Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark → Ndebele
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire Gospel of Mark. It extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Risk tiers use the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Legend — Source column: Baseline = term already fixed in the Romans translation memory and reused here exactly; New (Mark) = term newly analyzed for this curriculum, not present in the baseline package.
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Package
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Ndebele rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) in Mark | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | uNkulunkulu | Critical | Sovereignty of God; Jesus’ Authority | 1,2,4,5,9,10,12,14,15 | Must never read as remote/mediator-accessed; Mark repeatedly shows direct divine action through Jesus. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | uJesu | Critical | All | 1–16 | Standard established transliteration; used throughout. |
| Lord | κύριος | iNkosi | Critical | Lordship of Christ; Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 1,2,10,11,12,14,15 | Mark’s κατακυριεύουσιν wordplay (10:42) and “King of the Jews” irony (ch.15) directly engage this term’s royal/chieftaincy resonance flagged in the baseline; requires coordinated translator notes. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | iNdodana kaNkulunkulu | Critical | Sonship of Christ; Jesus as Son of God | 1,9,15 | Climactic confession at 15:39 (centurion); paired with, but distinct from, “Son of Man.” |
| Messiah | Χριστός | uMesiya | Critical | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant/Son of God | 1,8,9,12,13,14,15 | Peter’s confession (8:29) is the narrative pivot into the Messianic Secret’s second phase. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | uMoya oNgcwele | Critical | Jesus’ Authority; Sanctification (background) | 1,3,13 | Must be sharply held apart from πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (unclean spirit) and from amadlozi. |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | ukuvuka kwabafileyo | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant/Son of God | 8,9,10,12,16 | Must not be conflated with joining amadlozi, nor with the ch.5 individual “raisings” (see Table 2). |
| Father | πατήρ | uBaba | High | Sonship of Christ | 9,11,14 | Gethsemane’s filial intimacy (14:36) leans positively into Ndebele kinship resonance. |
| Abba | Ἀββά | Abha | Medium | Sonship of Christ | 14 | Preserved untranslated, per established convention. |
| Faith | πίστις | ukholo | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2,4,5,9,10,11 | Object of faith (Jesus/God) must remain recoverable from context in every occurrence. |
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ivangeli | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1,8,10,13,14,16 | Programmatic term opening (1:1) and closing (16:15) the book. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | umbuso kaNkulunkulu | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1,4,9,10,12,14 | Already/not-yet tension (1:15 “at hand” vs. 13:26 future coming) must be preserved across the book. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | isono | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Necessity of the Cross | 1,2 | Distinguish from ritual impurity/ancestral offense, per baseline. |
| Law | νόμος (background) | umthetho | High | Greatest Commandment; Necessity of the Cross | 2,7,10,12 | Underlies Sabbath controversy (ch.2) and Great Commandment (ch.12). |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | isivumelwano | High | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 14 | Basis for “blood of the covenant” compound (Table 2). |
| Prophet | προφήτης | umphrofethi | High | Messianic Secret background; Authority of Scripture | 1,6,9,13 | John the Baptist, Elijah typology, false prophets warning. |
| Election | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός | ukukhethwa (root); abakhethiweyo (elect, adj.) | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13 | Adjective form built on the baseline noun’s root. |
| David | Δαυίδ | uDavida | Low | Messianic Promise background | 10,12 | ”Son of David” title (Bartimaeus, 10:47–48). |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | uIsrayeli | Medium | Universal Need for Salvation (background) | — | Present by implication in Mark’s Jewish setting; low direct occurrence but retained for consistency. |
| Glory | δόξα | udumo | High | Suffering Servant/Son of God; Necessity of the Cross | 8,10,13 | Core-passage term (10:37) — glory only through the cup and cross. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ukuthula | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Nature | 4,5,9 | ”Peace, be still” (4:39) and “go in peace” (5:34). |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστέω | ukubonga | Low | Last Supper background | 14 | ”Having given thanks” at the institution of the Supper (14:23). |
| Holy | ἅγιος | -ngcwele | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin (contrast with “unclean”) | 1,3,7 | Contrasted throughout with κοινός/ἀκάθαρτος (defiled). |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by the Mark Curriculum
| Term (English) | Original (Greek, transliteration) | Ndebele rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Grounded reason for risk tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (ho huios tou anthrōpou) | iNdodana yoMuntu | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God; Messianic Secret; Ransom for Many | 2,8,9,10,13,14 | Mark’s dominant, deliberately veiled Christological self-title (Dan 7 background); must not be flattened to a generic human descriptor nor merged indistinctly with “Son of God.” |
| Ransom | λύτρον (lytron) | inhlawulo | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 | Collides directly with active Ndebele customary-law compensation payments (family-to-family damages); Christ’s self-given, substitutionary payment to secure release from sin/death is structurally different and must be taught with explicit distinction every occurrence. |
| Substitution (“in place of many”) | ἀντὶ πολλῶν (anti pollōn) | esikhundleni sabanengi | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 | ἀντί’s substitutionary force must not be softened into a general-benefit sense (“for the sake of”); the doctrine depends on genuine substitution. |
| Cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον (potērion) | indebe | High | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | 10,14 | Literal rendering safe, but OT wrath/judgment metaphor is not established in Ndebele without teaching-note support; risk of being read as a literal shared-meal cup. |
| Baptism (as suffering-metaphor) | βάπτισμα/βαπτίζω (baptisma/baptizō) | ukubhabhathizwa | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10 | Not in baseline; strong risk of readers defaulting to the sacramental/ritual sense and missing the metaphorical “immersion in suffering” meaning. |
| Servant (one who serves/ministers) | διάκονος (diakonos) | isikhonzi | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9,10 | Root ukukhonza also denotes religious devotion/service, including (in traditional contexts) devotion to amadlozi or a chief; must be anchored as Christ-modeled service to people, not appeasement service to an intermediary. |
| Slave/bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | isigqili | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | Must retain full force of rights-less status (escalating beyond διάκονος) while being taught as Christ’s voluntary paradox, not literal endorsement of servile status. |
| Lord it over / domineering rule | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | ukubusa ngamandla | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Lordship of Christ | 10 | Built on the same root as the Critical baseline term “Lord” (iNkosi); the deliberate wordplay contrasting worldly kyrios-style domination with Christ’s servant-lordship directly engages the historical Ndebele royal-title resonance already flagged in the baseline. |
| Authority (right to act) | ἐξουσία (exousia) | igunya | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1,2,3,6,11 | Must be distinguished both from amandla (baseline “power_of_god,” raw capability) and from spiritual power attributed to izinyanga/izangoma. |
| Unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον (pneuma akatharton / daimonion) | umoya ongcolileyo / idimoni (pl. amadimoni) | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1,3,5,6,7,9 | Central collision risk: Ndebele traditional cosmology’s spirits (amadlozi) are typically ancestral and not uniformly hostile; biblical unclean spirits are personal, evil, and opposed to God, requiring sharp categorical distinction throughout. |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ (Beelzeboul) | uBelizebhulu | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 3 | Proper name; must not be substituted with or confused for any traditional cosmological figure’s name. |
| Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον | ukuhlambalaza uMoya oNgcwele | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 3 | The one sin Mark records as unforgivable; extreme phrasing care required to avoid implying ordinary sins are unforgivable or softening this sin’s unique gravity. |
| Forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν (aphesis hamartiōn) | ukuthethelelwa kwezono | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 2 | Must not be rendered as social reconciliation or appeasement of an offended party (human or ancestral); this is God’s own authoritative release from guilt. |
| Sabbath | σάββατον (sabbaton) | iSabatha | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2 | Standard transliteration; wordplay with “Lord” (2:28) should be noted. |
| Parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | umzekeliso | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 4 | Risk of reduction to simple moral fable rather than kingdom revealing/concealing device. |
| Mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας (mystērion tēs basileias) | imfihlo yombuso kaNkulunkulu | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 4 | Must not suggest occult/divinatory secret knowledge (izangoma-type channels); this is revealed truth disclosed through Jesus’ teaching. |
| Heart (moral seat) | καρδία (kardia) | inhliziyo | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 7 | Risk of being read as purely emotional rather than the moral/volitional center of a person. |
| Corban | κορβᾶν (korban) | iKhobhani | Low–Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sin (Law-tradition contrast) | 7 | One-off technical vow-term; requires explanatory gloss, low doctrinal risk beyond that. |
| Fear (in discipleship) | φόβος/φοβέομαι (phobos/phobeomai) | ukwesaba | Medium–High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4,5,6,9,16 | Semantic range spans terror and reverential awe; context must disambiguate negative fear (rebuked) from appropriate awe (commended). |
| ”I am” self-declaration | ἐγώ εἰμι (egō eimi) | Nginguye | Critical | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 6,14 | Echoes divine self-naming (Exod 3:14); must be rendered consistently at both occurrences (6:50 nature miracle; 14:62 trial) to preserve the motif’s resolution arc. |
| Deny self | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν (aparneomai heauton) | ukuzidela | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8 | The disciple’s required posture, distinct from but patterned on Christ’s own self-giving (10:45). |
| Cross | σταυρός (stauros) | isiphambano | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | 8,15 | Must retain the specific historical execution-instrument weight; must not be reduced to generic “hardship” nor assimilated to traditional ancestral-suffering motifs. |
| Necessity (“must suffer”) | δεῖ (dei) | kufanele / kumele | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8,9,10 | Must convey theological necessity within God’s redemptive plan, not impersonal fatalism resonant with ancestral-fate thinking. |
| Life/soul | ψυχή (psychē) | impilo (life) / umphefumulo (soul), context-dependent | High | Necessity of the Cross; Faith amid Fear | 8 | One Greek word spans senses Ndebele must render with two different words within a single saying (8:35–37); requires translator note on the underlying wordplay. |
| Transfiguration | μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | ukuguqulwa isimo | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9 | Must not suggest temporary spirit-possession/trance-transformation (izangoma phenomena); this is the eternal Son’s glory becoming visible in his permanently assumed humanity. |
| Gehenna/hell | Γέεννα (Geenna) | isihogo | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Necessity of the Cross (implicit judgment background) | 9 | Must not be conflated with a traditional ancestral realm of the dead; this is final, just divine judgment. |
| Salt (metaphor) | ἅλας (halas) | itswayi | Low | Discipleship (minor) | 9 | Low-risk community-ethics metaphor. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | ukuphila okuphakade | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross | 10 | Must not be reduced to longevity or continuation through descendants/ancestor-status; this is unending life directly with God. |
| First/last (status reversal) | πρῶτος/ἔσχατος (prōtos/eschatos) | owokuqala / owokucina | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9,10 | Straightforward paired terms; theological weight carried contextually. |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ (huios Dauid) | iNdodana kaDavida | Medium | Messianic Secret background | 10 | Human royal-lineage messianic title; lower risk than divine sonship claims but must not be confused with “Son of God.” |
| Hosanna | Ὡσαννά (Hōsanna) | Hosana (preserved) | Low | Messianic Secret (public acclamation) | 11 | Preserved untranslated, per convention for Hebrew/Aramaic loanwords (cf. Abba). |
| House of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς (oikos proseuchēs) | indlu yomkhuleko | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11 | Ties to baseline “prayer” doctrine; reinforces direct-access-to-God theme. |
| Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kephalē gōnias) | ilitshe lengonsi | Medium–High | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 12 | Rejection-then-vindication pattern must be preserved in teaching, not just the general sense of “importance.” |
| Love (Greatest Commandment) | ἀγάπη/ἀγαπάω (agapē/agapaō) | uthando | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In (Law’s fulfillment) | 12 | Must not be reduced to affection or kin-loyalty obligation; this is comprehensive love toward God and all neighbors. |
| False prophets/false messiahs | ψευδοπροφῆται/ψευδόχριστοι (pseudoprophētai/pseudochristoi) | abaphrofethi bamanga / oKristu bamanga | High | Messianic Secret; Authority of Scripture | 13 | Sharpens the biblical-prophecy/diviner distinction already flagged in the baseline, now extended to false messianic claimants. |
| Blood of the covenant | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης (haima tēs diathēkēs) | igazi lesivumelwano | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 14 | Collides with Nguni blood-oath/alliance-sealing customs between human parties; Christ’s covenant-blood is a categorically different, once-for-all divine-initiative sacrifice, not a mutual pact. |
| Hand over/betray | παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi) | ukunikelwa / ukukhaphela | High | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 14 | Single verb bears both Judas’s culpable betrayal and God’s sovereign redemptive purpose; both senses must be preserved without resolving the tension. |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn) | iNkosi yamaJuda | Critical | Lordship of Christ; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 15 | Mocking title revealed as gospel truth; directly continues the core passage’s critical κύριος/iNkosi wordplay. |
| Cry of dereliction | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί (Eloi Eloi, lema sabachthani) | preserved Aramaic “Eloyi, Eloyi, lama sabakhithani” + Ndebele gloss | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 15 | Must be preserved untranslated with gloss (per Abba convention), never softened or allegorized away. |
| Temple veil torn | καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) | iveyili lethempeli (lidabuka — “is torn”) | Critical | Christ as Sole Mediator (baseline doctrine, reinforced) | 15 | Direct narrative enactment of the baseline’s Critical “Christ as Sole Mediator” doctrine — the barrier symbolizing mediated access is torn open at the cross. |
| Raising (temporary, individual) | ἐγείρω (egeirō, of Jairus’s daughter) | ukuvusa / ukuvuswa | High | Suffering Servant and Son of God (contrast) | 5 | Must be kept lexically distinct from ukuvuka kwabafileyo (Christ’s unique resurrection) to avoid implying a cyclical return-to-life resonant with amadlozi beliefs. |
| Legion | Λεγιών (Legiōn) | iLejiyoni | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5 | Proper name from narrative; reinforces but does not add new risk beyond “unclean spirit” category. |
| Rulers (of the Gentiles) | ἄρχοντες (archontes) | ababusi | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | Care needed that this reads as the biblical Gentile-ruler referent, not commentary on Ndebele political history. |
| Faith/healing overlap (“your faith has saved/healed you”) | σέσωκέν σε ἡ πίστις σου (sesōken se hē pistis sou) | ukholo lwakho lukusindisile | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | 5,10 | σώζω spans physical healing and spiritual salvation; must not reduce salvation vocabulary to mere physical rescue, per baseline’s “salvation” warning. |
Risk Summary (New Mark Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 13 | Human theologian |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 8 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low–Medium | 3 | Native speaker or automated review |
Total new terms catalogued for Mark: 39 Total baseline terms reused exactly: 22
This glossary supplies the Core Glossary (08) referenced by the Mark Language Package’s forthcoming translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json updates in later Phase 1 steps, and must be read together with analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ukuvuka kwabafileyo
Transliteration: ukuvuka kwabafileyo
Doctrine: Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Bodily, historical, once-for-all rising; must not be conflated with a deceased person joining the amadlozi (ancestral spirits), the dominant traditional Ndebele understanding of the afterlife. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it must also stay lexically distinct from the this-worldly, repeatable ‘ukuvusa/ukuvuswa’ (temporary raising) of ch.5.
Lord
Approved rendering: iNkosi
Transliteration: iNkosi
Doctrine: Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship. ‘iNkosi’ is also the traditional title for a king or chief, carrying strong weight in Ndebele history. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where the term is directly engaged by the katakyrieuo wordplay (10:42) and the ironic ‘King of the Jews’ title (ch.15) and must be taught as exceeding, not merely paralleling, that royal title.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: iNdodana kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: iNdodana kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Christ’s unique, eternal, co-equal divine sonship, not an honored ancestor or intermediary spirit. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it appears at the baptism (1:11), the Transfiguration (9:7), and the centurion’s climactic confession (15:39), and must remain distinct from, though complementary to, the new ‘iNdodana yoMuntu’ (Son of Man) title.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ukuba ngumuntu
Transliteration: ukuba ngumuntu
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
Category: Christology
Theological name for God the Son becoming permanently human; must not be rendered with language suggesting temporary spirit-possession. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it is the theological background to the Transfiguration (9:2-8), which must not be read as izangoma-style trance-transformation.
Messiah
Approved rendering: uMesiya
Transliteration: uMesiya
Doctrine: Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
The Anointed One promised in the Old Testament, fulfilled exclusively in Jesus. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where Peter’s confession (8:29) is the narrative pivot into the Messianic Secret’s second phase.
Jesus
Approved rendering: uJesu
Transliteration: uJesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Standard, well-established Nguni Bible transliteration. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, used throughout chapters 1-16.
God
Approved rendering: uNkulunkulu
Transliteration: uNkulunkulu
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: the established Nguni term for the Supreme Being; the doctrinal risk is its traditional framing as remote and reached through amadlozi. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, which repeatedly shows direct divine action through Jesus without ancestral mediation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: uMoya oNgcwele
Transliteration: uMoya oNgcwele
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifting
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
The third Person of the Trinity, personal and divine; must not be conflated with amadlozi or a possessing spirit. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it must be sharply held apart from the new term ‘umoya ongcolileyo’ (unclean spirit) and named in the unforgivable-sin warning (3:28-29).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: iNdodana yoMuntu
Transliteration: iNdodana yoMuntu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: umuntu (generic ‘a human being’) — rejected as flattening the Daniel 7 exalted-authority sense entirely into ordinary humanity
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Mark’s dominant, deliberately veiled Christological self-title (Daniel 7:13-14 background), first at 2:10 and resolved at 13:26/14:62. Must be rendered identically at all 14 Markan occurrences (2:10; 2:28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21 x2; 14:41; 14:62) and kept distinct from, though complementary to, iNdodana kaNkulunkulu.
Ransom
Approved rendering: inhlawulo
Transliteration: inhlawulo
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: an active Ndebele customary-law term for family-to-family compensation payment (e.g. for pregnancy out of wedlock or injury), typically paid by the guilty party’s kin to the offended party’s kin. Mark 10:45 runs in the opposite structural direction: the offended party’s own Son voluntarily pays with his own life for the guilty, at his own initiative. Every occurrence requires a mandatory translator note stating this direction-of-payment inversion explicitly.
Substitution Anti Pollon
Approved rendering: esikhundleni sabanengi
Transliteration: esikhundleni sabanengi
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ngenxa yabanengi (“for the sake of/because of many”) — rejected because it softens ἀντί’s substitutionary force into a general-benefit sense, quietly removing the doctrine of substitution from the atonement claim
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
Renders ἀντὶ πολλῶν, marking genuine substitution (“in place of”), the doctrinal heart of Mark 10:45’s ransom saying. Any drift toward a general-benefit phrase is a Critical validation failure in Phase 2.
Lord It Over Katakyrieuo
Approved rendering: ukubusa ngamandla
Transliteration: ukubusa ngamandla
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Lordship of Jesus Christ
Original: κατακυριεύουσιν
Category: Servanthood
Built directly on the same root as the Critical baseline term iNkosi, the historical title of the Ndebele kings (Mzilikazi, Lobengula). Mark 10:42’s deliberate wordplay contrasting worldly kyrios-style domination with Christ’s servant-lordship must be actively engaged and subverted, not avoided; translator note required at every occurrence.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: umoya ongcolileyo / idimoni (pl. amadimoni)
Transliteration: umoya ongcolileyo / idimoni
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: idlozi (ancestral spirit) — rejected because it would directly conflate hostile, evil demonic beings with amadlozi, which are typically ancestral and not uniformly hostile in traditional cosmology
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Authority
Recurs across chs. 1,3,5,6,7,9. The dual-track loanword (idimoni) plus paraphrase (umoya ongcolileyo) strategy keeps the demonic category lexically distanced from native ancestral-spirit vocabulary. Standing teaching note required at every occurrence: hostile to God, not ancestral, never to be consulted or appeased, only ever expelled by Jesus’ authority.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ukuhlambalaza uMoya oNgcwele
Transliteration: ukuhlambalaza uMoya oNgcwele
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἡ βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Sin
The one sin Mark records Jesus naming as unforgivable (3:28-29). Extreme phrasing care required so this is not read as implying ordinary sins are unforgivable, nor softened in its unique gravity.
I Am Self Declaration
Approved rendering: Nginguye
Transliteration: Nginguye
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: yimi lo (casual ‘it’s just me’) — rejected for losing the Exodus 3:14 divine self-naming echo
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
Echoes the divine self-identification formula, used at the walking-on-water miracle (6:50) and at the trial (14:62); must be rendered consistently at both occurrences to preserve the Messianic Secret’s veiled-to-unveiled resolution arc.
Cross
Approved rendering: isiphambano
Transliteration: isiphambano
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Passion
Must retain the specific historical execution-instrument weight (8:34; 15:21-32); must not be reduced to a generic metaphor for ‘hardship,’ nor assimilated to any traditional Ndebele motif of ancestral suffering or ritual affliction.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: ukuguqulwa isimo
Transliteration: ukuguqulwa isimo
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
A momentary unveiling of Christ’s pre-existent divine glory shining through his permanently assumed humanity (9:2-8); must not suggest temporary spirit-possession or trance-transformation, a phenomenon associated with izangoma in Ndebele traditional religious practice.
Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: igazi lesivumelwano
Transliteration: igazi lesivumelwano
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Salvation
Christ’s own sacrificial blood establishing the new covenant (14:24), echoing Exodus 24:8. Collides with active Nguni blood-oath/alliance-sealing customs between human parties; must be taught as a categorically different, once-for-all, divine-initiative sacrifice, not a mutual pact. Teaching note required at every occurrence.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: iNkosi yamaJuda
Transliteration: iNkosi yamaJuda
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
The mocking title placed over the cross (15:2,9,12,18,26), ironically gospel truth; ties directly to the core passage’s Critical kyrios/iNkosi wordplay (10:42-45) and must be preserved as irony, not smoothed over.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: Eloyi, Eloyi, lama sabakhithani (gloss: Nkulunkulu wami, Nkulunkulu wami, kungani ungidelile?)
Transliteration: Eloyi, Eloyi, lama sabakhithani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Passion
Jesus’ cry of anguish quoting Psalm 22:1 (15:34); must be preserved as a direct Aramaic transliteration with an Ndebele gloss alongside, per the Abba convention — never silently replaced by the gloss alone, softened, or allegorized away.
Temple Veil Torn
Approved rendering: iveyili lethempeli lidabuka
Transliteration: iveyili lethempeli lidabuka
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God (Christ as Sole Mediator, reinforced)
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Passion
The Temple’s inner curtain, barring direct access to God’s presence, torn at the moment of Jesus’ death (15:38); must be explicitly taught in connection with the baseline’s Christ-as-Sole-Mediator doctrine as the barrier symbolizing mediated access being torn open — no need for amadlozi or any other intermediary.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ukholo
Transliteration: ukholo
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Standard term for belief/trust; context must anchor the object of ukholo specifically to Christ. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it is repeatedly juxtaposed directly against ukwesaba (fear) as competing responses (4:40-41; 5:36).
Holy
Approved rendering: -ngcwele
Transliteration: ngcwele
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Standard adjective root for set-apart purity before uNkulunkulu; distinguish from ritual purity required before approaching ancestral spirits. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it is contrasted throughout with koinos/akatharton (defiled), especially in the ch.7 purity controversy.
Law
Approved rendering: umthetho
Transliteration: umthetho
Doctrine: Righteousness of God
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic Law; must not be rendered with a term for customary law or ancestral taboo. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, underlying the Sabbath controversy (ch.2), purity debate (ch.7), and Great Commandment (ch.12).
Sin
Approved rendering: isono
Transliteration: isono
Doctrine: Humanity’s Sinfulness
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression before a personal God; distinguish from ritual impurity or an offense against the ancestors requiring appeasement. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, central to the paralytic healing (2:1-12) and the heart-defilement teaching (ch.7).
Glory
Approved rendering: udumo
Transliteration: udumo
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: inkazimulo
Original: δόξα
Category: God
‘Udumo’ preferred for its stronger established use in Nguni Bible tradition for God’s glory specifically. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where the core passage (10:37) shows the disciples imagining Christ’s glory as royal-court honor, when it is in fact reached only through the cup and cross.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: amandla kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: amandla kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: God’s Saving Power
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
God’s power specifically for salvation; keep distinct from spiritual power traditionally associated with izinyanga and izangoma. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it must also be held distinct from igunya (exousia, delegated right/authority to act), a new Markan term.
Prophet
Approved rendering: umphrofethi
Transliteration: umphrofethi
Doctrine: Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: isangoma
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Must be sharply distinguished from ‘isangoma’ (diviner) or ‘inyanga’ (traditional healer). Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where John the Baptist and Elijah both function in this role (1:2-8; 9:4-7).
Covenant
Approved rendering: isivumelwano
Transliteration: isivumelwano
Doctrine: God’s Calling and Election
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
A binding, relational agreement; standard term. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, forming the basis for the new compound ‘igazi lesivumelwano’ (blood of the covenant, 14:24).
Election
Approved rendering: ukukhethwa
Transliteration: ukukhethwa
Doctrine: God’s Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign, personal choice; must not be rendered with a term implying fate assigned impersonally by ancestral forces. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where the derived adjective ‘abakhethiweyo’ (the elect) is used at 13:20,22,27.
Father
Approved rendering: uBaba
Transliteration: uBaba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal Father; Ndebele kinship structures give strong relational resonance here, an asset when anchored correctly. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where Gethsemane’s filial intimacy (14:36) leans positively into this resonance amid Jesus’ deepest anguish.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: indebe
Transliteration: indebe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Passion
Literal rendering of the drinking-vessel is safe, but the OT wrath/judgment metaphor (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15) carried no independent life in Ndebele without teaching support. Occurs at 10:38-39 and 14:36 (Gethsemane); must not be read as an invitation to a literal shared covenant-drink divorced from the suffering sense.
Baptism Suffering Metaphor
Approved rendering: ukubhabhathizwa
Transliteration: ukubhabhathizwa
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Passion
Not present in the baseline Romans package. Strong risk that readers default to the sacramental/ritual water-baptism sense and miss Jesus’ metaphorical ‘immersion in suffering’ at 10:38-39. Mandatory translator note required at each occurrence.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: isikhonzi
Transliteration: isikhonzi
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
The root -khonza is also the ordinary Ndebele verb for religious devotion/service, including devotion to amadlozi or ritual service to a chief. Every occurrence (9:35; 10:43) requires anchoring language: Christ-modeled service directed to people, not appeasement service to an intermediary spirit.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: isigqili
Transliteration: isigqili
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: isisebenzi (ordinary paid worker/servant) — rejected as too weak, losing the deliberate escalation beyond diakonos to full rights-less bondage
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
Correctly carries the full weight of rights-less bondage needed for the escalation from diakonos (10:43) to doulos (10:44). Must be taught explicitly as the voluntary posture of the greatest, mirroring Christ (v.45), never as endorsement of actual servile status.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: igunya
Transliteration: igunya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: amandla — rejected as this denotes raw power/capability (God’s saving power), not the right/license to act
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
The inherent right to act (1:22,27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 11:28-29,33), distinct from amandla kaNkulunkulu (raw miracle-working power) and from spiritual power traditionally claimed by izinyanga and izangoma.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: ukuthethelelwa kwezono
Transliteration: ukuthethelelwa kwezono
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Christ as Sole Mediator
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sin
God’s own authoritative release from guilt, exercised directly by Jesus (2:5-10) without priestly or ancestral intermediary; must not be rendered as social reconciliation or appeasement of an offended party.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: imfihlo yombuso kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: imfihlo yombuso kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
‘Imfihlo’ also carries occult/divinatory secret-knowledge connotations (izangoma-type channels); must be paired with ‘yombuso kaNkulunkulu’ every time and taught as revealed truth disclosed by Jesus (4:11), never hidden knowledge gained by ritual means.
Fear Phobos
Approved rendering: ukwesaba
Transliteration: ukwesaba
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
Spans both rebuked terror (4:40) and commended reverential awe (4:41; 16:8); context must disambiguate which sense is active at each occurrence (4:41; 5:33; 6:50; 9:6; 16:8), or the doctrine’s central tension collapses.
Deny Self
Approved rendering: ukuzidela
Transliteration: ukuzidela
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
The disciple’s required posture of self-denial (8:34), distinct from but patterned on Christ’s own substitutionary self-giving (10:45); must always be anchored to the ‘and follow me’ clause of the same verse.
Necessity Dei
Approved rendering: kufanele / kumele
Transliteration: kufanele / kumele
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Passion
Impersonal verb of divine necessity (8:31), establishing suffering, death, and resurrection as necessary to God’s redemptive plan; must convey theological necessity, not impersonal fate resonant with ancestral-fate thinking.
Life Soul Psyche
Approved rendering: impilo (life) / umphefumulo (soul), context-dependent
Transliteration: impilo / umphefumulo
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ψυχή
Category: Discipleship
A single Greek word (psychē) spans senses Ndebele must render with two different words within one saying (8:35-37); translator note required flagging the underlying wordplay so readers understand it is one Greek word throughout.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: isihogo
Transliteration: isihogo
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Γέεννα
Category: Sin
Place/state of final divine judgment (9:43-48); must not be conflated with any traditional Ndebele conception of an ancestral realm of the dead or a temporary post-death state.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ukuphila okuphakade
Transliteration: ukuphila okuphakade
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
Unending, God-given life in the age to come (10:17,30); must not be reduced to longevity or continuation through descendants/ancestor-status.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ilitshe lengonsi
Transliteration: ilitshe lengonsi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Passion
The rejected stone that becomes the foundation stone (12:10, citing Psalm 118:22); the rejection-then-vindication pattern, not merely general ‘importance,’ must be preserved in teaching.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: uthando
Transliteration: uthando
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (Law’s fulfillment)
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Law
Self-giving, covenantal love commanded toward God and neighbor (12:29-31); must not be reduced to mere affection or the loyalty owed specifically within kinship or clan structures.
False Prophets False Messiahs
Approved rendering: abaphrofethi bamanga / oKristu bamanga
Transliteration: abaphrofethi bamanga / oKristu bamanga
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται / ψευδόχριστοι
Category: Eschatology
Deceptive end-times claimants (13:22); sharpens the baseline distinction between true biblical prophecy and diviner/spirit-medium phenomena, extended to false messianic claimants; must be taught as deliberately deceptive, not merely mistaken.
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: ukunikelwa / ukukhaphela
Transliteration: ukunikelwa / ukukhaphela
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδοται / παραδίδωμι
Category: Passion
A single Greek verb bears both Judas’s culpable betrayal (ukukhaphela, 14:10-11,18,21,42-44) and God’s sovereign redemptive purpose (ukunikelwa, passive, 9:31; 10:33); both senses must be preserved without resolving the tension either direction.
Raising Temporary
Approved rendering: ukuvusa / ukuvuswa
Transliteration: ukuvusa / ukuvuswa
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God (Resurrection, contrast case)
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
This-worldly, temporary restoration to mortal life (Jairus’s daughter, 5:41-42); must be kept lexically distinct from ukuvuka kwabafileyo to avoid implying a cyclical return-to-life resonant with amadlozi beliefs.
Faith Healing Overlap
Approved rendering: ukholo lwakho lukusindisile
Transliteration: ukholo lwakho lukusindisile
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: σέσωκέν σε ἡ πίστις σου
Category: Faith
‘Your faith has saved/healed you’ (5:34; 10:52); the verb sōzō spans physical healing and spiritual salvation. Must not reduce salvation vocabulary to mere physical rescue from misfortune of the kind sought through ancestral appeasement; healing is a sign pointing toward, not a substitute for, the fuller usindiso.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ivangeli
Transliteration: ivangeli
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Standard Nguni loanword, consistent with Zulu Bible usage. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where it is the programmatic term opening (1:1) and closing (16:15) the book.
Peace
Approved rendering: ukuthula
Transliteration: ukuthula
Doctrine: Grace and Peace
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God through justification, not merely a settled household or the absence of ancestral displeasure. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, extended to Jesus’ authority over the storm (‘Peace, be still,’ 4:39) and his word to the healed woman (5:34).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: umbuso kaNkulunkulu
Transliteration: umbuso kaNkulunkulu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign; distinguish from a territorial or ethnic kingdom, given the historical weight of the Ndebele kingdom (umbuso) under Mzilikazi and Lobengula. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, where the already/not-yet tension (1:15 ‘at hand’ vs. 13:26 future coming) must be preserved throughout.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: abezizwe
Transliteration: abezizwe
Doctrine: Mission to the Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Non-Jewish nations/peoples; established Nguni Bible term. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, occurring at 10:42 (rulers of the Gentiles, the negative model) and 13:10 (universal gospel proclamation).
Israel
Approved rendering: uIsrayeli
Transliteration: uIsrayeli
Doctrine: Universal Need for Salvation
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Proper name; the covenant people. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, present by implication throughout Jesus’ Jewish ministry setting.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abha
Transliteration: Abha
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Aramaic term of filial intimacy, preserved untranslated. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, used at the Gethsemane prayer (14:36).
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: uBelizebhulu
Transliteration: uBelizebhulu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Authority
Proper name of a demonic prince (3:22); must not be substituted with or confused for any figure from Ndebele traditional cosmology.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: iSabatha
Transliteration: iSabatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σάββατον
Category: Authority
Standard transliteration (2:23-28); note the wordplay at 2:28 (‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’) anticipating the Critical kyrios/iNkosi wordplay of 10:42.
Parable
Approved rendering: umzekeliso
Transliteration: umzekeliso
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: inganekwane (folk-tale) — rejected because it resolves cleanly and teaches a simple moral, losing the deliberate revealing/concealing dual function of a biblical parable
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Mark’s characteristic teaching form (4:2), both revealing and concealing kingdom truth depending on the hearer’s disposition (4:11-12).
Heart
Approved rendering: inhliziyo
Transliteration: inhliziyo
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: καρδία
Category: Sin
The moral/spiritual seat of a person (7:19,21), not merely the physical organ or seat of emotion alone; teaching note may clarify the fuller biblical sense.
First Last
Approved rendering: owokuqala / owokucina
Transliteration: owokuqala / owokucina
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: πρῶτος / ἔσχατος
Category: Servanthood
Paired status-reversal terms (9:35; 10:31); theological weight carried by context, not lexical difficulty.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: iNdodana kaDavida
Transliteration: iNdodana kaDavida
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Human royal-lineage messianic title used by blind Bartimaeus (10:47-48); must not be confused with the Critical divine-sonship title iNdodana kaNkulunkulu.
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: indlu yomkhuleko
Transliteration: indlu yomkhuleko
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; Christ as Sole Mediator
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Kingdom
The Temple’s true purpose as a place of access to God in prayer for all nations (11:17); ties to the direct-access-to-God theme central to the whole curriculum family.
Legion
Approved rendering: iLejiyoni
Transliteration: iLejiyoni
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Authority
Proper name given by the possessing spirit(s) (5:9), evoking overwhelming hostile force decisively subdued by Jesus’ authority; reinforces but does not add new risk beyond the ‘unclean spirit’ category.
Rulers Of Gentiles
Approved rendering: ababusi
Transliteration: ababusi
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἄρχοντες
Category: Servanthood
Rulers/leading men of the Gentile nations, the negative model of worldly authority (10:42); care needed so this reads as the biblical Gentile-ruler referent, not commentary on the historical Ndebele royal court or contemporary Zimbabwean politics.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ukubonga
Transliteration: ukubonga
Doctrine: Christian Encouragement
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Standard, low-ambiguity term. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, used at the institution of the Last Supper (14:23).
David
Approved rendering: uDavida
Transliteration: uDavida
Doctrine: God’s Calling and Election
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Proper name; standard Nguni Bible transliteration. Inherited from Romans package; unchanged for Mark, invoked by Bartimaeus as ‘Son of David’ (10:47-48).
Corban
Approved rendering: iKhobhani
Transliteration: iKhobhani
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Law
A one-off transliterated Hebrew vow-formula (7:11) with no natural Ndebele equivalent; requires an explanatory gloss but carries low direct doctrinal collision risk.
Salt
Approved rendering: itswayi
Transliteration: itswayi
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (minor)
Original: ἅλας
Category: Discipleship
Metaphor for preserving quality/distinctiveness among disciples (9:50); low-risk community-ethics metaphor.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: Hosana
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
Hebrew acclamation (‘save now!’) shouted at the triumphal entry (11:9-10); preserved untranslated per the same convention as Abba.
Referenced passages