Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Thessalonians (English → Japanese)
Legend
- Status: [BASELINE] = reused exactly from Romans package; [NEW] = proposed for this curriculum
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per the same framework as
doctrine_risk_registry.json - Doctrine: the curriculum doctrine(s) this term serves (The Return of Christ / Resurrection of Believers / Sanctification / Hope in Grief / The Day of the Lord / general)
- Chapters: every chapter in which the term is load-bearing
Critical-Risk Terms (Human theologian review required for every occurrence)
| # | English term | Greek / translit. | Japanese rendering | Translit. (romaji) | Status | Doctrine | Chapters | Risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coming of Christ (parousia) | παρουσία / parousia | 来臨（本文）／再臨（教義用語） | rairin / sairin | [NEW] | The Return of Christ | 2, 3, 4, 5 | Central term of the letter’s core doctrine, occurring 4 times (2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23). Requires a two-register solution: 来臨 (rairin) for in-text verse rendering, 再臨 (sairin) as the standard Japanese evangelical doctrinal/heading label (“キリストの再臨”). Risk is compounded by: (a) the term must be sharply distinguished from ἀπάντησις’s civic “welcome and escort” background (risk of misreading as one-way departure from earth); (b) Japan’s large apocalyptic-fiction genre (anime/manga end-of-world tropes) risks the concept being processed as speculative fiction rather than settled historical-future doctrine unless actively taught otherwise. |
| 2 | Caught up / rapture | ἁρπάζω / harpazō (fut. pass. ἁρπαγησόμεθα) | 引き上げられる（本文）／携挙（教義用語） | hikiagerareru / keikyo | [NEW] | The Return of Christ, Resurrection of Believers | 4 | Sole occurrence (4:17) but names the entire doctrinal event underlying the curriculum’s core passage. 携挙 (keikyo) is a denominationally specific technical term (paralleling English pre-/mid-/post-tribulational “rapture” debates); must be flagged whenever used as a systematic-theology label rather than as a verse-description, and its timing relative to the Day of the Lord (5:2) must not be asserted beyond what the text itself states. |
| 3 | Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου / hēmera kyriou | 主の日 | Shu no Hi | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 5 | Direct continuation of an OT prophetic technical term (Joel, Amos, Zephaniah) for God’s decisive judgment/deliverance. Risk: (a) Japan’s saturated apocalyptic-disaster fiction market (anime/tokusatsu end-of-the-world tropes, and also genuine cultural memory of real disasters — earthquakes, tsunami — that shapes disaster-narrative expectations) risks the concept collapsing into secular disaster-fiction rather than personal divine judgment; (b) must retain the “thief in the night” suddenness imagery as describing unpredictability of timing only, not divine capriciousness. |
| 4 | Hope | ἐλπίς / elpis | 望み | nozomi | [NEW] | Hope in Grief | 1, 4, 5 | The letter’s central pastoral-theological term (1:3; 4:13; 5:8), and the load-bearing term of the whole “Hope in Grief” doctrine. Two distinct collision risks: (a) collapse into 希望 (kibō)-style generic secular optimism/goal-hope, stripping away its specific ground in Christ’s resurrection and future return; (b) collapse into Japanese aesthetic/religious sensibilities of impermanence and graceful resignation before loss (無常, mujō — a core sensibility in Japanese Buddhist-influenced culture, e.g. mono no aware), which would soften biblical hope’s confident, event-grounded expectation into mere acceptance of loss. Teaching must state explicitly that this “hope” is not optimism-in-general nor resigned acceptance, but confident expectation grounded in a specific past event (the resurrection) and a specific future event (Christ’s return). |
| 5 | Resurrection of believers (“those who sleep”) | κοιμάομαι / koimaomai (death euphemism); ἀνάστασις-family verbs (ἀνέστη, ἀναστήσονται) | 眠っている者たち／復活する | nemutte iru monotachi / fukkatsu suru | [NEW euphemism] / [BASELINE verb, 復活] | Resurrection of Believers | 4 | The sleep-euphemism (4:13, 14) is new to this curriculum and must not be read against the backdrop of Buddhist intermediate-state/49-day journey funerary theology common in Japanese practice. The resurrection verb itself (復活) is baseline-established (Critical per Romans package) and must retain full doctrinal weight against secular “comeback” dilution — here applied specifically to believers’ future bodily resurrection, not only Christ’s own, which is a curriculum-specific extension of the baseline term’s scope. |
| 6 | Salvation | σωτηρία / sōtēria | 救い | sukui | [BASELINE] | Hope in Grief, The Day of the Lord | 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. NEVER 解脱 (gedatsu). |
| 7 | Resurrection (of Christ) | ἀνάστασις-family / anastasis; ἀνέστη | 復活 | fukkatsu | [BASELINE] | Resurrection of Believers | 4 | Reused exactly per Romans package. NEVER 輪廻転生 (reincarnation cycle); actively restore weight against secular “comeback” usage. |
| 8 | Grace | χάρις / charis | 恵み | megumi | [BASELINE] | general | 1, 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. On-giri non-transactional clarification applies. |
| 9 | God | θεός / theos | 神 | Kami | [BASELINE] | general | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. Qualify as 唯一のまことの神 at first occurrence and in doctrinal statements. |
| 10 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | イエス | Iesu | [BASELINE] | general | all | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 11 | Lord | κύριος / kyrios | 主 | shu | [BASELINE] | The Return of Christ | all | Reused exactly per Romans package. “The Lord himself” (αὐτὸς ὁ κύριος, 4:16) requires the emphatic force to be preserved. |
| 12 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / pneuma hagion | 聖霊 | Seirei | [BASELINE] | Sanctification | 1, 4, 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. NEVER 霊 alone. |
High-Risk Terms (Human theologian review required)
| # | English term | Greek / translit. | Japanese rendering | Translit. | Status | Doctrine | Chapters | Risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | Idols | εἴδωλον / eidōlon | 偶像 | guuzou | [NEW] | Sanctification (background) | 1 | Unlike a purely historical mission-field category, Japan retains living devotional images (仏像, 仏壇, 御神体); risk of personal offense/defensiveness or of the term landing as an attack on ancestor veneration/filial piety rather than the specific Greco-Roman cult-worship referent Paul intends. |
| 14 | Satan | Σατανᾶς / Satanas | サタン | Satan | [NEW] | The Return of Christ (background — the adversary of gospel mission) | 2, 3 | Risk of assimilation into Japan’s vivid folk spirit-world (妖怪, 鬼, 幽霊) as one more folkloric evil figure rather than the singular, personal, defeated-but-active biblical adversary — directly parallel to the baseline’s 聖霊/spirit-world caution. |
| 15 | Wrath (of God) | ὀργή / orgē | 怒り（神の怒り） | ikari (Kami no ikari) | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 1, 5 | Risk of being read as capricious emotional anger, or assimilated into impersonal karmic-retribution thinking (因果), rather than righteous judicial judgment flowing from holiness. |
| 16 | Word of God | λόγος θεοῦ / logos theou | 神の言葉 | Kami no kotoba | [NEW, related to baseline inspiration_of_scripture doctrine] | general (authority for eschatological teaching) | 2, 4 | Must be distinguished from a sutra transmitted through teacher-disciple lineage or a merely inspiring human text; this is direct, personal divine communication and grounds the authority of 4:15’s “word of the Lord.” |
| 17 | Saints | ἅγιοι / hagioi | 聖徒 | seito | [BASELINE] | The Return of Christ | 3 | Reused exactly per Romans package. NEVER 菩薩 or 聖者. |
| 18 | Sanctification / Holiness | ἁγιασμός, ἁγιωσύνη / hagiasmos, hagiōsynē | 聖化／聖さ | seika / kiyosa | [BASELINE core term + NEW noun variant] | Sanctification | 3, 4 | 聖化 reused exactly per Romans package (Critical-adjacent High risk); 聖さ/聖い歩み is a related noun form specific to 3:13’s usage and carries the same risk profile — never 修行 or 悟り. |
| 19 | Faith | πίστις / pistis | 信仰 | shinkou | [BASELINE] | general | 1, 3 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 20 | Election / Called | ἐκλογή, καλέω / eklogē, kaleō | 選び／召された | erabi / mesareta | [BASELINE] | general | 1, 4, 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. Avoid Japan’s competitive-exam “selection” framing. |
| 21 | Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ / basileia tou theou | 神の国 | Kami no Kuni | [BASELINE] | The Return of Christ (background) | 2 | Reused exactly per Romans package. Requires the same 1945 State Shinto anchoring caution as in Romans 14:17. |
| 22 | Glory | δόξα / doxa | 栄光 | eikou | [BASELINE] | general | 1, 2 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 23 | Christian identity “in Christ” (the dead in Christ) | ἐν Χριστῷ / en Christō | キリストにある | Kirisuto ni aru | [BASELINE construction] | Resurrection of Believers | 4 | Union-with-Christ language must be preserved exactly as elsewhere in the curriculum; applied here specifically to deceased believers, extending the baseline’s christian_identity_in_christ doctrine into a resurrection-hope context. |
| 24 | Vessel (ambiguous: body / wife) | σκεῦος / skeuos | 器 | utsuwa | [NEW — flagged ambiguity] | Sanctification | 4 | Genuinely disputed referent among commentators/translations; must be flagged for theologian review with both construals documented, not silently resolved. |
Medium-Risk Terms (Native speaker review recommended)
| # | English term | Greek / translit. | Japanese rendering | Translit. | Status | Doctrine | Chapters | Risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | Love | ἀγάπη / agapē | 愛 | ai | [NEW] | Sanctification (background) | 1 | Common secular vocabulary (romantic/commercial usage); must be anchored to self-giving, others-directed action, not sentimental or romantic connotation. |
| 26 | Sleep (death euphemism) | κοιμάομαι / koimaomai | 眠っている（者たち） | nemutte iru (monotachi) | [NEW] | Resurrection of Believers, Hope in Grief | 4 | Must be distinguished from Buddhist intermediate-state/49-day journey funerary theology; points to a single future bodily resurrection, not a passage between rebirths. |
| 27 | Peace (with God) | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | 平安 | heian | [BASELINE] | general | 1 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 28 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | 福音 | fukuin | [BASELINE] | general | 1 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 29 | Comfort/Exhort (context-sensitive) | παρακαλέω / parakaleō | 慰め合う（comfort sense）／勧める（exhort sense） | nagusame-au / susumeru | [BASELINE, context split flagged] | Hope in Grief | 3, 4, 5 | Highly polysemous; baseline’s 勧める covers the exhortation sense (4:1, 4:10, 5:11, 5:14) but 4:18’s climactic use requires the comfort/consolation sense, 慰め合う. Every occurrence must be sense-checked, not defaulted. |
| 30 | Sexual immorality | πορνεία / porneia | 淫らな行い | midara na okonai | [NEW] | Sanctification | 4 | Standard modern theological vocabulary; register must remain formal/pastoral. |
| 31 | Passion of lust | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | 情欲 | jouyoku | [NEW] | Sanctification | 4 | Contrasted with sanctified desire; low ambiguity but requires context to avoid reduction to a purely psychological/clinical term. |
| 32 | Brotherly love | φιλαδελφία / philadelphia | 兄弟愛 | kyoudai ai | [NEW] | Sanctification (community ethic) | 4 | Low risk; standard compound. |
| 33 | Affliction / tribulation | θλῖψις / thlipsis | 苦難 | kunan | [NEW] | Hope in Grief (background) | 3 | Connects to baseline’s mission_to_nations historical-persecution framing. |
| 34 | Sons of light | υἱοὶ φωτός / huioi phōtos | 光の子ら | hikari no kora | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 5 | Moral-spiritual identity marker; must not be read as cosmic light/dark dualism. |
| 35 | Armor (breastplate/helmet) | θώραξ, περικεφαλαία / thōrax, perikephalaia | 胸当て／兜 | munaate / kabuto | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 5 | 兜 (kabuto, samurai helmet) is a strong cultural bridge for readiness/protection but must not let martial-valor associations override the text’s specific point (hope of salvation). |
| 36 | Spirit, soul, body | πνεῦμα, ψυχή, σῶμα / pneuma, psychē, sōma | 霊、たましい、からだ | rei, tamashii, karada | [NEW] | Sanctification | 5 | ψυχή/たましい risks collision with Buddhist/folk soul concepts (魂, transmigration, ancestral spirits); anchor to the passage’s actual point (total sanctification preserved for Christ’s return), not a detailed anthropological claim. |
| 37 | Holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον / philēma hagion | 聖なる口づけ | kiyoi kuchizuke | [NEW] | general (church fellowship) | 5 | Japan’s bow-based (お辞儀) greeting norm and general discomfort with public physical affection require this to be framed explicitly as a first-century cultural custom conveying warm affection, not a practice for literal replication. |
| 38 | Prophecy | προφητεία / prophēteia | 預言 | yogen | [BASELINE] | general | 5 | Reused exactly per Romans package. Verify 預 kanji, not 予. |
| 39 | Word of the Lord | λόγῳ κυρίου / logō kyriou | 主の言葉 | shu no kotoba | [NEW, related to baseline] | The Return of Christ | 4 | Direct apostolic revelation; distinguish from a sutra-lineage transmission. |
| 40 | Meet (the Lord) | ἀπάντησις / apantēsis | 出迎え | demukae | [NEW] | The Return of Christ | 4 | Civic “welcome and escort a dignitary” background is a strong, apt cultural bridge (Japan’s formal guest-reception customs) but should be taught explicitly so as not to be misread as a one-way departure from earth. |
Low-Risk Terms (Automated review sufficient)
| # | English term | Greek / translit. | Japanese rendering | Translit. | Status | Doctrine | Chapters | Risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία-family / eucharistia | 感謝 | kansha | [BASELINE] | general | 1 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
| 42 | Boldness | παρρησία / parrēsia | 大胆さ | daitansa | [NEW] | general | 2 | Standard vocabulary; low risk. |
| 43 | Test/approve | δοκιμάζω / dokimazō | 調べる／試す | shiraberu / tamesu | [NEW] | general | 2, 5 | Standard vocabulary; low risk. |
| 44 | Tempter | πειράζων / peirazōn | 誘惑する者 | yuuwaku suru mono | [NEW] | The Return of Christ (background) | 3 | Low-medium; title for Satan, low independent risk beyond the Satan entry above. |
| 45 | Quiet life | ἡσυχάζω / hēsychazō | 静かな生活を送る | shizuka na seikatsu wo okuru | [NEW] | Sanctification | 4 | Standard vocabulary; low risk. |
| 46 | Thief in the night (image) | κλέπτης ἐν νυκτί / kleptēs en nykti | 夜の盗人のように | yoru no nusubito no youni | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 5 | Proverbial image; low risk provided teaching clarifies it describes timing/suddenness only. |
| 47 | Sober / watchful | νήφω, γρηγορέω / nēphō, grēgoreō | 慎み深くしている／目を覚ましている | tsutsushimi-bukaku shite iru / me wo samashite iru | [NEW] | The Day of the Lord | 5 | Standard vocabulary; low risk. |
| 48 | Precede (will not go before) | φθάνω / phthanō | 先んじる | sakinjiru | [NEW] | Resurrection of Believers, Hope in Grief | 4 | Low independent risk; pastoral weight carried by context, not the word itself. |
| 49 | Descend | καταβαίνω / katabainō | 下って来られる | kudatte koraeru | [NEW] | The Return of Christ | 4 | Low risk; literal motion verb, must retain literal/visible sense in context. |
| 50 | Trumpet of God | σάλπιγξ θεοῦ / salpinx theou | 神のラッパ | Kami no rappa | [NEW] | The Return of Christ, The Day of the Lord | 4 | Low-medium; standard rendering, avoid trivializing as festive fanfare. |
| 51 | Archangel | ἀρχάγγελος / archangelos | 御使いの長／大天使 | mitsukai no osa / daitenshi | [NEW] | The Return of Christ | 4 | Medium-low; distinguish from decorative/sentimental pop-culture angel imagery. |
| 52 | Command/shout | κέλευσμα / keleusma | 号令 | gōrei | [NEW] | The Return of Christ | 4 | Medium-low; retain authoritative-command register, avoid trivializing as a classroom-drill association. |
| 53 | Church | ἐκκλησία / ekklēsia | 教会 | kyoukai | [BASELINE] | general | 1 | Reused exactly per Romans package. |
Chapters Reviewed with No New Load-Bearing Terms Beyond Those Listed
All five chapters of 1 Thessalonians contain load-bearing theological vocabulary requiring entries above; no chapter is without new or reused terms. This is noted explicitly per the PRD full-book-coverage mandate: Chapters 1 through 5 have each been reviewed in full and every load-bearing term is represented in this glossary or the semantic analysis document; no chapter was silently omitted.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 恵み
Transliteration: megumi
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 恩返しが要る恵み, 功徳
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] CRITICAL: Japan’s on-giri reciprocity system (恩・義理) risks 恵み being processed as a favor creating a repayment debt rather than an unconditional, unearned gift. In 1 Thessalonians, occurs in the opening (1:1) and closing (5:28) greetings; the non-transactional clarification applies at both.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救い
Transliteration: sukui
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 極楽往生
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] CRITICAL: NEVER use 解脱 (gedatsu). Use extreme caution with 極楽往生 as a teaching bridge only, never an equivalence. In 1 Thessalonians 5:8-9, believers are ‘destined for salvation, not wrath’ — direct tie to the letter’s opening theme of deliverance from ‘the wrath to come’ (1:10).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 復活
Transliteration: fukkatsu
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Rejected alternatives: 輪廻転生, カムバック
Original: ἀνίστημι / ἀνάστασις-family (ἀνέστη, ἀναστήσονται)
Category: Eschatology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] NEVER use 輪廻転生 (reincarnation cycle). Actively restore doctrinal weight against secular ‘comeback’ pop-culture overuse. 1 Thessalonians EXTENDS this term’s baseline scope (Christ’s own resurrection, 4:14) to a new referent — the future bodily resurrection of deceased believers, who ‘will rise first’ (4:16, πρῶτον) — a curriculum-specific extension. The sequence word ‘first’ must be preserved exactly, since the pastoral argument of 4:13-18 depends on this word order.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: shu
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 主君, ご主人様
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] 主君 (feudal liege-lord) can be a helpful bridge but must not reduce exclusive divine Lordship to feudal fealty. In 1 Thessalonians 4:16, ‘the Lord himself’ (αὐτὸς ὁ κύριος, 主ご自身が) emphasizes personal divine agency in Christ’s return, not an angelic proxy — the emphatic force must be preserved.
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Kami
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 八百万の神の一柱としての神, 神様
Original: θεός
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] CRITICAL: requires the qualifier 唯一のまことの神 (‘the one and only true God’) at first occurrence and at doctrinally weighty statements. 1 Thessalonians’ unusually high frequency of direct address to God in its opening/closing greetings (1:1, 1:9, 5:9, 5:23-24) makes this fencing especially load-bearing throughout the letter.
Jesus
Approved rendering: イエス
Transliteration: Iesu
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: ゼズス
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Modern Protestant/ecumenical standard. Use exclusively; may reference Kirishitan-era ゼズス for historical background only.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖霊
Transliteration: Seirei
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 霊, 幽霊
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Always use 聖霊; NEVER 霊 alone, given Japan’s vivid animistic spirit-world imagination. In 1 Thessalonians 1:5-6 the Spirit empowers gospel proclamation and produces joy amid affliction; in 4:8 God ‘gives his Holy Spirit’ as the agent of sanctification.
Coming Of Christ
Approved rendering: 来臨（本文）／再臨（教義用語）
Transliteration: rairin / sairin
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: パロウシア（transliteration, doctrinally opaque to readers with no Greek exposure）, 現れ（mere ‘appearance,’ too weak for the civic-royal-visit register of παρουσία）
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] Central term of the letter, occurring four times (2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23). Two-register solution required: 来臨 for in-text verse rendering, 再臨 as the standard doctrinal/heading label. Must be taught as a single, unrepeatable, historical-future, bodily, visible event — distinct from kami-manifestation ritual patterns, shinshūkyō founder-return claims, and Japan’s large apocalyptic-fiction (anime/manga) genre, any of which could otherwise absorb the concept as speculative fiction rather than settled doctrine.
Caught Up
Approved rendering: 引き上げられる（本文）／携挙（教義用語）
Transliteration: hikiagerareru / keikyo
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 奪われる（implies violent kidnapping, wrong connotation）, 消える（‘disappear,’ loses the bodily/relational sense）
Original: ἁρπάζω (ἁρπαγησόμεθα)
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] Sole occurrence (4:17) names the entire doctrinal event underlying the core passage. Verse-text: 引き上げられる. Doctrinal label: 携挙 — a denominationally contested technical term (parallels English pre-/mid-/post-tribulational debates); flag every use as a systematic-theology label rather than a verse-gloss. Its timing relative to 主の日 (5:2) must never be asserted beyond what the text itself states.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 主の日
Transliteration: Shu no Hi
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 終末の日（generic ‘end-times day,’ loses the specific OT prophetic-technical-term lineage）, 審判の日単独（‘judgment day’ alone, loses the yom YHWH background）
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] Direct continuation of the OT prophetic technical term (Joel, Amos, Zephaniah). Risk: Japan’s saturated apocalyptic-disaster fiction market and genuine disaster memory (earthquake, tsunami) risk collapse into impersonal catastrophe narrative rather than personal divine judgment; ‘thief in the night’ (5:2) must be taught as describing unpredictability of timing only, never divine caprice.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 信仰
Transliteration: shinkou
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 信心, 宗教心
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Personal trust in Christ specifically; distinguished from generic 宗教心 (religious sentiment). In 1 Thessalonians 1:3 and 3:5-10, cited alongside 愛 (love) and 望み (hope) as one of the letter’s programmatic triad of commendable qualities.
Called
Approved rendering: 召された
Transliteration: mesareta
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 運命づけられた, 天職
Original: καλέω (κληθέντες)
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Avoid 運命づけられた (impersonal fate) and use 天職 only with caution. In 1 Thessalonians 4:7, God ‘has not called us for uncleanness, but in holiness’ — directly links calling and sanctification.
Calling
Approved rendering: 召し
Transliteration: meshi
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 運命, 天職
Original: κλῆσις (implied; cf. καλέω usage throughout)
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] NEVER use 運命 (unmei) alone. In 1 Thessalonians 2:12, believers are called ‘into his own kingdom and glory’; 5:24 grounds assurance in ‘he who calls you is faithful.‘
Saints
Approved rendering: 聖徒
Transliteration: seito
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 聖者, 菩薩
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] NEVER use 菩薩 (bodhisattva) or 聖者 (arhat/holy sage). In 1 Thessalonians 3:13, Christ returns ‘with all his saints’ — a corporate, inclusive term for all believers, not an elevated achiever class.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 聖化
Transliteration: seika
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 修行, 悟り
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Distinguish from ascetic training (修行) and sudden enlightenment (悟り). In 1 Thessalonians this is the letter’s most concentrated topic: named as God’s explicit will regarding sexual purity (4:3-4, 4:7) and prayed for as complete preservation (‘spirit, soul, and body’) at Christ’s coming (5:23). The sexual-ethics context makes the distinction from self-effort especially important.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 神の国
Transliteration: Kami no Kuni
Doctrine: Kingdom of God
Rejected alternatives: 神国日本
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Requires the same anchoring caution as Romans 14:17 given the phrase’s pre-1945 State Shinto ultranationalist association (神国日本). In 1 Thessalonians 2:12, believers are called ‘into his own kingdom and glory.‘
Election
Approved rendering: 選び
Transliteration: erabi
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 合格, 選抜
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Avoid Japan’s competitive-exam/merit-selection framing (受験, 選抜). In 1 Thessalonians 1:4, Paul addresses the church as ‘loved by God’ and having his ‘election’ (ἐκλογή) at the letter’s outset, setting the letter’s gracious, relational tone.
Hope
Approved rendering: 望み
Transliteration: nozomi
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: 希望（kibō, generic secular optimism/goal-hope）, 無常の受容（mujō-style resigned acceptance of loss）
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Hope
[NEW TERM] The letter’s central pastoral-theological term (1:3; 4:13; 5:8). Two distinct collision risks: collapse into 希望-style generic optimism, or collapse into Japanese impermanence/resignation sensibility (無常, mujō). Must be explicitly taught as neither: confident expectation grounded in a specific past event (Christ’s resurrection) and a specific future event (Christ’s return), not a feeling or a wish. Never gloss with 希望 as if synonymous.
Sleep Euphemism
Approved rendering: 眠っている（者たち）
Transliteration: nemutte iru (monotachi)
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Rejected alternatives: 永眠（eien, ‘eternal sleep,’ a common secular/Buddhist-adjacent obituary term implying finality without a resurrection referent）, 中間生の状態（implies Buddhist intermediate-state doctrine）
Original: κοιμάομαι (κοιμωμένων, κοιμηθέντας)
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] The NT death euphemism for believers (4:13-15). Highest-priority risk in the curriculum: must not be read against Japan’s Buddhist funerary theology of the intermediate state (中間生) or the forty-nine-day journey (四十九日) toward the next rebirth, nor against Obon’s temporary-ancestor-visit framework. Points to a single future bodily resurrection, not a passage between rebirths. State this explicitly and early, every occurrence.
Dead In Christ
Approved rendering: 死者のうち、キリストにある者たち
Transliteration: shisha no uchi, Kirisuto ni aru monotachi
Doctrine: Christian Identity: Union with Christ (the Dead in Christ)
Rejected alternatives: キリスト教徒の死者（mere religious-affiliation label）
Original: οἱ νεκροὶ ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] Extends the baseline’s ἐν Χριστῷ (Christian identity in Christ) formula to deceased believers (4:14, 4:16): union with Christ persists even in death. Must not be diluted into a mere religious-affiliation label; death cannot sever this union.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: 怒り（神の怒り）
Transliteration: ikari (Kami no ikari)
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 因果（inga, impersonal karmic retribution）, 天罰（tenbatsu, impersonal ‘heaven’s punishment,’ folk-fatalistic register）
Original: ὀργή
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] Occurs at 1:10 (Christ ‘delivers us from the wrath to come’) and 5:9 (‘not destined for wrath, but to obtain salvation’). Risk of being read as capricious emotional anger, or assimilated into impersonal karmic-retribution thinking (因果) rather than righteous judicial judgment flowing from a personal, holy God.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: 神の言葉
Transliteration: Kami no kotoba
Doctrine: Inspiration of God’s Word
Rejected alternatives: 経典（kyouten, Buddhist sutra/scripture register）, 教え（oshie, generic ‘teaching’）
Original: λόγος θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 2:13: the Thessalonians received Paul’s preaching ‘not as the word of men, but… the word of God,’ which ‘effectively works’ in believers. Must be distinguished from a Buddhist sutra transmitted through a teacher-disciple lineage, or a merely inspiring human text — this is direct, personal divine communication.
Idols
Approved rendering: 偶像
Transliteration: guuzou
Doctrine: Conversion from Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: 偽りの神（‘false god,’ too abstract, loses the concrete cult-image sense）
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Sin
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 1:9: ‘turned to God from idols.’ Unlike a purely historical mission-field category, Japan retains living, actively venerated religious images (仏像, 仏壇, 御神体). State the specific Greco-Roman cult-worship referent clearly; do not force personal application or allow the term to read as a dismissal of ancestor veneration/filial piety.
Satan
Approved rendering: サタン
Transliteration: Satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and Satan
Rejected alternatives: 悪霊（evil spirit, folk spirit-world register）, 鬼（oni, folklore demon）
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Sin
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 2:18: ‘Satan hindered us.’ Risk of assimilation into Japan’s vivid folk spirit-world (妖怪, 鬼, 幽霊) as one more folkloric figure, rather than the singular, personal, defeated-but-still-active biblical adversary — parallel to the baseline’s 聖霊 caution. Teach with explicit reference to his defeat guaranteed by Christ’s resurrection.
Holiness Noun
Approved rendering: 聖さ／聖い歩み
Transliteration: kiyosa / kiyoi ayumi
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 修行の成果（‘fruit of ascetic training’）
Original: ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM, close family to baseline 聖化] 1 Thessalonians 3:13: hearts ‘established… blameless in holiness’ at Christ’s coming. Same doctrinal family as the baseline’s holy/sanctification entries; avoid ascetic-training (修行) or Shinto ritual-purification (禊, misogi) associations.
Vessel
Approved rendering: 器
Transliteration: utsuwa
Doctrine: Sexual Purity and Ethics
Rejected alternatives: 自分の妻（silently resolves to the ‘wife’ construal）, 自分の体（silently resolves to the ‘body’ construal）
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM — FLAGGED AMBIGUITY] 1 Thessalonians 4:4 (σκεῦος): genuinely disputed referent among commentators/translations (‘his own body’ vs. ‘his own wife’). Render literally as 器 and document both construals in the segment cache. Flag for theologian review; do not silently resolve.
Spirit Soul Body
Approved rendering: 霊、たましい、からだ
Transliteration: rei, tamashii, karada
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 魂（kanji commonly tied to Buddhist/folk transmigration and ancestral-spirit concepts）
Original: πνεῦμα καὶ ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM — FLAG FOR THEOLOGIAN REVIEW] 1 Thessalonians 5:23: Paul prays for complete sanctification of the whole person. ψυχή/たましい risks collision with Japanese Buddhist/folk soul concepts; anchor strictly to the passage’s pastoral point (total sanctification preserved for Christ’s return), not a detailed anthropological claim.
Always With The Lord
Approved rendering: いつまでも主と共にいる
Transliteration: itsu made mo shu to tomo ni iru
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Original: πάντοτε σὺν κυρίῳ ἐσόμεθα
Category: Hope
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:17b: the climactic promise and true pastoral target of the whole 4:13-18 passage. Translation must not let the spectacular imagery of the preceding clauses (trumpet, clouds, shout) overshadow this quiet, relational climax, on which the Hope in Grief doctrine ultimately rests.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 福音
Transliteration: fukuin
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation
Rejected alternatives: いい知らせ, グッドニュース
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Established Shinkaiyaku term. Main risk is not mistranslation but blankness: most secular Japanese readers have zero prior exposure to 福音 as a concept and will need it explained from scratch. In 1 Thessalonians 1:5, 2:2, 2:4, 2:8-9, note the added nuance that the gospel came ‘not in word only, but also in power’ — teach as an effective, transformative message, not mere information.
Holy
Approved rendering: 聖い
Transliteration: kiyoi
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清らか, 穢れがない
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Distinguish from Shinto ritual purity (kegare-focused ceremonial cleanliness). Foundational adjective underlying 聖化, 聖さ, and 聖徒 throughout 1 Thessalonians.
Church
Approved rendering: 教会
Transliteration: kyoukai
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 寺, 神社
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] NEVER use 寺 or 神社. Opens the letter (1:1, ‘the church of the Thessalonians’).
Glory
Approved rendering: 栄光
Transliteration: eikou
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 名誉
Original: δόξα
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Avoid collapsing into 名誉 (secular honor/reputation). In 1 Thessalonians 2:12 (God’s kingdom and glory) and 2:20 (the Thessalonians as Paul’s ‘glory and joy’ anticipating vindication at Christ’s coming).
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: heian
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 安心, 癒し
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Distinguish from the generic wellness sense of 安心/癒し. Occurs in the opening greeting (1:1) and closing exhortation (5:23).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 預言
Transliteration: yogen
Doctrine: Inspiration of God’s Word
Rejected alternatives: 予言, 占い
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Verify the 預 kanji, not the homophonic 予言 (fortune-telling). In 1 Thessalonians 5:20, believers are told ‘do not despise prophecies.‘
Father
Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: chichi
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 家長
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Actively build relational warmth against Japan’s culturally distant ‘absent salaryman father’ association. Invoked in 1 Thessalonians’ opening greetings (1:1, 1:3) and closing prayers (3:11, 3:13).
Exhort
Approved rendering: 勧める
Transliteration: susumeru
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: 空気を読んだ従順の要求
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard term for the exhortation sense of παρακαλέω. IMPORTANT CURRICULUM-SPECIFIC EXTENSION: 1 Thessalonians uses παρακαλέω six times (3:2; 4:1; 4:10; 4:18; 5:11; 5:14) spanning BOTH the exhortation sense (correctly rendered 勧める, e.g. 4:1, 4:10, 5:11, 5:14) AND the comfort/consolation sense (4:18’s climactic ‘comfort one another,’ which requires 慰め合う instead — see comfort_exhort entry below). Every occurrence must be sense-checked per context; do not mechanically apply 勧める to all six.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 異邦人
Transliteration: ihoujin
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 外人
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Avoid casual 外人 (uchi-soto insider/outsider framing). In 1 Thessalonians 4:5, sanctified sexual conduct is contrasted with ‘the passion of lust, like the Gentiles who do not know God’ — echoes the idols theme of chapter 1.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 主の言葉
Transliteration: shu no kotoba
Doctrine: Inspiration of God’s Word
Rejected alternatives: 言い伝え（‘legend/handed-down saying,’ implies human transmission lineage）
Original: λόγῳ κυρίου
Category: Covenant
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:15: Paul’s direct, authoritative revelation grounding the resurrection/Parousia teaching of 4:15-17 — apostolic revelation, not personal opinion or sutra-lineage transmission.
Tempter
Approved rendering: 誘惑する者
Transliteration: yuuwaku suru mono
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and Satan
Rejected alternatives: いたずら好きな霊（‘mischievous spirit,’ trivializing）
Original: ὁ πειράζων
Category: Sin
[NEW TERM] Title for Satan in 1 Thessalonians 3:5 (ὁ πειράζων). Contrast with δοκιμάζω’s neutral-to-positive testing sense elsewhere in the letter (2:4).
Affliction
Approved rendering: 苦難
Transliteration: kunan
Doctrine: Suffering and Affliction in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 迷惑（meiwaku, ‘trouble/inconvenience,’ too weak and shame-oriented）
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Faith
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 2:2, 2:14-15, 3:3-4, 3:7: the church is ‘appointed’ to affliction. Connects to the baseline’s mission_to_nations doctrine’s historical Kirishitan-persecution weight; suffering is expected, not a sign of divine abandonment.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: 淫らな行い
Transliteration: midara na okonai
Doctrine: Sexual Purity and Ethics
Rejected alternatives: 不倫（‘affair,’ too narrow）
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:3: ‘abstain from sexual immorality.’ Standard modern theological vocabulary; register must remain formal/pastoral rather than clinical or crude.
Passion Of Lust
Approved rendering: 情欲
Transliteration: jouyoku
Doctrine: Sexual Purity and Ethics
Rejected alternatives: 恋愛感情（‘romantic feeling,’ too soft/positive）
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:5: contrasted with sanctified desire; describes ‘the Gentiles who do not know God,’ echoing the idols theme of chapter 1.
Love
Approved rendering: 愛
Transliteration: ai
Doctrine: general
Rejected alternatives: 恋愛（romantic love）
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 1:3: ‘labor of love,’ part of the faith-love-hope programmatic triad. Common secular vocabulary (romantic, commercial); must be anchored to self-giving, others-directed action, not sentimental or romantic connotation.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: 聖なる口づけ
Transliteration: kiyoi kuchizuke
Doctrine: Holy Greeting and Fellowship Practice
Rejected alternatives: 挨拶のキス（secular greeting kiss, loses the ‘holy’ qualifier’s force）
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 5:26. Japan’s bow-based greeting norm (お辞儀) and general discomfort with public physical affection require this to be framed explicitly as a first-century cultural custom conveying warm, family-like affection — not a practice for literal replication.
Comfort Exhort
Approved rendering: 慰め合う（comfort）／勧める（exhort）
Transliteration: nagusame-au / susumeru
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: 勧める単独使用（mechanically applying the exhortation sense to every occurrence）
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
[NEW TERM, context-split from baseline 勧める] παρακαλέω occurs six times (3:2; 4:1; 4:10; 4:18; 5:11; 5:14). The baseline’s 勧める covers the exhortation sense (4:1, 4:10, 5:11, 5:14), but 4:18’s climactic ‘comfort one another with these words’ requires the comfort/consolation sense, 慰め合う. Every occurrence must be sense-checked per context, not mechanically defaulted.
Sons Of Light
Approved rendering: 光の子ら
Transliteration: hikari no kora
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 光属性（anime-derived ‘light-attribute’ character trope）
Original: υἱοὶ φωτός
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 5:5: a Semitic identity-idiom for believers. Must be explicitly anchored as a moral/spiritual identity marker, not a cosmic light/dark dualism claim.
Armor Of God
Approved rendering: 胸当て／兜
Transliteration: munaate / kabuto
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 鎧（general armor, loses the specific breastplate/helmet items）
Original: θώραξ / περικεφαλαία
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 5:8: breastplate of faith and love, helmet of the hope of salvation. 兜 (the iconic samurai helmet) is a strong cultural bridge for readiness/protection, but must not let martial-valor associations override the text’s specific point — hope of salvation, not battlefield courage — similar to the baseline’s 主君 bridge-but-limit caution.
Meet The Lord
Approved rendering: 主を出迎えるために
Transliteration: shu wo demukaeru tame ni
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 永遠に去る（‘depart forever,’ wrongly implies a one-way departure）
Original: εἰς ἀπάντησιν τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:17 (ἀπάντησις): a technical Hellenistic civic term for a delegation going out to formally receive and escort an arriving dignitary. 出迎え is an apt cultural bridge given Japan’s formal welcome-and-escort customs, but the civic-reception background must be taught explicitly so the verse is not misread as a one-way departure from earth.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shito
Doctrine: Apostolic Ministry and Boldness
Rejected alternatives: 教祖
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Established term. Avoid 教祖 (kyouso), which carries negative post-Aum Shinrikyo associations. In 1 Thessalonians 2:6, Paul notes he ‘could have made demands as apostles of Christ’ but chose gentleness instead.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 感謝
Transliteration: kansha
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Prayer
Original: εὐχαριστία-family (εὐχαριστοῦμεν, εὐχαριστεῖτε)
Category: Faith
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard term. Occurs in 1 Thessalonians’ opening thanksgiving (1:2) and the command to ‘give thanks in all circumstances’ (5:18).
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: 兄弟愛
Transliteration: kyoudai ai
Doctrine: Brotherly Love and Mutual Edification
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:9: believers ‘taught by God’ (θεοδίδακτοι) to love one another. Low-medium risk; standard compound.
Quiet Life
Approved rendering: 静かな生活を送る
Transliteration: shizuka na seikatsu wo okuru
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἡσυχάζω
Category: Sanctification
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:11: practical exhortation to a settled, non-disruptive, industrious life.
Boldness
Approved rendering: 大胆さ
Transliteration: daitansa
Doctrine: Apostolic Ministry and Boldness
Original: παρρησία
Category: Church
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 2:2: Paul’s confident, open proclamation despite prior mistreatment at Philippi.
Test Approve
Approved rendering: 調べる／試す
Transliteration: shiraberu / tamesu
Doctrine: general
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Faith
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 2:4 (God tests hearts) and 5:21 (‘test everything; hold fast what is good’); doctrinal noun form 吟味 (gimi) possible for 5:21.
Sober Watchful
Approved rendering: 慎み深くしている／目を覚ましている
Transliteration: tsutsushimi-bukaku shite iru / me wo samashite iru
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: νήφω / γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 5:6, 5:8: active moral vigilance in view of the Day of the Lord’s unpredictable timing, not passive waiting or anxious speculation.
Thief In The Night
Approved rendering: 夜の盗人のように
Transliteration: yoru no nusubito no youni
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: κλέπτης ἐν νυκτί
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 5:2, 5:4: proverbial image for the Day of the Lord’s sudden, unannounced arrival. Clarify in teaching that this describes timing/suddenness only, not Christ’s character.
Trumpet Of God
Approved rendering: 神のラッパ
Transliteration: Kami no rappa
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ラッパ単独（bare trumpet, no divine qualifier, risks a festive/toy connotation）
Original: σάλπιγξ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:16: echoes OT theophany and end-time trumpet imagery. Always pair with 神の to prevent domestication into a purely festive fanfare image.
Archangel
Approved rendering: 御使いの長／大天使
Transliteration: mitsukai no osa / daitenshi
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 天使長（less standard than 大天使）
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:16. Distinguish from decorative/sentimental pop-culture angel imagery; this is a specific ruling angelic office.
Command Shout
Approved rendering: 号令
Transliteration: gōrei
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 叫び声（‘scream,’ wrong register — implies distress, not command）
Original: κέλευσμα
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:16 (κέλευσμα): a military/naval command-cry. Retain authoritative-command register; counter-teach 号令’s classroom-drill flatness rather than seeking an invented alternative.
Descend
Approved rendering: 天から下って来られる
Transliteration: ten kara kudatte koraeru
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 現れる（‘appear,’ loses the literal downward-motion/bodily sense）
Original: καταβαίνω
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:16: literal, visible, bodily descent from heaven. Avoid phrasing that reads as merely symbolic.
Clouds
Approved rendering: 雲の中に
Transliteration: kumo no naka ni
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Original: νεφέλαι
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:17: echoes OT theophany imagery (Exodus 19; Daniel 7:13); note this echo in teaching so the phrase is not read as incidental scenery.
Precede
Approved rendering: 先んじる
Transliteration: sakinjiru
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Original: φθάνω
Category: Eschatology
[NEW TERM] 1 Thessalonians 4:15: assurance that the living will not arrive ahead of the dead in Christ. Pastoral weight is carried by context, not the word itself — this clause directly answers the grief driving the whole core passage.
Referenced passages