regeneration
NEW - Titus. ἀνακαίνωσις (3:5), the Spirit’s ongoing renewing work following new birth (cf. Romans 12:2, same root). 更新 is common secular vocabulary for renewing a contract/license/subscription (契約更新) — parallel to the baseline’s 契約/covenant dilution caution. Prefer 新たにすること; if 更新 is used, qualify explicitly as 聖霊による更新.
Washing
Approved rendering: 洗い
Transliteration: arai
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: λουτρόν
Category: Regeneration
NEW - Titus. λουτρόν (3:5), the concrete washing-with-water image (cf. Ephesians 5:26), paired with the Spirit’s regenerating work. Directly parallels the baseline’s caution under ‘holy’: Japan’s Shinto ritual-purification tradition (禊, misogi; 水垢離, mizugori) could wrongly suggest the water itself performs ritual-magical cleansing. Teach: the washing symbolizes, but the Spirit alone accomplishes, regeneration.
Cleanse
Approved rendering: 清める
Transliteration: kiyomeru
Doctrine: Redemption and a Treasured People
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Regeneration
NEW - Titus. καθαρίζω (2:14), moral/spiritual cleansing from sin’s defilement. Distinguish from Shinto ceremonial purification ritual (禊, misogi; お祓い, o-harai), which addresses ritual pollution (穢れ) rather than moral guilt before a holy, personal God.
Proclamation
Approved rendering: 宣教の言葉
Transliteration: senkyou no kotoba
Doctrine: Mission and Proclamation of the Word
Original: κήρυγμα
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. κήρυγμα (1:3), the authoritative public message entrusted to Paul. Related to the baseline’s broader 宣教/mission entry but denotes the content/message proclaimed rather than the act of sending; unfamiliar formal vocabulary requiring first-use explanation.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: 勧める
Transliteration: susumeru
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with rebuke (ἐλέγχω) at Titus 2:15 as complementary pastoral tasks.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: この言葉は信頼できる
Transliteration: kono kotoba wa shinrai dekiru
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Faith
NEW - Titus. Fixed Pastoral Epistles formula (Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, 3:8; cf. 1 Timothy 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Timothy 2:11). Note for consistency if a future 1-2 Timothy curriculum follows.
Steward
Approved rendering: 神の管理者
Transliteration: kami no kanrisha
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: οἰκονόμος θεοῦ
Category: Church Leadership
NEW - Titus. οἰκονόμος θεοῦ (1:7); frames the elder’s authority as delegated stewardship, not personal ownership or authority.
Unfit
Approved rendering: 不適格な
Transliteration: futekikaku na
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. ἀδόκιμος (1:16), a testing/metallurgical metaphor for failing examination; describes false teachers whose profession is falsified by unfit works.
Adorn
Approved rendering: 飾る
Transliteration: kazaru
Doctrine: Household Codes and Gospel Adornment
Original: κοσμέω
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. κοσμέω (2:10); positive, visually intuitive image likely to translate naturally into Japanese aesthetic sensibility around adornment/beauty.
Gentle
Approved rendering: 温和
Transliteration: onwa
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἐπιεικής
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. ἐπιεικής (3:2); distinguish from πραΰτης (gentleness, below) in the same verse — two distinct Greek terms, should not collapse to one Japanese word.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: 柔和
Transliteration: nyuuwa
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. πραΰτης (3:2); strength held in restraint, not weakness (cf. Matthew 11:29). Distinguish from mere social passivity/conflict-avoidance, an over-easy fit with Japan’s harmony-preserving 和 culture.
Slander
Approved rendering: そしる
Transliteration: soshiru
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: βλασφημέω (of persons)
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. βλασφημέω of persons (3:2); distinguish from the God-honor sense of the same verb at 2:5 (‘the word of God may not be discredited’).
Admonition
Approved rendering: 警告
Transliteration: keikoku
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: νουθεσία
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. νουθεσία (3:10); required pastoral step before disassociation from a divisive person.
Self Condemned
Approved rendering: 自分自身を罪に定めている
Transliteration: jibun jishin wo tsumi ni sadameteiru
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: αὐτοκατάκριτος
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. αὐτοκατάκριτος (3:11); the divisive person’s own persistent behavior, not arbitrary judgment, is what condemns.
Unfruitful
Approved rendering: 実を結ばない
Transliteration: mi wo musubanai
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἄκαρπος
Category: Sound Doctrine and Ethics
NEW - Titus. ἄκαρπος (3:14); a naturally strong agricultural metaphor for a culture with deep rice/agricultural imagery traditions.
Poured Out
Approved rendering: 注がれた
Transliteration: sosogareta
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἐκχέω
Category: Regeneration
NEW - Titus. ἐκχέω (3:6), vivid liquid-outpouring imagery for the Spirit’s abundant giving, echoing Joel 2:28/Acts 2:17’s Pentecost promise. Track for consistency with any future Acts curriculum.
Referenced passages