Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Peter (English–Ndebele)
This glossary extends translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json (Romans baseline) for the 1 Peter curriculum. Terms marked Reused carry their baseline rendering forward unchanged, per the non-negotiable enforcement rule. Terms marked New are proposed for addition to the translation memory during Phase 2 onboarding, with risk tiers assigned using the identical Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
A. Reused Terms from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
These terms recur in 1 Peter and MUST use the exact baseline rendering; no deviation permitted.
| English Term | Ndebele Rendering | Risk | Chapters Attested | Notes for 1 Peter Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | uNkulunkulu | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | Reinforced as the “faithful Creator” (4:19) — near and directly accessible, not the remote figure of traditional cosmology. |
| Jesus | uJesu | Critical | 1, 2, 3 | Standard. |
| Lord | iNkosi | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 5 | Extra care needed: 1 Peter also uses the lowercase domestic sense (“calling him lord,” 3:6) and the political sense (“the king/emperor,” 2:13) — context must keep Christ’s exclusive Lordship distinct from both. |
| Father | uBaba | High | 1 | ”God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (1:3). |
| Holy Spirit | uMoya oNgcwele | Critical | 1 | ”Spirit of Christ” in the prophets (1:11). |
| Holy (adj.) | -ngcwele | High | 1, 2, 3 | ”Be holy” (1:15-16); “holy priesthood/nation” (2:5,9); “honor Christ as holy” (3:15). |
| Saints | abangcwele | High | — | Not directly used as a noun-title in 1 Peter but underlies “holy nation/priesthood” compounds. |
| Sanctification | ukungcweliswa | High | 1 | Underlies the call to holy conduct throughout. |
| Grace | umusa | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | Recurs with an added nuance at 2:19-20 (suffering endured is “a gracious thing”/charis); also “God of all grace” (5:10), “grace of life” (3:7), “varied grace” (4:10). |
| Faith | ukholo | High | 1, 3, 5 | ”Genuineness of your faith” (1:7); “firm in your faith” (5:9). |
| Salvation | usindiso | Critical | 1, 2, 4 | ”Salvation of your souls” (1:9); “grow up to salvation” (2:2); “if the righteous is scarcely saved” (4:18). |
| Righteousness | ukulunga | Critical | 2, 3 | ”Die to sin and live to righteousness” (2:24); “suffer for righteousness’ sake” (3:14). |
| Sin | isono | High | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Recurs throughout the substitutionary-suffering material. |
| Resurrection | ukuvuka kwabafileyo | Critical | 1, 3 | Grounds the living hope (1:3); “through the resurrection of Jesus Christ” (3:21). |
| Glory | udumo | High | 1, 4, 5 | ”Praise and glory and honor” (1:7); “Spirit of glory” (4:14); “partaker in the glory” (5:1); “crown of glory” (5:4). |
| Gospel | ivangeli | High | 1, 4 | ”The word…preached to you” (1:25); “gospel of God” (4:17). |
| Called / Calling | obiziweyo / ubizo | High | 2, 3, 5 | ”Called out of darkness” (2:9); “called to this” re: suffering (2:21, 3:9); “called you to his eternal glory” (5:10). |
| Election | ukukhethwa | High | 1, 2 | ”Elect exiles” (1:1); “chosen and precious” (2:4,6). |
| Peace | ukuthula | Medium | 5 | Closing benediction (5:14). |
| Fellowship | ubudlelwano | Low | 4 | ”Share Christ’s sufferings” (4:13); kiss of love (5:14). |
| Gentiles | abezizwe | Medium | 2, 4 | ”Keep conduct honorable among the Gentiles” (2:12); vice list (4:3). |
| Prophet / Prophecy | umphrofethi / isiphrofetho | High/Medium | 1 | OT prophets searching out the grace to come (1:10-12). |
| Exhort | ukukhuthaza | Low | 5 | ”I exhort the elders” (5:1,12). |
| Church (ecclesial sense, underlying “household of God”) | ibandla | Medium | 4, 5 | ”Household of God” (4:17) rendered with church-adjacent vocabulary. |
B. New Terms Introduced by 1 Peter
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Ndebele Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Rationale / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα / elpis zōsa | ithemba eliphilayo | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Must be anchored explicitly to Christ’s bodily resurrection, never to the hope of joining or being cared for by amadlozi. |
| 2 | New birth / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω / anagennaō | ukuzalwa kabusha | Critical | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Risk of conflation with ancestral spirit-continuity/return-in-descendant beliefs; must be taught as a unique, non-cyclical, Spirit-wrought event tied to Christ’s resurrection. |
| 3 | Inheritance | κληρονομία / klēronomia | ilifa | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1, 3 | Collision with Ndebele clan/patrilineal inheritance custom (land, cattle, widow inheritance, ancestral consent to succession); must be clarified as a heavenly inheritance kept by God alone. |
| 4 | Imperishable | ἄφθαρτος / aphthartos | okungaboliyo | Medium | Living Hope; Ch.1 seed imagery | 1 | Contrast with earthly/perishable goods. |
| 5 | Undefiled | ἀμίαντος / amiantos | okungangcolisiwe | Medium | Living Hope | 1 | Must convey moral/spiritual, not ritual, purity. |
| 6 | Unfading | ἀμάραντος / amarantos | okungabuniyo | Low | Living Hope; Elders and Humility (crown) | 1, 5 | Low ambiguity. |
| 7 | Guarded by God’s power | φρουρέω / phroureō | ukulindwa (ngamandla kaNkulunkulu) | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Must not evoke protective charms/muthi or an ancestral guardian spirit. |
| 8 | Tested genuineness (of faith) | δοκίμιον / dokimion | ukuqinisekiswa kokholo | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1 | Standard testing/refining metaphor. |
| 9 | Various trials | ποικίλοι πειρασμοί / poikiloi peirasmoi | izilingo ezitshiyeneyo | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1, 4 | Must be distinguished from suffering attributed to ancestral curse/witchcraft in traditional causal reasoning. |
| 10 | Redemption / ransomed | λυτρόω / lytroō | ukuhlengwa | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | Must not be confused with a bride-price/debt payment to a family or ancestral line; this is God’s own payment in Christ’s blood. |
| 11 | Futile ancestral tradition | πατροπαράδοτος / patroparadotos | indlela yokuphila eyize eyafunyanwa kubokhokho | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Holiness in Conduct | 1 | The text explicitly names inherited ancestral custom as “futile”; requires careful, textually faithful but pastorally sensitive handling — mandatory theologian review. |
| 12 | Precious blood | αἷμα τίμιον / haima timion | igazi eliligugu | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | Must be marked as the unique, sufficient, once-for-all sacrifice, not one offering within an ongoing sacrificial/appeasement system. |
| 13 | Lamb without blemish | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος / amnos amōmos | iwundlu elingelasici | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | OT Passover/sacrificial background must be clear; avoid parallel with traditional sacrificial animals for ancestors. |
| 14 | Foreknowledge (of Christ) | πρόγνωσις / prognōsis | ukwaziwa kusengaphambili | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; God’s Calling and Election (baseline) | 1 | Must not read as impersonal fate/destiny. |
| 15 | Imperishable seed (the word) | σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος / spora aphthartos | inhlanyelo engaboliyo | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Reinforces spiritual (not biological/ancestral) new birth. |
| 16 | Living stone | λίθος ζῶν / lithos zōn | ilitshe eliphilayo | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Must remain clearly figurative; avoid any resonance with stone-veneration practice. |
| 17 | Holy priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / hierateuma hagion | ubuphristi obungcwele | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Direct collision with izangoma/izinyanga mediator roles; must teach direct, unmediated believer access to God. |
| 18 | Spiritual sacrifices | θυσίαι πνευματικαί / thysiai pneumatikai | imihlatshelo yomoya | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | ”Imihlatshelo” is the standard word for ritual ancestor-slaughter; requires explicit disambiguating footnote at every occurrence. |
| 19 | Chosen race | γένος ἐκλεκτόν / genos eklekton | uhlanga olukhethiweyo | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | ”Uhlanga” carries strong ethnic/lineage weight; heightened sensitivity given Ndebele-Shona historical tension (cf. baseline universal_need_for_salvation note). |
| 20 | Royal priesthood | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα / basileion hierateuma | ubuphristi bobukhosi | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Combines priesthood collision (#17) with the royal/iNkosi sensitivity already Critical in the baseline. |
| 21 | Holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον / ethnos hagion | isizwe esingcwele | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Same ethnic-nation sensitivity as #19. |
| 22 | People for God’s own possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν / laos eis peripoiēsin | abantu abangabakaNkulunkulu ngokupheleleyo | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Standard covenant-people language. |
| 23 | Submission / be subject | ὑποτάσσω / hypotassō | ukuzithoba | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2, 3, 5 | Must be voluntary, Christ-modeled submission, not fear-based deference to chief/king/ancestral authority. |
| 24 | Servant/slave of God | δοῦλος θεοῦ / doulos theou | inceku kaNkulunkulu | Medium | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2 | Standard. |
| 25 | Example / pattern (Christ’s) | ὑπογραμμός / hypogrammos | isibonelo | Medium | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2, 5 | Reused for elders’ example (5:3). |
| 26 | Bore our sins (substitutionary bearing) | ἀναφέρω τὰς ἁμαρτίας / anapherō tas hamartias | ukuthwala izono | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2 | Must be personal, voluntary, once-for-all — not ritual guilt-transfer to a substitute in an ongoing system. |
| 27 | Healed by his wounds | μώλωψ / iaomai / mōlōps / iaomai | ukusiliswa ngamanxeba akhe | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2 | Healing vocabulary strongly associated with izinyanga; must be clarified as spiritual healing from sin. |
| 28 | Shepherd and Overseer (of souls) | ποιμήν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος / poimēn kai episkopos | umalusi lombonisi | Medium | Elders and Humility | 2, 5 | Reused/intensified for “chief Shepherd” (5:4) and human elders (5:2). |
| 29 | Gentle and quiet spirit | πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα / praΰ kai hēsychion pneuma | umoya omnene lozolileyo | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3 | Positive character ideal; low doctrinal ambiguity but new vocabulary. |
| 30 | Suffer for righteousness’ sake | πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην / paschein dia dikaiosynēn | ukuhlupheka ngenxa yokulunga | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3 | Must preserve that such suffering flows from righteousness by faith, not from meritorious/appeasement suffering. |
| 31 | Defense/reason (for the hope) | ἀπολογία / apologia | impendulo (yethemba) | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 3 | Ties directly to ithemba eliphilayo. |
| 32 | Good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή / syneidēsis agathē | unembeza omuhle | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3 | Standard moral-theological term. |
| 33 | Christ suffered once for sins (substitutionary, once-for-all) | ἅπαξ…ἔπαθεν / hapax…epathen | wahlupheka kanye kuphela ngenxa yezono | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3 | The “once” must never be lost — contrasts with repeated appeasement-sacrifice logic. |
| 34 | Proclaimed to the spirits in prison | κηρύσσω πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ / kēryssō pneumasin en phylakē | wamemezela kubomoya ababesentolongweni | CRITICAL | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3 | The single most sensitive term in the curriculum; must never function as a model for believer-to-spirit communication (cf. izangoma). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| 35 | Baptism (as appeal of a good conscience) | βάπτισμα / baptisma | ubhaphathizo | High | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (typology); Holiness in Conduct | 3 | Must not be read as ritual cleansing that removes ancestral impurity; text itself denies mere physical cleansing function. |
| 36 | Idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία / eidōlolatria | ukukhonza izithombe | High | Holiness in Conduct | 4 | Keep scope limited to the text’s own vice list; avoid editorializing beyond Scripture regarding traditional custom generally. |
| 37 | Love covers a multitude of sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν / agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn | uthando lusibekela izono ezinengi | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 4 | Community-ethic key verse. |
| 38 | Steward (of God’s grace/gifts) | οἰκονόμος / oikonomos | umphathi (womusa kaNkulunkulu) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 4 | Trustee, not owner, of Spirit-given gifts. |
| 39 | Fiery trial | πύρωσις / pyrōsis | ukulingwa okunjengomlilo | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4 | Reuses trial vocabulary from ch.1. |
| 40 | Christian (identity/name) | Χριστιανός / Christianos | umKristu | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4 | New identity marker; standard once introduced consistently. |
| 41 | Judgment begins at the household of God | κρίμα…ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ / krima…apo tou oikou tou theou | isahlulelo siqala endlini kaNkulunkulu | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 4 | Reuses church/household concept. |
| 42 | Faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης / pistos ktistēs | uMdali othembekileyo | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance; Sovereignty of God (baseline) | 4 | Counters the “remote Creator” framing of traditional cosmology; reinforces direct access to God. |
| 43 | Elders (church office) | πρεσβύτεροι / presbyteroi | abadala | High | Elders and Humility | 5 | Must be distinguished from customary clan-elder authority while respectfully drawing on relational warmth of the term. |
| 44 | Shepherd the flock / exercise oversight | ποιμαίνω / ἐπισκοπέω / poimainō / episkopeō | ukwelusa umhlambi / ukubonisa | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5 | Pastoral leadership vocabulary. |
| 45 | Chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποίμην / archipoimēn | uMalusi omkhulu | High | Elders and Humility | 5 | Christ’s supremacy over all human elder-authority must be unmistakable. |
| 46 | Humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη / tapeinophrosynē | ukuthobeka | High | Elders and Humility | 5 | Must be voluntary, mutual, Christlike — not status-based deference to chiefs/kings/ancestral spirits. |
| 47 | Adversary, the devil | ἀντίδικος, διάβολος / antidikos, diabolos | isitha, udiyabhola | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 5 | Must be distinguished from ngozi (vengeful ancestral spirit) or tokoloshe-type beings; resisted through faith, not protective ritual. |
| 48 | God of all grace | ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος / ho theos pasēs charitos | uNkulunkulu womusa wonke | Critical | Elders and Humility | 5 | Reuses Critical umusa; closing benediction. |
| 49 | Sojourners / exiles (elect exiles of the dispersion) | παρεπίδημος / parepidēmos | izihambi / abahlala njengabezizwe | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 1, 2 | Positive reframing of Christian identity as temporary residence, distinct from settled ancestral-land belonging. |
| 50 | Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | isihawu | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Distinct from umusa (grace); God’s compassion toward misery, not reciprocal favor secured by ritual. |
C. Glossary Enforcement Notes for Phase 2
- Terms in Section A are non-negotiable — enforce exactly as recorded in the baseline
translation_memory.json. - Terms in Section B marked Critical (#2, #10, #11, #12, #17, #18, #20, #33, #34) require mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, matching the escalation logic already established in
doctrine_risk_registry.json. - Terms marked High require human theologian or, at minimum, senior native-speaker review per the baseline’s routing table.
- Recommend these new terms be merged into an updated
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.jsonversion 2 prior to Phase 2 segment translation, following the same JSON schema as the Romans baseline. - Special note for #34 (Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits) and #11 (futile ancestral tradition): these two terms represent the highest-stakes new theological vocabulary introduced by this curriculum relative to the Romans baseline, and should receive dedicated translator training notes beyond the standard glossary entry.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ukulunga
Transliteration: ukulunga
Doctrine: Righteousness of God
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter uses this both as right standing before God and as righteous conduct for which one may suffer (2:24, 3:14); must never collapse into social respectability or ritual correctness.
Salvation
Approved rendering: usindiso
Transliteration: usindiso
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at ‘salvation of your souls’ (1:9), ‘grow up to salvation’ (2:2), and ‘the righteous scarcely saved’ (4:18); must not be reduced to rescue from misfortune sought through ancestral favor.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ukuvuka kwabafileyo
Transliteration: ukuvuka kwabafileyo
Doctrine: Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds the living hope (1:3) and baptism’s meaning (3:21); never conflate with a deceased person joining the amadlozi, the culturally dominant Ndebele afterlife framework.
Lord
Approved rendering: iNkosi
Transliteration: iNkosi
Doctrine: Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter uniquely layers a triple-sense collision: Christ’s exclusive Lordship (throughout), the political sense ‘the king/emperor’ (2:13), and the domestic sense ‘calling him lord’ (3:6, of Sarah addressing Abraham). All three use the identical Ndebele root; context alone must keep Christ’s Critical, capitalized iNkosi distinct from both lower senses.
Jesus
Approved rendering: uJesu
Transliteration: uJesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, established transliteration; used consistently throughout 1 Peter.
God
Approved rendering: uNkulunkulu
Transliteration: uNkulunkulu
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter reinforces God as personally near through the title ‘faithful Creator’ (4:19) and ‘God of all grace’ (5:10); never allow him to be framed as remote or reached only through amadlozi.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: uMoya oNgcwele
Transliteration: uMoya oNgcwele
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifting
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Named as ‘the Spirit of Christ’ inspiring the prophets (1:11) and ‘Spirit of glory’ (4:14); must not be conflated with amadlozi or a possessing spirit associated with a diviner.
New Birth
Approved rendering: ukuzalwa kabusha
Transliteration: ukuzalwa kabusha
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
New for 1 Peter. Sovereign, Spirit-wrought, one-time regeneration (1:3, 1:23). Risk of conflation with belief that an ancestor’s essence, name, or characteristics ‘return’ in a descendant through naming custom tied to amadlozi; must be taught as a unique, non-cyclical, once-for-all spiritual event tied to Christ’s own resurrection. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ukuhlengwa
Transliteration: ukuhlengwa
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
New for 1 Peter. Being ransomed by the price of Christ’s precious blood from a futile inherited way of life (1:18). Must not be confused with a bride-price/debt payment to a family or ancestral line, nor a payment made to the ancestors to secure release from their claim. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Futile Ancestral Tradition
Approved rendering: indlela yokuphila eyize eyafunyanwa kubokhokho
Transliteration: indlela yokuphila eyize eyafunyanwa kubokhokho
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Original: πατροπαράδοτος (ματαία ἀναστροφή)
Category: Sanctification
New for 1 Peter. ‘The futile way of life handed down from the fathers’ (1:18) — the single most direct textual point of contact with Ndebele ancestral custom in the curriculum. Must preserve the text’s force of ‘futile/empty’ specifically, without inviting a blanket dismissal of Ndebele cultural heritage broadly. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Precious Blood
Approved rendering: igazi eliligugu
Transliteration: igazi eliligugu
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Original: αἷμα τίμιον
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s blood as the actual, sufficient price of redemption (1:19). Blood-sacrifice vocabulary is closely associated with traditional ritual slaughter for the ancestors; must be marked as the unique, once-for-all, sufficient sacrifice of Christ, never one offering within an ongoing sacrificial system. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Holy Priesthood
Approved rendering: ubuphristi obungcwele
Transliteration: ubuphristi obungcwele
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. All believers granted direct priestly access to God through Christ, with no human or spirit intermediary (2:5). Direct collision with the mediumship role of izangoma and the ritual-specialist role of izinyanga. Must be taught as the opposite of mediumship: every believer’s own direct, unmediated access to God through Christ alone. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Spiritual Sacrifices
Approved rendering: imihlatshelo yomoya
Transliteration: imihlatshelo yomoya
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: θυσίαι πνευματικαί
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Non-material offerings of praise, prayer, and obedience (2:5). ‘Imihlatshelo’ is the standard Ndebele word for ritual slaughter offered to ancestors; requires an explicit disambiguating footnote at every occurrence clarifying these sacrifices are never literal slaughter offered to appease uNkulunkulu or amadlozi. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Royal Priesthood
Approved rendering: ubuphristi bobukhosi
Transliteration: ubuphristi bobukhosi
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Believers’ shared royal-priestly identity in Christ (2:9). Combines the priesthood collision above with the royal/iNkosi lordship sensitivity already Critical in the baseline, since Ndebele kings themselves were titled iNkosi. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Bore Our Sins
Approved rendering: ukuthwala izono
Transliteration: ukuthwala izono
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀναφέρω τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. Christ personally carried believers’ sins in his own body on the cross (2:24) — the core substitutionary atonement statement of the letter. Must be distinguished from any traditional notion of transferring guilt or misfortune onto a substitute animal or object within an ongoing ritual system; this bearing is personal, voluntary, and once-for-all. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Once For All Suffering
Approved rendering: wahlupheka kanye kuphela ngenxa yezono
Transliteration: wahlupheka kanye kuphela ngenxa yezono
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s single, complete, substitutionary suffering, the righteous for the unrighteous (3:18) — the definitive statement of once-for-all atonement. The word ‘once’ (kanye kuphela) must never be lost; this contrasts sharply with the repeated cycle of appeasement offerings within traditional religious practice. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Proclamation To Spirits
Approved rendering: wamemezela kubomoya ababesentolongweni
Transliteration: wamemezela kubomoya ababesentolongweni
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: ἐκήρυξεν τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s unique proclamation to imprisoned spiritual beings after his death and vindication (3:19). The single most sensitive term in the entire curriculum: must never be taught or rendered as license for believer-to-spirit communication, a practice central to Ndebele traditional religion via izangoma. This is a unique, non-repeatable act of the risen Christ alone. Mandatory theologian review and explicit teaching note required at every occurrence.
God Of All Grace
Approved rendering: uNkulunkulu womusa wonke
Transliteration: uNkulunkulu womusa wonke
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος
Category: God
New for 1 Peter. God’s character as the comprehensive source of every grace, naming the ground of restoration after suffering in the closing benediction (5:10). Reuses the Critical baseline term umusa; must preserve God as the sole, direct, unmediated source of all grace, not one source of favor alongside ancestral goodwill.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: umusa
Transliteration: umusa
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter extends the term’s use to describe suffering endured well as ‘a gracious/commendable thing’ (2:19-20), God’s ‘varied grace’ in gifting (4:10), and closes with ‘the God of all grace’ (5:10); translators must not let this secondary sense soften the core meaning of unmerited favor.
Faith
Approved rendering: ukholo
Transliteration: ukholo
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The genuineness of your faith’ (1:7) and ‘firm in your faith’ (5:9) must keep Christ as the recoverable object of trust, not human effort proving self-worth.
Called
Approved rendering: obiziweyo
Transliteration: obiziweyo
Doctrine: Calling of God
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to being called out of darkness (2:9) and called to suffering after Christ’s example (2:21); must convey God’s own sovereign summons, not an ancestral spirit’s call to mediumship.
Calling
Approved rendering: ubizo
Transliteration: ubizo
Doctrine: Calling of God
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Called you to his eternal glory’ (5:10); same distinction from fate/destiny-language applies.
Holy
Approved rendering: -ngcwele
Transliteration: ngcwele
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds ‘be holy, for I am holy’ (1:15-16) and the ‘holy priesthood’/‘holy nation’ compounds (2:5, 9); keep moral-relational, not ritual-purity, sense primary.
Saints
Approved rendering: abangcwele
Transliteration: abangcwele
Doctrine: The Church as Believers in Christ
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not used as a standalone noun-title in 1 Peter but underlies the corporate holy-people compounds of 2:5, 9; retain the baseline sense of all believers, not an ascetic elite.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ukungcweliswa
Transliteration: ukungcweliswa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the call to holy conduct throughout 1 Peter (1:2, 1:15-16); distinguish from ritual cleansing rites performed for the ancestors.
Sin
Approved rendering: isono
Transliteration: isono
Doctrine: Humanity’s Sinfulness
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the substitutionary-suffering material (2:24, 3:18); distinguish from ritual impurity or an offense against the ancestors requiring appeasement.
Glory
Approved rendering: udumo
Transliteration: udumo
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: inkazimulo
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs across 1 Peter’s eschatological vocabulary: ‘praise and glory and honor’ (1:7), ‘Spirit of glory’ (4:14), ‘partaker in the glory’ (5:1), ‘crown of glory’ (5:4).
Election
Approved rendering: ukukhethwa
Transliteration: ukukhethwa
Doctrine: God’s Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Elect exiles’ (1:1) and Christ himself ‘chosen and precious’ (2:4, 6); must not read as impersonal fate assigned by ancestral forces.
Father
Approved rendering: uBaba
Transliteration: uBaba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Opens the letter’s doxology, ‘God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ’ (1:3), and names the impartial Judge to be reverently feared (1:17); keep anchored to the Father-Son relationship, not a generic ancestral-elder figure.
Prophet
Approved rendering: umphrofethi
Transliteration: umphrofethi
Doctrine: Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: isangoma
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The OT prophets who searched out the grace to come (1:10-12); must remain sharply distinct from isangoma (diviner) or inyanga (traditional healer).
Living Hope
Approved rendering: ithemba eliphilayo
Transliteration: ithemba eliphilayo
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Peter. Confident, vital hope grounded in Christ’s historical resurrection (1:3). Must be anchored explicitly to Christ’s bodily resurrection at every occurrence, never left as free-floating hope-language that could be read as the traditional hope of becoming or being cared for by amadlozi.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: ilifa
Transliteration: ilifa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Peter. The believer’s imperishable heavenly inheritance (1:4), also applied to marriage as shared inheritance of ‘the grace of life’ (3:7). ‘Ilifa’ is tightly bound to Ndebele clan/patrilineal succession custom (land, cattle, widow inheritance, sometimes requiring ancestral approval); every occurrence must be explicitly qualified as heavenly and God-kept, never a family estate subject to living relatives or ancestral consent.
Guarded By Gods Power
Approved rendering: ukulindwa (ngamandla kaNkulunkulu)
Transliteration: ukulindwa (ngamandla kaNkulunkulu)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Care as Faithful Creator
Original: φρουρέω
Category: God
New for 1 Peter. Believers garrisoned by God’s own power through faith until final salvation (1:5). Must not evoke protective charms, muthi, or an ancestral guardian spirit; this is God’s own sovereign power directly guarding the believer, with no intermediary.
Lamb Without Blemish
Approved rendering: iwundlu elingelasici lelingangcolile
Transliteration: iwundlu elingelasici lelingangcolile
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. OT Passover/sacrificial image fulfilled in Christ (1:19); must be clearly tied to the OT background (footnote if needed), not read as parallel to traditional sacrificial animals offered to amadlozi.
Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: ukwaziwa kusengaphambili
Transliteration: ukwaziwa kusengaphambili
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Original: προγινώσκω
Category: God
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s redemptive role foreordained before the foundation of the world (1:20); must not read as impersonal fate or destiny determined by ancestral or cosmic forces.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: ilitshe eliphilayo
Transliteration: ilitshe eliphilayo
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Christ as the living foundation stone of the church (2:4-8); must remain clearly figurative, never read as endorsing animistic stone-veneration practice.
Chosen Race
Approved rendering: uhlanga olukhethiweyo
Transliteration: uhlanga olukhethiweyo
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Believers’ new corporate identity replacing ethnic/tribal identity as the primary marker (2:9). ‘Uhlanga’ carries strong ethnic/lineage connotation; given historical Ndebele-Shona tension already flagged in the baseline, must be unmistakably a spiritual, trans-ethnic identity in Christ.
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: isizwe esingcwele
Transliteration: isizwe esingcwele
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Corporate holiness of the whole believing community as a set-apart ‘nation’ (2:9). ‘Isizwe’ carries the same ethnic-nation sensitivity as ‘chosen_race’; must be read as the transnational church, not an ethnic nation.
Submission
Approved rendering: ukuzithoba
Transliteration: ukuzithoba
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. Voluntary ordering of oneself under authority — citizens to governors (2:13), servants to masters (2:18), wives to husbands (3:1), all to one another (5:5). Must be free, Christ-modeled submission ‘for the Lord’s sake,’ not fear-based deference to a king’s/chief’s/ancestral spirit’s quasi-sacred authority, and not conflated with deference owed to the Ndebele monarchy or clan elders.
Healed By Wounds
Approved rendering: ukusiliswa ngamanxeba akhe
Transliteration: ukusiliswa ngamanxeba akhe
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: τῷ μώλωπι αὐτοῦ ἰάθητε
Category: Christology
New for 1 Peter. Spiritual healing from sin’s power through Christ’s wounding, quoting Isaiah 53 (2:24). Healing vocabulary is strongly associated with izinyanga (traditional healers); must be clarified as spiritual healing/restoration from sin’s power, not primarily physical healing obtained through a healer’s remedy.
Suffer For Righteousness
Approved rendering: ukuhlupheka ngenxa yokulunga
Transliteration: ukuhlupheka ngenxa yokulunga
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην
Category: Suffering
New for 1 Peter. Suffering that comes as a direct consequence of righteous living, and is blessed for it (3:14). Must preserve that such suffering is blessed because it flows from righteousness lived by faith, not because suffering itself is meritorious or a means of appeasing higher powers.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ubhaphathizo
Transliteration: ubhaphathizo
Doctrine: Baptism and the Appeal of a Good Conscience
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Sanctification
New for 1 Peter. Baptism as an appeal to God for a good conscience, grounded in Christ’s resurrection, not a removal of physical dirt (3:21). Must not be rendered as ritual washing that removes ancestral impurity or appeases spirits; the text’s own explicit denial of a merely physical-cleansing function is a valuable anchor for the translator.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: ukukhonza izithombe
Transliteration: ukukhonza izithombe
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
New for 1 Peter. Forbidden worship rendered to images/false gods, named among the former Gentile vices (4:3). Must stay strictly within the text’s own vice list, avoiding editorializing that equates all traditional Ndebele custom with idolatry.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: uMdali othembekileyo
Transliteration: uMdali othembekileyo
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Care as Faithful Creator
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
New for 1 Peter. God as the trustworthy maker of all things, to whom suffering believers entrust their souls (4:19). Traditional cosmology often regards uNkulunkulu as Creator as remote, having withdrawn after creation with amadlozi handling daily affairs; this phrase directly counters that framing.
Elders
Approved rendering: abadala
Transliteration: abadala
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Leadership
New for 1 Peter. The church office of pastoral oversight, which Peter himself shares as a ‘fellow elder’ (5:1). ‘Abadala’ also denotes clan/community elders holding customary authority; this office must be clarified as a spiritual-shepherding role distinct from, while respectfully drawing on the relational warmth of, customary elder authority structures.
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: uMalusi omkhulu
Transliteration: uMalusi omkhulu
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Leadership
New for 1 Peter. Christ as the supreme Shepherd over all under-shepherds (elders), to whom they are accountable (5:4); must intensify the shepherd/iNkosi theme so Christ’s supremacy over every human elder-authority, including customary clan-elder structures, is unmistakable.
Humility
Approved rendering: ukuthobeka
Transliteration: ukuthobeka
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη
Category: Leadership
New for 1 Peter. Lowliness of mind urged mutually between elders and younger believers (5:5). Must be taught as a positive, Christlike virtue freely and mutually embraced, not equated with socially enforced deference owed to chiefs, kings, or ancestral spirits within customary hierarchy.
Adversary Devil
Approved rendering: isitha, udiyabhola
Transliteration: isitha, udiyabhola
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Adversary
Original: ἀντίδικος… διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for 1 Peter. A real, personal spiritual enemy resisted in faith, described as a prowling lion (5:8). Must be sharply distinguished from ngozi (vengeful ancestral spirit) or tokoloshe-type malevolent beings; resisted through faith in Christ, not protective ritual or appeasement of other spirits.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ivangeli
Transliteration: ivangeli
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter anchors ‘the word…preached to you’ (1:25) and ‘the gospel of God’ (4:17); no change to baseline rendering or risk tier.
Peace
Approved rendering: ukuthula
Transliteration: ukuthula
Doctrine: Grace and Peace
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Closing benediction, ‘peace to all of you who are in Christ’ (5:14).
Church
Approved rendering: ibandla
Transliteration: ibandla
Doctrine: The Church as Believers in Christ
Rejected alternatives: isonto
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the ‘household of God’ language of 4:17; keep emphasis on the gathered people, not a building or denomination.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: abezizwe
Transliteration: abezizwe
Doctrine: Mission to the Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter applies this to outsiders generally (‘honorable conduct among the Gentiles,’ 2:12) and to the former vice-filled life (4:3).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: isiphrofetho
Transliteration: isiphrofetho
Doctrine: Authority of Scripture
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. God-inspired declaration concerning the grace to come (1:10-12).
Imperishable
Approved rendering: okungaboliyo
Transliteration: okungaboliyo
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἄφθαρτος
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Peter. Describes the inheritance (1:4) and the imperishable seed of the word (1:23); standard contrast with earthly, perishable goods.
Undefiled
Approved rendering: okungangcolisiwe
Transliteration: okungangcolisiwe
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀμίαντος
Category: Sanctification
New for 1 Peter. Describes the heavenly inheritance (1:4); must convey moral-spiritual purity, not a category of ritual impurity resolvable by traditional cleansing rites for contact with death or ancestral displeasure.
Tested Genuineness
Approved rendering: ukuqinisekiswa kokholo
Transliteration: ukuqinisekiswa kokholo
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Suffering
New for 1 Peter. Faith’s proven genuineness through trial, likened to gold refined by fire (1:7).
Various Trials
Approved rendering: izilingo ezitshiyeneyo
Transliteration: izilingo ezitshiyeneyo
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ποικίλοι πειρασμοί
Category: Suffering
New for 1 Peter. Diverse trials testing faith (1:6, 4:12); must be distinguished from suffering attributed to ancestral displeasure, curses, or witchcraft, the dominant traditional causal explanation for hardship.
Imperishable Seed
Approved rendering: inhlanyelo engaboliyo
Transliteration: inhlanyelo engaboliyo
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος
Category: Salvation
New for 1 Peter. The living, enduring word of God as the generative agent of the new birth (1:23); reinforces that spiritual new birth must not be conflated with biological/ancestral lineage continuity.
Peoples Possession
Approved rendering: abantu abangabakaNkulunkulu ngokupheleleyo
Transliteration: abantu abangabakaNkulunkulu ngokupheleleyo
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. A people specially acquired and owned by God as his own treasured possession (2:9); standard covenant-people language.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: inceku kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: inceku kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. True freedom found in willing service to God, not autonomy from all authority (2:16).
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: isibonelo
Transliteration: isibonelo
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑπογραμμός
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s suffering as the pattern believers imitate (2:21); reused for elders as examples to the flock (5:3).
Shepherd Overseer
Approved rendering: umalusi lombonisi
Transliteration: umalusi lombonisi
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Leadership
New for 1 Peter. Christ’s title as the one true Shepherd and Overseer of souls (2:25); positive resonance with shepherd-king imagery, must not be reduced to a merely political/royal shepherd role.
Gentle Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: umoya omnene lozolileyo
Transliteration: umoya omnene lozolileyo
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. Inner meekness and tranquility precious in God’s sight (3:4); positive character ideal with low doctrinal ambiguity.
Defense Reason Hope
Approved rendering: impendulo (yethemba)
Transliteration: impendulo (yethemba)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀπολογία
Category: Faith
New for 1 Peter. A reasoned account of the living hope believers hold, ready to be given when asked (3:15); ties directly to ithemba eliphilayo.
Good Conscience
Approved rendering: unembeza omuhle
Transliteration: unembeza omuhle
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. Inner moral integrity before God accompanying suffering for doing good (3:16) and the substance of baptism’s appeal (3:21).
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: uthando lusibekela izono ezinengi
Transliteration: uthando lusibekela izono ezinengi
Doctrine: Christian Encouragement and Love in Community
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Peter. Love’s forgiving, sin-covering power within the believing community (4:8); ‘covers’ must not be read as ritual concealment or magical protection.
Steward
Approved rendering: umphathi (womusa kaNkulunkulu)
Transliteration: umphathi (womusa kaNkulunkulu)
Doctrine: Christian Encouragement and Love in Community
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. A trustee, not owner, of Spirit-given gifts, administering God’s varied grace (4:10).
Fiery Trial
Approved rendering: ukulingwa okunjengomlilo
Transliteration: ukulingwa okunjengomlilo
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering
New for 1 Peter. A severe, refining trial, not strange but expected among believers (4:12); reuses the trial/refining vocabulary of chapter 1.
Christian Name
Approved rendering: umKristu
Transliteration: umKristu
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. The identity marker of a follower of Christ, to be worn without shame (4:16); standard once introduced consistently.
Judgment Household
Approved rendering: isahlulelo siqala endlini kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: isahlulelo siqala endlini kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. God’s own refining judgment beginning with his own household, the church, not exempting it (4:17); reuses the ibandla/household concept.
Shepherd Flock
Approved rendering: ukwelusa umhlambi / ukubonisa
Transliteration: ukwelusa umhlambi / ukubonisa
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμαίνω… ἐπισκοπέω
Category: Leadership
New for 1 Peter. The elder’s core pastoral task of willing, humble care and oversight (5:2).
Sojourners
Approved rendering: izihambi / abahlala njengabezizwe
Transliteration: izihambi / abahlala njengabezizwe
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Chosen Sojourners
Original: παρεπίδημοι
Category: Church
New for 1 Peter. Believers as elect exiles/temporary residents (1:1, 1:17, 2:11). Positive reframing opportunity, but must be introduced carefully, distinct from the settled ancestral-land belonging central to Ndebele identity, without implying rootlessness or disloyalty to community.
Mercy
Approved rendering: isihawu
Transliteration: isihawu
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New for 1 Peter. God’s own compassion toward those in distress, the motive behind the new birth (1:3) and behind believers having ‘received mercy’ (2:10). Distinct from umusa (grace); must not be reduced to reciprocal human pity or a compassion secured through ritual appeasement of uNkulunkulu or amadlozi.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ubudlelwano
Transliteration: ubudlelwano
Doctrine: Fellowship of Believers
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extended to sharing ‘in Christ’s sufferings’ (4:13) and the closing ‘kiss of love’ (5:14).
Exhort
Approved rendering: ukukhuthaza
Transliteration: ukukhuthaza
Doctrine: Christian Encouragement
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s own stated purpose in writing to the elders and the whole church (5:1, 12).
Unfading
Approved rendering: okungabuniyo
Transliteration: okungabuniyo
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀμάραντος
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Peter. Describes the inheritance (1:4) and the elders’ eschatological ‘crown of glory’ (5:4).
Referenced passages