Cross-Reference Analysis
Cross-Reference and Theme Analysis — 1 Peter
Citation Conventions
All citations in this document use the normalizable English format Book Chapter:Verse (e.g., Genesis 15:6, Isaiah 28:16, Romans 3:23) for cross-reference indexing and Phase 2 lookup purposes. Per the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md, final Japanese-language output must convert these to Shinkaiyaku citation format (e.g., ローマ人への手紙3:23). For this curriculum, the destination-language book name for 1 Peter is:
- 1 Peter = ペテロの手紙第一 (Petero no Tegami Dai-ichi); abbreviated Ⅰペテロ. All chapter:verse citations follow Arabic numerals per the baseline YouVersion-alignment rule (e.g., Ⅰペテロ1:3).
This document catalogs every identifiable Old Testament quotation and allusion across all five chapters of 1 Peter, messianic references, typological patterns, and parallels to the Romans curriculum already governed by the baseline Language Package. Every row includes a translation-sensitivity note calibrated to the Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
Part 1 — Direct OT Quotations (by chapter)
| 1 Peter Passage | Theme | OT Source | Related Character(s) | Connection Type | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Peter 1:16 | Holiness in Conduct | Leviticus 11:44-45; Leviticus 19:2; Leviticus 20:7 | Moses (lawgiver), Israel (addressee) | Direct quotation (“Be holy, for I am holy”) | High. 聖い (holy, baseline High) must retain the moral/relational set-apartness sense already flagged in baseline, not Shinto ceremonial-purity (清らか) restoration. This is the letter’s programmatic holiness command; render identically at every recurrence (1:15-16; 2:9; 2:12). |
| 1 Peter 1:24-25 | Living Hope / Inspiration of Scripture | Isaiah 40:6-8 | — | Direct quotation (“All flesh is like grass…”) | Medium. Contrasts perishable human life/glory with the enduring “word of the Lord” (神の言葉/みことば). Reinforces 1:23’s imperishable-seed imagery; must keep 朽ちない (imperishable) vocabulary consistent with 1:4, 1:23. |
| 1 Peter 2:6 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood; Messianic Promise | Isaiah 28:16 | Christ (the stone) | Direct quotation (“Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone…”) | Critical. This exact verse is ALSO quoted in Romans 9:33. The Japanese rendering of the stone-catena vocabulary (石, 隅の親石/礎石, つまずきの石) MUST be rendered identically across both curricula — see Part 5 rendering-consistency rules below. |
| 1 Peter 2:7 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood; Messianic Promise | Psalm 118:22 | Christ (the rejected stone), “the builders” (Israel’s leaders) | Direct quotation (“The stone that the builders rejected…”) | Critical. Same catena tradition quoted in Matthew 21:42, Acts 4:11. Must render 拒んだ石 (the rejected stone) / 隅の親石 (cornerstone) consistently; theological point is Christ’s rejection by human authority followed by God’s vindication — must not be softened. |
| 1 Peter 2:8 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood; Messianic Promise | Isaiah 8:14 | Christ (stone of stumbling) | Direct quotation (“A stone of stumbling, a rock of offense”) | Critical. ALSO quoted in Romans 9:33 in combination with Isaiah 28:16. Same rendering-consistency requirement as above — see Part 5. |
| 1 Peter 2:9 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood | Exodus 19:6 (royal priesthood, holy nation); Isaiah 43:20-21 (people formed for praise) | Israel at Sinai | Allusive quotation/echo, applying Israel’s Sinai covenant identity to the Church | Critical. 王である祭司／聖なる国民 — see baseline-extension notes in 08_core_glossary.md; 聖なる国民 directly reactivates the 神国日本 (State Shinto ultranationalist slogan) Critical concern already documented for baseline’s 神の国. |
| 1 Peter 2:10 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood; Unity of Jew/Gentile parallel | Hosea 1:6, 9; Hosea 2:23 | Hosea, Gomer (typological), Israel (as “not my people”) | Direct quotation (“Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people”) | Critical. ALSO quoted in Romans 9:25-26. Rendering-consistency requirement — see Part 5. Theological point: Gentile inclusion into God’s covenant people, paralleling Romans’ Jew/Gentile unity doctrine. |
| 1 Peter 2:22 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | Isaiah 53:9 | Christ (the Suffering Servant) | Direct quotation (“He committed no sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth”) | Critical. Part of the extended Isaiah 53 typological block (2:21-25); establishes the sinlessness required for valid substitution. |
| 1 Peter 2:24 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | Isaiah 53:5 | Christ (the Suffering Servant) | Direct quotation (“By his wounds you have been healed”) | Critical. Must retain the spiritual/moral healing sense (restoration from sin), guarding against a prosperity-gospel physical-healing-only reading; see 07/08 notes on 傷 (kizu). |
| 1 Peter 2:25 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Elders and Humility (shepherd motif) | Isaiah 53:6 | Christ (Shepherd), sheep (believers, straying) | Direct quotation (“You were straying like sheep, but have now returned…”) | High. Introduces the Shepherd/flock imagery resumed at 5:2-4; render 羊飼い／牧者 consistently across both passages. |
| 1 Peter 3:10-12 | Holiness in Conduct | Psalm 34:12-16 | David (psalmist) | Direct, extended quotation | Medium. Ethical exhortation quotation; low doctrinal-collision risk but requires consistent register with the letter’s holiness vocabulary (聖い, 慎み深く). |
| 1 Peter 3:14-15 | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake; Holiness in Conduct | Isaiah 8:12-13 | Isaiah (prophet), the prophet’s contemporaries (fearing conspiracy) | Direct quotation (“Have no fear of what they fear… but honor Christ as Lord”) | High. Peter substitutes “Christ” for “the LORD” (YHWH) of the Isaiah text — a significant Christological move (Yahweh-identification of Christ). Must preserve 主 (baseline Critical Lord term) applied directly to Christ here, reinforcing Christ’s full deity. |
| 1 Peter 4:18 | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | Proverbs 11:31 (LXX) | — | Direct quotation (“If the righteous is scarcely saved, what will become of the ungodly?”) | Medium. 義 (righteous) here again requires the baseline’s forensic/right-standing distinction, not a Bushido personal-virtue reading. |
| 1 Peter 5:5 | Elders and Humility | Proverbs 3:34 | — | Direct quotation (“God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble”) | Critical. ALSO quoted in James 4:6. Directly reactivates the on-giri Critical concern under baseline “grace” — 恵み must not be taught as earned by the meritorious act of humbling oneself; see 08 glossary note on 謙遜/ταπεινοφροσύνη. |
Part 2 — OT Allusions and Echoes (non-quotation, by chapter)
| 1 Peter Passage | Theme | OT Allusion | Related Character(s) | Connection Type | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Peter 1:1 | Church identity (sojourners) | Genesis 23:4 (Abraham as sojourner); the historic Jewish Diaspora after 722/586 BC exile | Abraham, exiled Israel | Metaphorical reapplication | High. 離散／寄留者 — requires OT exile-background teaching before Gentile-inclusive reapplication; see 07/08 notes. |
| 1 Peter 1:2 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering (covenant ratification) | Exodus 24:8 (Moses sprinkles covenant blood on the people) | Moses, Israel at Sinai | Typological echo | Medium-High. 血の注ぎかけ requires Exodus 24 covenant-ratification background per 08 glossary; without it the phrase reads as a vague “blood ritual.” |
| 1 Peter 1:10-12 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | General OT prophetic corpus (esp. Isaiah 53; Psalm 22) concerning “the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories” | The OT prophets (unnamed) | Retrospective fulfillment claim | Critical. Parallels baseline’s “fulfillment_of_prophecy” doctrine entry exactly; requires the same OT-to-NT linear-fulfillment framing (never a fortune-telling coincidence). |
| 1 Peter 1:12 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | General angelic-interest motif (cf. Daniel’s angelic messengers) | Angels | Loose echo | Low. 御使い (established reverent term) sufficient; minimal collision. |
| 1 Peter 1:18-19 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | Exodus 12:5 (Passover lamb without blemish); Leviticus 22:19-25 (sacrificial qualification); Isaiah 53:7 (silent lamb led to slaughter) | The Passover lamb, Christ | Typological fulfillment | Critical. 傷もなく汚れもない子羊 — requires OT Passover/sacrificial background; 汚れ (kegare) collision with Shinto ritual-purity vocabulary must be actively countered per 07/08 notes. |
| 1 Peter 2:5 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood | 1 Kings 6 (Solomon’s temple building imagery); Exodus 19:6 | Solomon (temple builder, typological), Israel | Metaphorical reapplication | High. 霊的な家 (spiritual house) — anchor to Holy Spirit indwelling per 07/08 notes; avoid パワースポット resonance. |
| 1 Peter 2:9 | Church as Holy/Royal Priesthood | Deuteronomy 7:6; Deuteronomy 10:15 (“chosen people”) | Israel | Covenant-election echo | Medium. 選ばれた民 — same competitive-selection caution as baseline 選び. |
| 1 Peter 2:11 | Church identity (sojourners) | Psalm 39:12 (sojourner before God); Genesis 23:4 | David (psalmist), Abraham | Echo | High. Same 寄留者 caution as 1:1 — avoid 在留外国人 bureaucratic-visa-status reading. |
| 1 Peter 2:13-17 | Submission to Authority | Genesis 9:6 (general civil-order principle, human government instituted after the Flood); broader OT king/governance theology | Noah (post-Flood covenant), civil rulers generally | Thematic parallel, not direct quotation | High. Direct thematic and structural parallel to Romans 13:1-7 — see Part 5 below for rendering-consistency rule. |
| 1 Peter 2:21-25 | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | Isaiah 53 (entire chapter — the Suffering Servant) | Christ (the Servant) | Extended typological fulfillment (multiple direct quotations embedded, see Part 1) | Critical. The single most theologically dense OT-typology block in the letter; requires full Isaiah 53 background teaching, connecting the servant’s silence, wounds, and healing directly to the atonement doctrine. |
| 1 Peter 3:5-6 | Submission to Authority (household) | Genesis 18:12 (Sarah calls Abraham “lord/adon”) | Sarah, Abraham | Direct historical example (not a quotation formula, but a named OT example) | High. Must be framed within the letter’s reciprocal, Christlike household ethic (cf. 3:7), not isolated as timeless patriarchal prescription without that framing; same caution as baseline’s ὑποτάσσω note. |
| 1 Peter 3:19-20 | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | Genesis 6:1-8:22 (Noah, the Flood, the ark, eight persons saved) | Noah and his household (eight persons); “the spirits in prison” (disputed referent — see Part 3) | Typological/historical reference | Critical. See dedicated Part 3 treatment below; among the most exegetically disputed and culturally dangerous passages in the letter for a Japanese destination context. |
| 1 Peter 3:22 | Lordship of Christ; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | Psalm 110:1 (enthronement at God’s right hand, authorities made subject) | Christ; “angels, authorities, and powers” | Typological/messianic fulfillment | Critical. Psalm 110:1 is ALSO quoted/echoed in Romans 8:34 (baseline curriculum) — see Part 5 rendering-consistency rule. |
| 1 Peter 4:6 | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (related interpretive question) | Same interpretive complex as 3:19 | Unclear referent (the spiritually dead vs. physically dead) | Disputed theological echo | Critical. Requires the same dedicated theologian-reviewed explanatory framework as 3:19; must not be resolved simplistically in either direction in translated teaching material. |
| 1 Peter 4:8 | Holiness in Conduct | Proverbs 10:12 (“love covers a multitude of sins” — not a formula-introduced quotation but a clear echo) | — | Echo | Low-Medium. Standard exhortation vocabulary; minor risk of reading as “love excuses/hides wrongdoing” rather than the intended “love overlooks/forgives offenses” sense. |
| 1 Peter 4:17 | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | Ezekiel 9:6 (judgment beginning at the sanctuary); Jeremiah 25:29 | Ezekiel (prophet), “the house of God” | Echo | Medium. 神の家 (household of God) — requires brief OT judgment-order background. |
| 1 Peter 5:8 | Christlike Endurance (adversary) | Psalm 22:13 (roaring lion imagery); Job 1-2 (the Satan/Adversary figure); Ezekiel 22:25 | David (psalmist), Job, Satan | Echo/composite image | High. 悪魔 pop-culture dilution risk per 07/08; must clarify a real, personal spiritual adversary continuous with the OT Satan figure, not a fictional trope or Japan’s native 鬼/妖怪 folklore categories. |
| 1 Peter 5:13 | Church identity; historical/political framing | Coded exilic imagery from Daniel and Jeremiah (Babylon as the archetypal pagan power holding God’s people captive) | — | Coded typological reference (Babylon = Rome) | Medium. バビロン (Babylon) requires a brief historical-code footnote (Rome, not literal Babylon) for biblically illiterate readers; low doctrinal-collision risk, primarily an illiteracy/clarity concern. |
Part 3 — Special Dedicated Treatment: 1 Peter 3:18-22 (Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits)
This passage is flagged for its own dedicated cross-reference treatment given both its exegetical difficulty and its unusually high destination-culture collision risk (see 07_semantic_analysis.md Chapter 3 notes and 08_core_glossary.md).
| Element | OT/NT Connection | Interpretive Options (for theologian-reviewed footnoting) | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|
| ”the spirits in prison” (3:19) | Genesis 6:1-4 (the “sons of God”/Nephilim tradition); 2 Peter 2:4-5; Jude 6-7 (angels who sinned, kept in chains) | (a) Fallen angels from Genesis 6, now imprisoned, proclaimed final judgment/victory by the risen Christ; (b) the human dead of Noah’s generation, addressed via the Spirit’s preaching through Noah; (c) all the unrighteous dead generally. Historic Christian tradition (including the Apostles’ Creed’s “descended into hell” clause) has held multiple views. | Critical. This is one of the few correct uses of 霊 WITHOUT the 聖 qualifier in the whole curriculum — a genuine collision point with Japan’s living ancestral-spirit (先祖の霊) and ghost (幽霊) folk culture. Teaching material MUST explicitly state which interpretive option(s) are in view, explicitly exclude a “proclamation of a second chance to ancestor spirits” reading, and explicitly exclude any purgatory-like intermediate-realm implication. |
| Noah, the ark, eight persons (3:20) | Genesis 6:1-8:22 | The ark as a type of the salvation-through-judgment pattern fulfilled in baptism | Medium. 箱舟 (ark) — vaguely known secularly; requires OT judgment-and-salvation theology supplied explicitly, not assumed. |
| Baptism as “antitype” (ἀντίτυπος) of the flood-salvation (3:21) | Genesis 7-8 (salvation through/by water); typological pattern language echoed elsewhere in Hebrews 9:24 | Baptism does not save by physical washing but as “an appeal to God for a good conscience,” grounded in the resurrection | High. 洗礼 — new term to this curriculum (not in Romans baseline); must be anchored explicitly to Christ’s resurrection (per 3:21b) and not treated with the secular idiomatic “harsh initiation” sense. |
| ”Angels, authorities, and powers” subjected to Christ (3:22) | Psalm 110:1 (right hand of God); Ephesians 1:20-21; Colossians 2:15 (parallel NT statements of Christ’s cosmic supremacy) | Christ’s ascension establishes supremacy over ALL spiritual powers, including whatever “spirits” are in view in 3:19 | Medium. Reinforces baseline’s Lordship-of-Christ doctrine; also connects to Romans 8:34/8:38-39’s “no created power can separate us” assurance theme — see Part 5. |
Recommendation: This passage should receive its own dedicated Critical-tier doctrine registry entry in Phase 1 Step 4/5 (Christ's Proclamation to the Spirits), distinct from the Holy Spirit registry entry, mandating theologian review for every occurrence and explicit anti-syncretism footnoting guidance for Phase 2.
Part 4 — Messianic References and Typology Summary
| Type | 1 Peter Passage | OT Type/Pattern | Fulfillment in Christ | Related NT Parallels |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacrificial typology | 1 Peter 1:18-19 | The Passover lamb without blemish (Exodus 12:5) | Christ’s precious blood as the once-for-all ransom price | John 1:29; 1 Corinthians 5:7; Romans 3:24-25 (baseline) |
| Suffering Servant typology | 1 Peter 2:21-25 | Isaiah 53’s Servant of the LORD | Christ’s sinless, substitutionary suffering — “the righteous for the unrighteous” | Romans 4:25 (baseline, “seed of David”/resurrection); Acts 8:32-35 |
| Cornerstone/rejected-stone catena | 1 Peter 2:4-8 | Psalm 118:22; Isaiah 28:16; Isaiah 8:14 | Christ rejected by human authority, chosen and vindicated by God | Romans 9:33 (baseline — SAME catena); Matthew 21:42; Acts 4:11; Ephesians 2:20 |
| Covenant-nation typology | 1 Peter 2:9-10 | Israel constituted as a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” at Sinai (Exodus 19:5-6); Hosea’s “not my people” reversal | The Church, Jew and Gentile alike, inherits and fulfills Israel’s corporate priestly-nation identity | Romans 9:25-26 (baseline — SAME Hosea citation); Romans 11:17-24 (olive tree, baseline); Revelation 1:6; Revelation 5:10 |
| Shepherd-king typology | 1 Peter 2:25; 5:2-4 | Ezekiel 34:11-16, 23-24 (God/David as shepherd); Psalm 23 | Christ as “Shepherd and Overseer” (2:25) and “Chief Shepherd” (5:4); elders as under-shepherds | John 10:11-16; Hebrews 13:20 |
| Flood/salvation-through-water typology | 1 Peter 3:20-21 | Noah’s ark and the eight persons saved through the flood-judgment (Genesis 6-8) | Baptism as the “antitype,” an appeal to God grounded in the resurrection | Hebrews 11:7; 2 Peter 2:5 |
| Enthronement typology | 1 Peter 3:22 | Psalm 110:1 | Christ’s ascension and cosmic supremacy over all spiritual powers | Romans 8:34 (baseline); Ephesians 1:20-21 |
| Exile/Diaspora typology | 1 Peter 1:1; 1:17; 2:11 | Israel’s historical exile and dispersion; Abraham as a sojourner without inherited land (Genesis 23:4) | The Church’s present identity as citizens of a heavenly homeland journeying through, not belonging to, the present world order | Hebrews 11:13-16; Philippians 3:20 |
| Coded-exile typology | 1 Peter 5:13 | Babylon as the archetypal pagan imperial power holding God’s people captive (Daniel; Jeremiah 25, 51) | “Babylon” as a coded reference to Rome, applying exile-typology to the letter’s own historical moment | Revelation 17-18 (fuller development of the same Babylon = Rome typology) |
Part 5 — Rendering-Consistency Rules for Shared Quotations with Romans
The following OT citations are quoted in BOTH Romans and 1 Peter. Per the baseline’s “Theological Consistency Rules Across Documents,” these MUST receive identical Japanese renderings in both curricula. Phase 2 translators working on 1 Peter must load and cross-check against any existing Romans Phase 2 output for these exact verses before finalizing.
| OT Citation | Quoted in Romans | Quoted in 1 Peter | Shared Rendering Requirement | Risk if Inconsistent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isaiah 28:16 | Romans 9:33 | 1 Peter 2:6 | 石／つまずきの石／恥を見ることがない (stone / stone of stumbling / will not be put to shame) — identical phrasing required in both curricula’s rendering of this verse | Critical. Inconsistent stone-catena vocabulary across the two curricula would obscure the deliberate scriptural cross-linkage Paul and Peter both draw on, weakening the messianic-stone typology’s cumulative force for learners moving between both studies. |
| Isaiah 8:14 | Romans 9:33 | 1 Peter 2:8 | つまずきの石、妨げの岩 (stone of stumbling, rock of offense) — identical to Romans rendering | Critical. Same catena; see above. |
| Hosea 1:9-10; 2:23 | Romans 9:25-26 | 1 Peter 2:10 | 私の民ではなかった者を「私の民」と呼び／あなたがたは、かつては神の民ではなかったが、今は神の民である (formerly not God’s people, now God’s people) — identical core phrasing | Critical. Both curricula use this citation to establish Gentile inclusion into God’s covenant people; inconsistent rendering weakens the shared doctrinal thread (Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Church as Holy Nation). |
| Psalm 110:1 | Romans 8:34 (echoed, “who is at the right hand of God”) | 1 Peter 3:22 | 神の右に座して（着座して）／すべての権威、勢力はキリストに従う (seated at God’s right hand; all authorities and powers made subject) — identical enthronement vocabulary | High. Both texts ground assurance/Lordship doctrine in Christ’s exalted position; inconsistency weakens the cross-curriculum reinforcement of Christ’s supreme Lordship. |
| Habakkuk 2:4 (thematic underlay, not directly quoted in 1 Peter but theologically parallel) | Romans 1:17 (directly quoted — curriculum thesis verse) | 1 Peter 1:5, 1:7 (faith as the means of a guarded/tested salvation) | No direct citation to reconcile, but 信仰 (faith) as the consistent instrumental term for receiving/being kept in salvation must match baseline usage exactly | Medium. Ensures learners recognize the same faith-through-which-salvation-comes theology across both letters even without a shared direct quotation. |
| Genesis 15:6 (thematic underlay; not quoted in 1 Peter directly) | Romans 4:3 (directly quoted — foundational to Justification doctrine) | 1 Peter 1:9 (“obtaining the outcome/goal of your faith”); 1 Peter 3:6 (Sarah/Abraham example) | 信仰 and 義と認められること vocabulary must remain exactly as established in baseline when Abrahamic-faith background is invoked in teaching notes for 1 Peter 3:6 | Medium. Prevents an accidental drift toward a merit-earned reading of “obtaining” salvation’s outcome (κομιζόμενοι, 1:9) that would contradict the baseline’s Critical grace/justification framework. |
Additional structural (non-quotation) parallel requiring rendering consistency
| Theme | Romans Passage | 1 Peter Passage | Shared Rendering Requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Submission to governing authorities | Romans 13:1-7 | 1 Peter 2:13-17 | 権威（けんい）／従う・服従する — the noun for “governing authority” (権威, ken’i) and the verb for “submit” (従う／服従する) must be rendered identically in both curricula’s treatment of civil submission, since both passages are commonly taught side-by-side. The baseline’s caution against endorsing abusive hierarchy (senpai-kōhai, corporate deference culture) applies with equal force to 1 Peter 2:13-17 and must carry over from any existing Romans 13 teaching notes. |
| Grace vs. works/merit | Romans 4:4-5; Romans 11:5-6 | 1 Peter 1:13; 1 Peter 5:5 | 恵み must retain the baseline’s non-transactional (anti-on-giri) framing in every 1 Peter occurrence exactly as required in Romans; 1 Peter 5:5’s “grace to the humble” is a new high-stakes test case for this rule. |
| Living/spiritual sacrifice offered by believers | Romans 12:1 (“present your bodies as a living sacrifice”) | 1 Peter 2:5 (“spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God”) | 供え物／いけにえ vocabulary for non-cultic, whole-life offering must be handled consistently across both curricula, with the same clarification that this is not a literal ritual object placed before an altar. |
| Kingdom/nation language with State Shinto collision risk | Romans 14:17 (神の国) | 1 Peter 2:9 (聖なる国民) | Both terms independently reactivate the same 神国日本 (State Shinto ultranationalist slogan) historical concern already Critical in the baseline. Any teaching material introducing 1 Peter 2:9 should explicitly cross-reference the Romans 14:17 anchoring note so learners encounter one consistent historical-sensitivity framing, not two independently developed explanations. |
Summary
1 Peter’s OT quotation and allusion structure is dominated by three catena/typology blocks — the Isaiah 53 Suffering Servant block (2:21-25), the rejected-stone catena (2:4-8, shared verbatim-source with Romans 9:33), and the Sinai covenant-identity block (2:9-10, shared verbatim-source with Romans 9:25-26) — plus the uniquely difficult Noah/spirits-in-prison complex (3:18-22) requiring its own dedicated Critical-tier interpretive framework. Three OT citations (Isaiah 28:16, Isaiah 8:14, Hosea 1:9-10/2:23) and one echoed enthronement text (Psalm 110:1) are shared verbatim-source material with the Romans curriculum and require identical Japanese rendering by the explicit rules in Part 5. The submission-to-authority and grace-versus-works structural parallels with Romans 13 and Romans 4/11 respectively carry the same cross-curriculum consistency requirement even without a shared direct quotation.