Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Jude
Curriculum: Jude
Destination language: Japanese
Source: Derived from the verse-by-verse Koine Greek analysis in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering every verse of Jude 1:1–25.
Baseline authority: Terms marked “Reused from baseline” MUST use the Japanese rendering exactly as recorded in the Romans translation_memory.json. New terms proposed here follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low risk-tier convention as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json and are candidates for addition to translation memory in Phase 2 Step 1 (per the “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions” in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline (Romans Translation Memory)
| English term | Greek | Japanese (reused exactly) | Risk (baseline) | Jude occurrence(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | 神 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | イエス | Critical | throughout |
| Christ | Χριστός | キリスト | Critical | throughout |
| Lord | κύριος | 主 | Critical | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 |
| grace | χάρις | 恵み | Critical | 1:4 |
| faith | πίστις | 信仰 | High | 1:3, 1:20 |
| saints | ἅγιοι | 聖徒 | High | 1:3 |
| holy | ἅγιος | 聖い | High | 1:20 |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | 聖霊 | Critical | 1:20; cf. 1:19 (see new-term note below) |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | 使徒 | Medium | 1:17 |
| called | κλητός | 召された | High | 1:1 |
| calling | κλῆσις (concept) | 召し | High | conceptual background to 1:1 |
| glory | δόξα | 栄光 | High | 1:8 (plural, creaturely sense — see new-term note), 1:24, 1:25 |
| salvation | σωτηρία | 救い | Critical | 1:3, 1:23 (verb σώζω) |
| peace | εἰρήνη | 平安 | Medium | 1:2 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | 勧める | Low | 1:3 |
| prophecy / prophesied | προφητεύω | 預言（した）／預言者 | Medium (verify 預 kanji, not 予) | 1:14 |
B. New Terms Established for Jude
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Japanese rendering | Risk | Definition / doctrinal category | Translation risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| servant / bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | しもべ | Medium | Self-designation of total ownership by/belonging to Christ (1:1) | No living chattel-slavery reference point in Japan, but strong honor-bound service vocabulary (奉公, Bushido loyalty) makes しもべ a workable bridge; must be taught as a title of honored belonging, not degradation. |
| contend for (the faith) | ἐπαγωνίζομαι (epagōnizomai) | （信仰のために）戦う | High | Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (1:3) | Bushido/martial-honor resonance of 戦う risks reframing doctrinal defense as physical/political combat or personal-honor display; must clarify this is firm doctrinal fidelity against internal corruption. |
| once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (hapax paradotheisē) | 一度で（すべての聖徒に）伝えられた | High | Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (1:3) | Risks collision with Japan’s living master-to-disciple transmission traditions (法灯, 相伝, menkyo kaiden), which are repeatable across generations; ἅπαξ’s closed, one-time-historical sense must be explicitly taught against that model. |
| ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια (asebēs / asebeia) | 不敬虔（な者たち） | High | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:4, 15, 18) | Formal vocabulary unfamiliar to secular readers (biblical-illiteracy risk); risk of being processed as a breach of social politeness/keigo rather than fundamental God-ward irreverence. |
| licentiousness / sensuality | ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) | 淫らな行い／放縦な行い | Medium | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:4) | Standard vice-list vocabulary; must be kept tied to the abuse of grace (1:4), not treated as a free-standing vice. |
| Master / Sovereign (as distinct from Lord) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | 支配者 | Critical | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; Lordship of Christ (1:4) | Baseline forbids 主人 for κύριος; the same caution applies to δεσπότης — must not collapse into domestic “master of the house” sense, and must remain visibly distinct from 主 (κύριος) to preserve Jude’s deliberate double title. |
| deny | ἀρνέομαι (arneomai) | 否定する／拒む | High | Paired with δεσπότης/κύριος denial (1:4) | Must convey functional, lifestyle denial (immoral living that denies Christ’s ownership), not only verbal/doctrinal denial. |
| angel(s) | ἄγγελος (angelos) | 御使い | Medium | Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (1:6, 1:9) | Japan’s vivid animistic spirit-world (kami, yōkai) risks conflation; angels must be clarified as created, personal servants of the one true God. |
| kept / keep (thematic keyword) | τηρέω (tēreō) | 守る (established consistently for this verb throughout Jude) | High | Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless (1:1, 6, 13, 21) | A deliberate literary/theological thread running through the whole letter (positive: God keeps the faithful; negative: judgment reserved for the wicked; imperative: believers keep themselves). Must be rendered with one consistent Japanese verb across all four occurrences or the thread is lost. |
| guard / keep from stumbling | φυλάσσω / ἄπταιστος (phylassō / aptaistos) | 守り抜く／つまずかせない | High | Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless (1:24) | Distinct Greek verb from τηρέω (above); emphasizes active sentry-style guarding against a specific danger. Should be distinguishable in Japanese from 守る (used for τηρέω) so the closing doxology reads as climactic rather than repetitive. |
| eternal / everlasting | αἰώνιος / ἀΐδιος (aiōnios / aïdios) | 永遠の | Medium | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:6, 1:7) | Standard vocabulary; risk lies in the adjacent doctrine (judgment), not the adjective itself. |
| judgment | κρίσις (krisis) | 裁き | Critical | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:6, 9, 15) | Must be taught as a personal God’s judicial verdict, not collapsed into Japan’s dominant folk-Buddhist 因果応報 (karmic cause-and-effect) framework, which is impersonal and self-executing rather than a personal Judge’s verdict. |
| example / warning display | δεῖγμα (deigma) | 見せしめ | Medium | Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (1:7) | Natural Japanese idiom, but risks being read as social shaming/public deterrence rather than a theological pattern of certain divine judgment. |
| defile | μιαίνω (miainō) | 汚す | High | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:8) | Parallels the baseline’s “holy” caution: risks collapsing into Shinto ritual-impurity (穢れ, kegare) removable by purification rites, rather than moral corruption before a holy God. |
| reject authority/lordship | κυριότης / ἀθετέω (kyriotēs / atheteō) | 主権を拒む | High | Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (adjacent); Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:8) | Should remain visibly cognate with established 主 (Lord) so the Greek κύριος/κυριότης relationship is not lost in Japanese. |
| glorious ones (creaturely, plural δόξα) | δόξαι (doxai) | 栄光ある者たち | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:8) | Distinct from God’s own unique 栄光 (established baseline term); needs a clarifying note at first occurrence to prevent confusion with divine glory doctrine. |
| archangel Michael | ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ (archangelos Michaēl) | 大天使ミカエル | Low | Old Testament Warnings as Types (1:9) | Established Japanese Christian-tradition term; minimal risk once introduced. |
| the devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | 悪魔 | Medium | (1:9) | Well-established term; light risk from Japan’s indigenous demon/spirit folklore (oni, yōkai) sitting nearby in cultural imagination. |
| convict | ἐλέγχω (elegchō) | 明らかにする／責め立てる | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:15); textual-variant relevance at 1:22 | Standard vocabulary; note the shared root with the ἐλεᾶτε/ἐλέγχετε textual variant at 1:22 (see below). |
| way of Cain / error of Balaam / rebellion of Korah | ὁδός Κάϊν / πλάνη Βαλαάμ / ἀντιλογία Κόρε | カインの道／バラムの迷い／コラの反逆 | High | Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (1:11) | Requires substantial OT narrative background (Genesis 4; Numbers 16; 22–24) unfamiliar to secular readers; a biblical-illiteracy risk requiring active teaching for all three figures. |
| hidden reefs / blemishes | σπιλάδες (spilades) | 暗礁 (primary); しみ／汚れ (alternative considered) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:12) | Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek (reef vs. stain); flag for ambiguity-handling protocol and record alternative rendering per baseline procedure. |
| love feast(s) | ἀγάπαι (agapai) | 愛餐 | Medium | Christian Fellowship (adjacent, 1:12) | Established Japanese Christian technical compound; unfamiliar to secular readers, needs first-use explanation; must not be replaced with generic “banquet/party” vocabulary. |
| shepherding themselves | ποιμαίνω, reflexive (poimainō) | 自分を養うだけの牧者たち | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:12) | Should preserve recognizable continuity with legitimate NT pastoral-leadership vocabulary so the irony of “false shepherds” registers. |
| wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται (asteres planētai) | さまよう星 | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:13) | Shares Greek root (πλάνη) with “error of Balaam” (1:11) — a deliberate wordplay translators should be aware of even if not reproducible in Japanese. |
| Enoch prophesied (citation of non-canonical material) | Ἑνώχ…προεφήτευσεν | エノク／預言した | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types; canonicity issue (1:14–15) | Reuse established 預言 kanji exactly (verify 預, not 予). Doctrinally distinct risk: teaching material must clarify Jude’s citation of Enoch’s prophetic content does not canonize 1 Enoch; flag for human theologian review. |
| grumblers / complainers | γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος | つぶやく者たち／不満を言う者たち | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:16) | Standard vocabulary; deliberate echo of Israel’s wilderness grumbling (1:5) worth preserving in teaching notes. |
| great swelling words | ὑπέρογκα (hyperogka) | 大言壮語 | Low | (1:16) | Natural, pre-existing four-character Japanese idiom; low risk. |
| flattery for advantage | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα (thaumazontes prosōpa) | 利益のために人にへつらう | Medium | (1:16) | Japan’s hierarchical deference culture risks reading へつらう as ordinary politeness rather than manipulative exploitation; exploitative intent must be made explicit. |
| scoffers | ἐμπαῖκτης (empaiktēs) | 嘲る者たち | Medium | (1:18) | Standard vocabulary; minor risk of vague eschatological framing. |
| cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζω (apodiorizō) | 分裂を引き起こす者たち | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; Church unity (1:19) | Standard vocabulary. |
| worldly / soulish, devoid of the Spirit | ψυχικός / πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες (psychikos) | この世的な者たち／御霊を持たない | Critical | Anthropology; Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (1:19) | Touches core biblical anthropology (soul vs. Spirit); must not collapse into native 魂 (tamashii) concepts from Shinto/Buddhist thought. If referring to the Holy Spirit, must use established 聖霊 exactly, never 霊 alone. Flag for human theologian review. |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | 憐れみ | High | Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (1:2, 21, 22, 23) | Distinct from established 恵み (grace/χάρις): ἔλεος emphasizes compassion toward need/misery. Risk that 憐れみ carries a paternalistic, faintly condescending “pity from above” connotation in ordinary Japanese usage, undercutting the dignity-restoring warmth of biblical mercy. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 永遠のいのち | Low | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (1:21) | Standard Shinkaiyaku-tradition phrase; low risk. |
| wavering / doubting | διακρίνομαι (diakrinomai) | 疑う者たち／迷っている者たち | High | Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (1:22) | Textual variant exists (ἐλεᾶτε “have mercy” vs. ἐλέγχετε “rebuke/convict” governing this clause) — must be recorded for translators/reviewers and flagged for human theologian review, since the choice changes the pastoral posture commanded. |
| snatch (from the fire) | ἁρπάζω (harpazō) | 奪い取る | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (1:23) | Should preserve the deliberate rhetorical echo with the “eternal fire” judgment imagery of 1:7. |
| stained garment | σπιλόω / χιτών (spiloō / chitōn) | 汚れた衣 | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering; holiness (1:23) | Shares root with σπιλάδες (1:12) — preserve the contamination-imagery echo across the letter where feasible. |
| present blameless | ἵστημι / ἄμωμος (histēmi / amōmos) | 傷のない者として立たせる | High | Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless (1:24) | ἄμωμος carries OT sacrificial background (unblemished offering, e.g. the Passover lamb) unfamiliar to Japanese readers without explanation; a biblical-illiteracy risk requiring active teaching of the sacrificial imagery, not merely correct word choice. |
| exultant joy | ἀγαλλίασις (agalliasis) | 大きな喜び | Low | Kept by God and Presented Blameless (1:24) | Stronger than mere χαρά (“joy”); standard vocabulary, low risk. |
| Savior (title) | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | 救い主 | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (1:25) | Compositional on established 救い; low-medium risk given existing framework. |
| majesty | μεγαλωσύνη (megalōsynē) | 威光 | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (1:25) | Formal vocabulary requiring first-use explanation; biblical-illiteracy risk rather than false-concept collision. |
| dominion / might | κράτος (kratos) | 権力／支配権 | Medium-High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (1:25) | 権力 carries strong political/governmental connotations in contemporary Japanese (政権, “regime”); must be clarified as cosmic, not political, dominion — echoes the baseline’s caution around 神の国’s political-historical resonance. |
| authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | 権威 | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (1:25) | Standard vocabulary. |
| forever (doxological) | αἰών (aiōn) | 世々限りなく／永遠に | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (1:25) | Standard doxological Japanese phrasing. |
| judgment (Old Testament type framework) | δεῖγμα / τύπος-concept (deigma; τύπος does not occur in Jude) | 見せしめ（型的警告） | High | Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (whole letter) | Not a single Pauline/Petrine term but the theological name for the pattern Jude constructs across Israel (1:5), angels (1:6), Sodom (1:7), and Cain/Balaam/Korah (1:11) — flagged as a composite doctrinal category, following the same pattern as the baseline’s “incarnation” entry. |
| false teachers (doctrine label) | (no single Greek word; composite of ἀσεβεῖς, ἐμπαῖκται, ψυχικοί, etc.) | 偽教師（総称） | High | Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (whole letter) | A summary/teaching label, not a translation of one Greek term; must not be forced onto any single verse’s vocabulary but used only in doctrinal headings/study notes, consistent with how the baseline treats composite theological categories. |
C. Risk Summary for This Curriculum
| Risk tier | Count (new terms, Section B) | Review routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 (δεσπότης/Master, κρίσις/judgment, ψυχικός/soulish-devoid of Spirit) | Human theologian review required for every occurrence |
| High | 15 | Human theologian review required |
| Medium-High | 3 | Human theologian review recommended |
| Medium | 14 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review sufficient |
Combined with the 16 baseline terms reused exactly (Section A, all already Critical/High/Medium per the Romans registry), this glossary establishes full-book term coverage for Jude 1:1–25 ready for Phase 2 processing, consistent with 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Kami
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 八百万の神の一柱としての神, 神様
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:25’s ‘to the only God our Savior’ is precisely the doctrinally weighty uniqueness statement the baseline qualifier exists to protect; use 唯一の神／唯一のまことの神 at this occurrence and at 1:4’s ‘our God’ without exception.
Jesus
Approved rendering: イエス
Transliteration: Iesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: ゼズス
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. No deviation for Jude’s occurrences (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25).
Christ
Approved rendering: キリスト
Transliteration: Kirisuto
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 救世主
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. As in Romans, requires explanatory teaching since secular Japanese readers know キリスト primarily as a foreign cultural brand rather than a Jewish messianic-fulfillment title.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: shu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 主君, ご主人様, 主人
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:4, κύριος is deliberately paired with δεσπότης (see master_sovereign below); 主 must remain visibly and syntactically distinct from 支配者 in every occurrence so the double title is not collapsed into one redundant term.
Grace
Approved rendering: 恵み
Transliteration: megumi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 恩返しが要る恵み, 功徳
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:4 presents the inverse of the baseline’s on-giri warning: the false teachers claim grace cancels moral accountability rather than fearing it creates a repayment debt. Both distortions must be taught against wherever 恵み occurs in Jude.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖霊
Transliteration: Seirei
Doctrine: Sanctified Life and Spirit-Led Prayer
Rejected alternatives: 霊, 幽霊
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER use 霊 alone. Jude 1:19’s πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες requires special care to resolve whether the referent is the Holy Spirit or the human spirit; if the Holy Spirit, always use the full 聖霊 compound.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救い
Transliteration: sukui
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 極楽往生
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER use 解脱. In Jude 1:3 the κοινός (‘common’) nuance must not slide toward a group-harmony (和) reading in which salvation is a socially negotiated consensus rather than a status jointly possessed by grace; in 1:23 (σῴζω) it names urgent rescue from judgment.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: 支配者
Transliteration: shihaisha
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 主君（単独では不十分）
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
δεσπότης, Jude 1:4, deliberately paired with κύριος (主) for rhetorical emphasis on total ownership plus supreme rule. NEVER use 主人 (baseline’s existing prohibition for κύριος extends here with equal force). Must remain visibly and syntactically distinct from 主 in every occurrence or the double title collapses into one redundant word.
Judgment Krisis
Approved rendering: 裁き
Transliteration: sabaki
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 因果, 応報, 因果応報
Original: κρίσις
Category: Judgment
κρίσις, Jude 1:6, 1:9, 1:15. CRITICAL: Japan’s dominant folk-Buddhist 因果応報 (inga ōhō) is an impersonal, self-executing karmic mechanism. Biblical κρίσις is a personal God’s judicial verdict against specific persons for specific conduct, not a cosmic ledger balancing itself. Must be actively taught at every occurrence; the single most consequential collision risk in Jude.
Worldly Soulish
Approved rendering: 御霊を持たない、この世的な者たち
Transliteration: mitama wo motanai, kono yoteki na mono-tachi
Doctrine: Regenerate versus Unregenerate Human Nature (Soulish, Devoid of the Spirit)
Rejected alternatives: 魂だけの者たち（神道・仏教的な魂概念を招く）
Original: ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες
Category: Anthropology
ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες, Jude 1:19. CRITICAL: touches core NT anthropology; must not collapse into Japan’s native 魂 (tamashii) concepts (ancestor-spirit continuity, transmigration-adjacent notions). If πνεῦμα refers to the Holy Spirit, must use established 聖霊 exactly, never a bare 霊. Flag for human theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰
Transliteration: shinkou
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 信心, 宗教心
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:3 and 1:20, 信仰 functions doubly as personal trust and as the fixed apostolic deposit (‘the faith’); this dual sense must be clear in context or readers may hear only the personal-trust meaning and miss the fixed-content meaning central to 1:3.
Saints
Approved rendering: 聖徒
Transliteration: seito
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 聖者, 菩薩
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER use 菩薩 or 聖者. Jude 1:3 addresses the corporate body of ordinary believers to whom the apostolic faith was delivered, not an elevated ascetic class.
Holy
Approved rendering: 聖い
Transliteration: kiyoi
Doctrine: Sanctified Life and Spirit-Led Prayer
Rejected alternatives: 清らか, 穢れがない
Original: ἅγιος / ἁγιωτάτῃ (superlative)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:20’s superlative ‘most holy faith’ (ἁγιωτάτῃ) must be distinguished from Shinto ritual purity (穢れ/harae) concerns, which address ceremonial pollution rather than the moral-doctrinal integrity of the apostolic faith.
Called
Approved rendering: 召された
Transliteration: mesareta
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 運命づけられた, 天職
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1 pairs κλητοῖς with ‘loved’ and ‘kept,’ reinforcing the personal, relational character of God’s summons against impersonal fate (運命) or the secular career-vocation sense of 天職.
Calling
Approved rendering: 召し
Transliteration: meshi
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 運命, 天職
Original: κλῆσις (conceptual background to κλητοῖς, 1:1)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. No direct noun occurrence in Jude, but the concept underlies 1:1’s designation of the readers as ‘the called’; maintain consistency wherever teaching material expands on this background.
Glory
Approved rendering: 栄光
Transliteration: eikou
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 名誉
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude uses δόξα in two distinct senses within one letter: God’s own unique glory (1:24-25) and creaturely ‘glorious ones’ (δόξαι, 1:8, see glorious_ones below). Flag this distinction at first occurrence so readers do not conflate the two.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰のために戦う
Transliteration: shinkou no tame ni tatakau
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 信仰のために争う（暴力を含意）, 信仰を守るだけ（弱すぎる）
Original: ἐπαγωνίζομαι
Category: Faith
ἐπαγωνίζομαι, Jude 1:3. Japan’s Bushido/martial heritage makes 戦う resonate strongly with honor-combat and loyalty-to-lord imagery; a genuine bridge for ‘contend earnestly,’ but must be taught as doctrinal fidelity against internal corruption of teaching, not physical combat, political struggle, or personal-honor display.
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: 一度で聖徒たちに伝えられた信仰
Transliteration: ichido de seito-tachi ni tsutaerareta shinkou
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 法灯として伝えられた信仰, 相伝された信仰
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ, Jude 1:3. Must never be rendered in a way that suggests a repeatable, generation-to-generation transmission lineage (法灯継承, 相伝, 免許皆伝); teach explicitly that this deposit was given once, completely, in history, and needs no renewal or re-transmission.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: 不敬虔
Transliteration: fukeikei
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 失礼な, 無礼な
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
ἀσεβής/ἀσέβεια, Jude 1:4, 15, 18. Formal theological vocabulary largely unfamiliar to secular Japanese readers (biblical-illiteracy risk); risk of being processed as a breach of social politeness/keigo rather than fundamental God-ward contempt. Teach from first principles.
Deny
Approved rendering: 否定する
Transliteration: hitei suru
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 口先で否定する（言葉のみの否定に限定してしまう）
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Christology
ἀρνέομαι, Jude 1:4. Must convey functional, lifestyle denial — immoral conduct that denies Christ’s ownership in practice — not only a formal verbal or doctrinal denial, or the force of Jude’s charge is weakened.
Kept Tereo
Approved rendering: 守る
Transliteration: mamoru
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 保つ（一貫性を損なう別動詞）, 保存する
Original: τηρέω
Category: Preservation
τηρέω, the letter’s central recurring keyword (1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21). Must be rendered with this one consistent Japanese verb at every occurrence — God keeping believers, judgment ‘kept’/reserved for the wicked, and believers commanded to keep themselves — or the letter’s deliberate literary/theological thread collapses into disconnected vocabulary.
Guard Phylasso
Approved rendering: 守り抜く
Transliteration: mamorinuku
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 守る（τηρέωと区別できなくなる）
Original: φυλάσσω / ἄπταιστος
Category: Preservation
φυλάσσω/ἄπταιστος, Jude 1:24, the letter’s climactic closing affirmation. Distinct Greek verb from τηρέω, leaning toward active sentry-style guarding against a specific danger; must be rendered distinguishably from 守る so the doxology reads as a crescendo, not mere repetition.
Defile
Approved rendering: 汚す
Transliteration: kegasu
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 穢す（神道の穢れ概念に引き寄せられる表記は避ける）
Original: μιαίνω
Category: Sin
μιαίνω, Jude 1:8. Parallels the baseline’s caution under ‘holy’: risks collapsing into Shinto ritual-impurity (穢れ, kegare) removable by purification rites (harae), rather than moral corruption requiring repentance before a holy God.
Reject Authority
Approved rendering: 主権を拒む
Transliteration: shuken wo kobamu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 権威を無視する（主とのつながりが失われる）
Original: κυριότης / ἀθετέω
Category: Christology
κυριότης/ἀθετέω, Jude 1:8. Must remain visibly cognate with established 主 (Lord) so the reader senses the Greek κύριος/κυριότης relationship reflected in 主／主権; losing this connection obscures that the false teachers’ rebellion targets Christ’s own Lordship.
Cain Balaam Korah
Approved rendering: カインの道／バラムの迷い／コラの反逆
Transliteration: Kain no michi / Baramu no mayoi / Kora no hangyaku
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ὁδὸς Κάϊν / πλάνη Βαλαάμ / ἀντιλογία Κόρε
Category: Typology
Jude 1:11: ὁδὸς Κάϊν / πλάνη Βαλαάμ / ἀντιλογία Κόρε. Three further OT types requiring substantial narrative background (Genesis 4; Numbers 22-24; Numbers 16) largely absent for secular Japanese readers — a biblical-illiteracy risk requiring active teaching for all three figures, not merely correct transliteration.
Enoch Prophesied
Approved rendering: エノクは預言した
Transliteration: Enoku wa yogen shita
Doctrine: Apostolic and Prophetic Authority (including the Enoch Citation)
Rejected alternatives: エノクは予言した（誤った漢字）
Original: Ἑνώχ…προεφήτευσεν
Category: Scripture
Ἑνώχ…προεφήτευσεν, Jude 1:14-15. Reuse established 預言 kanji exactly (verify 預, never 予). Teaching material must clarify Jude’s citation of Enoch’s prophetic content does not canonize the Book of 1 Enoch as Scripture; flag for human theologian review as an apologetic/canonicity issue.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 憐れみ
Transliteration: awaremi
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲（仏教的な自己修養による徳と混同されうる）
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
ἔλεος, Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23. Distinct from established 恵み (χάρις): ἔλεος emphasizes compassion toward need/misery. In ordinary Japanese usage 憐れみ can carry a paternalistic, faintly condescending ‘pity from above’ connotation; teach that God’s ἔλεος rescues at cost to himself rather than despising its recipients.
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: 疑いを抱いている人々
Transliteration: utagai wo idaiteiru hitobito
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 責め立てるべき人々（異読ἐλέγχετεに基づく別案。主要訳では採用しない）
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Salvation
διακρίνομαι, Jude 1:22. A genuine Greek manuscript variant exists (ἐλεᾶτε ‘have mercy’ vs. ἐλέγχετε ‘rebuke/convict’), materially changing the pastoral posture commanded. Primary rendering follows ἐλεᾶτε per majority modern critical text; ἐλέγχετε must be recorded as the alternative considered and flagged for human theologian review.
Snatch From Fire
Approved rendering: 奪い取る
Transliteration: ubaitoru
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 助け出す（火の判決との明示的な反響が弱まる）
Original: ἁρπάζω
Category: Salvation
ἁρπάζω, Jude 1:23. Deliberate verbal echo with v.7’s ‘eternal fire’ judgment imagery must be preserved so readers connect this rescue-urgency to the earlier judgment description.
Stained Garment
Approved rendering: 肉から汚れた衣
Transliteration: niku kara kegareta koromo
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sin
ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα, Jude 1:23. Shares a root with σπιλάδες (‘hidden reefs/blemishes,’ 1:12, see hidden_reefs below); preserve this contamination-imagery echo. 恐れ (‘fear’) here must be understood as reverent carefulness not to be contaminated oneself, not fear of the person being helped.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: 傷のない者として立たせる
Transliteration: kizu no nai mono to shite tataseru
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Salvation
στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους, Jude 1:24. ἄμωμος carries OT sacrificial background (the unblemished offering, e.g. the Passover lamb) unfamiliar to Japanese readers; requires active teaching of the sacrificial-worthiness imagery, since 傷のない alone reads as mere moral perfection.
Dominion Kratos
Approved rendering: 権力
Transliteration: kenryoku
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 政権（現代政治的な含意が強すぎる）
Original: κράτος
Category: God
κράτος, Jude 1:25. 権力 carries strong contemporary political/governmental connotations (政権, ‘regime/administration’); teaching material must clarify this ascribes cosmic, not merely political, dominion to God, echoing the baseline’s caution about 神の国’s unwanted political-historical resonance.
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: 暗礁
Transliteration: anshou
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: しみ／汚れ（別解として記録するが本訳としては不採用）
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Sin
σπιλάδες, Jude 1:12. Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek itself (hidden reef vs. blemish/stain), not a translator error. 暗礁 follows the majority modern-translation reading consistent with Shinkaiyaku conventions; しみ／汚れ must be recorded per the ambiguity-handling protocol as the alternative considered.
Ot Warnings As Types
Approved rendering: 旧約の型としての警告
Transliteration: kyuuyaku no kata to shite no keikoku
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δεῖγμα (concept; τύπος itself does not occur in Jude)
Category: Typology
Composite doctrinal label (no single Greek term; the theological name for the pattern Jude constructs across Israel 1:5, angels 1:6, Sodom 1:7, and Cain/Balaam/Korah 1:11), following the same treatment the baseline gives ‘incarnation.’ Use only in doctrinal headings/study notes, never forced onto a single verse’s vocabulary.
False Teachers Composite
Approved rendering: 偽教師
Transliteration: gikyoushi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 教祖（Aum事件以降の負の連想）
Original: (composite: ἀσεβεῖς, ἐμπαῖκται, ψυχικοί, etc.)
Category: Church
Summary teaching label for the letter’s antagonists (composite of ἀσεβεῖς, ἐμπαῖκται, ψυχικοί, etc.), not a translation of any single verse’s vocabulary. Use only in doctrinal headings and study notes, consistent with how composite theological categories are treated elsewhere in this package.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shito
Doctrine: Apostolic and Prophetic Authority (including the Enoch Citation)
Rejected alternatives: 教祖
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 教祖 (guru/movement-founder), which carries negative post-Aum Shinrikyo associations. Jude 1:17 grounds the letter’s warnings in prior apostolic teaching.
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: heian
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 安心, 癒し
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Part of Jude 1:2’s greeting triad (mercy, peace, love); distinguish from the generic wellness/self-care sense of 安心 or 癒し.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 預言
Transliteration: yogen
Doctrine: Apostolic and Prophetic Authority (including the Enoch Citation)
Rejected alternatives: 予言, 占い
Original: προφητεύω
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Verify the kanji 預言, never 予言 (fortune-telling). In Jude 1:14-15 this term also carries a distinct canonicity risk: Jude cites the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch as authentic prophecy, which must be taught without canonizing 1 Enoch as Scripture.
Israel
Approved rendering: イスラエル
Transliteration: Isuraeru
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:5 alludes to Israel’s Exodus deliverance and subsequent wilderness destruction for unbelief (Numbers 14) without naming Israel explicitly; the proper name and its narrative background must still be supplied in teaching material as the first of the letter’s three OT warning-types.
Servant Of Christ
Approved rendering: しもべ
Transliteration: shimobe
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
Rejected alternatives: 奴隷, 使用人
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Ministry
Jude’s self-designation (1:1, δοῦλος) as one wholly owned by and belonging to Christ, a title of honor through total belonging, not degradation. しもべ avoids the harsher literal 奴隷 while conveying complete, willing subordination, drawing on Japan’s honor-bound service vocabulary (奉公, Bushido loyalty-to-lord ethics) as a bridge; must be clarified as honored belonging.
Licentiousness
Approved rendering: 淫らな行い
Transliteration: midara na okonai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 放縦な行い（弱いニュアンス）
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
ἀσέλγεια, Jude 1:4. Must remain explicitly tied to the abuse of χάρις/恵み in this verse, not treated as a free-standing generic vice, so the doctrinal inversion of grace is not lost.
Angel
Approved rendering: 御使い
Transliteration: mitsukai
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Authority
Rejected alternatives: 天使（外来カタカナ的な軽さを避ける文脈では使用可）, 妖怪, 神
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
ἄγγελος, Jude 1:6, 1:9. Japan’s vivid animistic spirit-world (yaoyorozu no kami, ancestor spirits, yōkai folklore) risks conflation; must be clarified as created, personal servants of the one true God, categorically distinct from this native spirit population.
Eternal
Approved rendering: 永遠の
Transliteration: eien no
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: αἰώνιος / ἀΐδιος
Category: Judgment
αἰώνιος/ἀΐδιος, describing both the angels’ chains (1:6) and Sodom’s judgment fire (1:7). Standard vocabulary; primary risk lies in the adjacent judgment doctrine, not this adjective itself.
Example Deigma
Approved rendering: 見せしめ
Transliteration: misesime
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: 模範（正の意味に誤解される）
Original: δεῖγμα
Category: Typology
δεῖγμα, Jude 1:7. Natural Japanese idiom, but also used colloquially for social public-shaming/deterrence; must be taught as a theological pattern of certain divine judgment (Sodom and Gomorrah), not a social-control mechanism.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: 栄光ある者たち
Transliteration: eikou aru mono-tachi
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Authority
Original: δόξαι
Category: Angelology
δόξαι, Jude 1:8, likely angelic powers reviled by the false teachers. Uses the established noun 栄光 as its base but this creaturely, plural usage must not be confused with God’s own unique glory (see glory above); needs a clarifying note at first occurrence.
Devil
Approved rendering: 悪魔
Transliteration: akuma
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Authority
Rejected alternatives: 鬼, 妖怪
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
διάβολος, Jude 1:9. Well-established Japanese Christian term with light risk from Japan’s indigenous demon/spirit folklore (oni, yōkai) sitting nearby in cultural imagination; light clarification anchors the term to the specific biblical adversary.
Convict
Approved rendering: 責め立てる
Transliteration: semetateru
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 非難する（弱いニュアンス）
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Judgment
ἐλέγχω, Jude 1:15. Standard vocabulary; shares its root with the ἐλεᾶτε/ἐλέγχετε textual variant at 1:22 (see wavering_doubting below) — translators should be aware of this lexical link.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: ソドムとゴモラ
Transliteration: Sodomu to Gomora
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Jude 1:7. Established Shinkaiyaku proper-name form. The associated ‘eternal fire’ judgment may be bridged, with explicit non-equivalence caveats, through Japan’s vivid Buddhist hell-realm imagery (地獄), which is temporary and rebirth-bound, unlike biblical eternal fire.
Flattery For Advantage
Approved rendering: 利益のために人にへつらう
Transliteration: rieki no tame ni hito ni hetsurau
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 礼儀正しく振る舞う（誤って通常の敬意と混同される）
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Sin
θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν, Jude 1:16. Japan’s hierarchical deference culture (senpai-kohai, corporate hierarchy) risks making へつらう read as ordinary polite deference rather than manipulative, self-serving flattery; exploitative intent must be made explicit.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: 嘲る者たち
Transliteration: azakeru mono-tachi
Doctrine: Apostolic and Prophetic Authority (including the Enoch Citation)
Original: ἐμπαῖκτης
Category: Eschatology
ἐμπαῖκτης, Jude 1:18, foretold by the apostles. Standard vocabulary; minor risk of collapsing ‘the last time’ into a vague generic future rather than the NT’s inaugurated end-times framework.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: 分裂を引き起こす者たち
Transliteration: bunretsu wo hikiokosu mono-tachi
Doctrine: Church Unity and Division
Rejected alternatives: 和を乱す者（社会的な和の違反に矮小化される）
Original: ἀποδιορίζω
Category: Church
ἀποδιορίζω, Jude 1:19. Must not collapse into a simple violation of 和 (harmony) etiquette; the divisiveness Jude condemns is doctrinal corruption and self-interested exploitation of the fellowship, not mere social friction.
Savior
Approved rendering: 救い主
Transliteration: sukuinushi
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
σωτήρ, Jude 1:25. Compositional on established 救い; low-medium risk given the existing framework.
Majesty
Approved rendering: 威光
Transliteration: ikou
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
μεγαλωσύνη, Jude 1:25. Formal vocabulary requiring first-use explanation; a biblical-illiteracy risk rather than a false-concept collision.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: 権威
Transliteration: ken’i
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
ἐξουσία, Jude 1:25. Standard vocabulary, part of the doxology’s four-term crescendo (glory, majesty, dominion, authority); keep visibly distinct from the other three terms so the crescendo is not flattened into redundant synonyms.
Love Feast
Approved rendering: 愛餐
Transliteration: aisan
Doctrine: Church Unity and Division
Rejected alternatives: 宴会（教会的・聖なる交わりの意味が失われる）
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
ἀγάπαι, Jude 1:12. Established Japanese Christian technical compound for the early church’s communal fellowship meals; unfamiliar to secular readers, needs first-use explanation, but no syncretism risk. Do not substitute a generic ‘banquet/party’ word.
Shepherding Themselves
Approved rendering: 自分を養うだけの牧者たち
Transliteration: jibun wo yashinau dake no bokusha-tachi
Doctrine: Church Unity and Division
Original: ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες
Category: Church
ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες, Jude 1:12. Should preserve recognizable continuity with legitimate NT pastoral/shepherd vocabulary elsewhere in the curriculum so the irony of false self-feeding shepherds registers.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: さまよう星
Transliteration: samayou hoshi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
ἀστέρες πλανῆται, Jude 1:13. Shares its Greek root (πλάνη) with ‘the error of Balaam’ (1:11) — a deliberate wordplay translators should be aware of. Also carries the τηρέω-thread (‘the gloom of darkness has been reserved forever’); the negative reserving of judgment here must connect back to the letter’s positive keeping of the faithful.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: 勧める
Transliteration: susumeru
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Jude’s stated purpose for writing (1:3), urging believers to contend for the faith. Standard term; no significant risk.
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: 大天使ミカエル
Transliteration: Daitenshi Mikaeru
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Authority
Original: ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ
Category: Angelology
ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ, Jude 1:9. Established Japanese Christian-tradition term with minimal syncretism risk once properly introduced; models restraint before the devil, unlike the false teachers’ recklessness.
Cain
Approved rendering: カイン
Transliteration: Kain
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Established Shinkaiyaku transliteration for the proper name (Jude 1:11; Genesis 4 background).
Balaam
Approved rendering: バラム
Transliteration: Baramu
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Established Shinkaiyaku transliteration for the proper name (Jude 1:11; Numbers 22-24 background).
Korah
Approved rendering: コラ
Transliteration: Kora
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Established Shinkaiyaku transliteration for the proper name (Jude 1:11; Numbers 16 background).
Egypt
Approved rendering: エジプト
Transliteration: Ejiputo
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Jude 1:5, background to Israel’s Exodus deliverance and subsequent wilderness judgment for unbelief. Established Shinkaiyaku proper-name form.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: つぶやく者たち
Transliteration: tsubuyaku mono-tachi
Doctrine: Church Unity and Division
Original: γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος
Category: Sin
γογγυστής/μεμψίμοιρος, Jude 1:16. Standard vocabulary; deliberate echo of Israel’s wilderness grumbling (1:5) worth preserving for teaching continuity.
Great Swelling Words
Approved rendering: 大言壮語
Transliteration: taigen sougo
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ὑπέρογκα
Category: Sin
ὑπέρογκα, Jude 1:16. Natural, pre-existing four-character Japanese idiom for bombastic speech; low risk, good fit.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 永遠のいのち
Transliteration: eien no inochi
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
ζωὴ αἰώνιος, Jude 1:21, the final destination of Christ’s mercy. Standard Shinkaiyaku-tradition phrase; low risk.
Exultant Joy
Approved rendering: 大きな喜び
Transliteration: ookina yorokobi
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀγαλλίασις
Category: Eschatology
ἀγαλλίασις, Jude 1:24, stronger than mere χαρά (‘joy’); standard vocabulary, low risk.
Forever Aion
Approved rendering: 世々限りなく
Transliteration: yoyo kagirinaku
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: αἰών
Category: God
αἰών, Jude 1:25, the doxology’s temporal envelope (‘before all time and now and forever’). Standard doxological Japanese phrasing; low risk.
Enoch
Approved rendering: エノク
Transliteration: Enoku
Doctrine: Apostolic and Prophetic Authority (including the Enoch Citation)
Established Japanese Christian-tradition transliteration for the proper name (Jude 1:14).
Jude Author Name
Approved rendering: ユダ
Transliteration: Yuda
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Its Denial
The author’s self-identification (Jude 1:1), brother of James. Established Shinkaiyaku transliteration; distinct from Judas Iscariot in context, which should be clarified in introductory teaching material given the shared underlying name.
Referenced passages