Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic intimacy-term preserved as in Romans 8:15.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  CRITICAL: beyond the shared Quranic restriction on adoption (33:4-5), Pashtun identity and inheritance are organized around an unusually rigid patrilineal tribal genealogy (qawm/khel descent, traced to named common ancestors).

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  CRITICAL: beyond the shared Quranic restriction on adoption, Pashtun identity and inheritance are organized around an unusually rigid patrilineal tribal genealogy; a non-blood-descended person receiving full inheritance status is an especially sharp departure from social norms that must be taught explicitly.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Generally everyday invitation-vocabulary rather than a uniquely religious-missionary term; the direction of address (God calling a person) still needs to be made explicit.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  A native Pashto word for a solemn pact, resonant with Pashtunwali's own serious customary treaty-making between feuding parties.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Shared, positively-regarded Quranic prophet-king figure; supply the covenant-king typology pointing to Messiah explicitly.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Dawud is a shared, positively-regarded Quranic prophet-king, but without the covenant-king typology pointing forward to a promised messianic heir; this background must be taught, not assumed.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: co-equal divine nature, the paradigm case of shirk from a tawhid standpoint.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  Generally everyday invitation-vocabulary; still needs the direction of address (God calling a person) made explicit.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Distinguish from folk qadar fatalism and from tribal-lineage-based notions of chosenness; this is God's specific redemptive purpose unto salvation through Christ.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Beyond the shared Sunni qadar doctrine, Pashtun tribal culture's emphasis on lineage-based status and honor could color 'chosenness' as tied to bloodline or tribal prestige; Romans 9's election is God's free redemptive choice unrelated to lineage or tribal standing.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  CRITICAL: shares the tawhid-anthropomorphism objection with Arabic and Persian.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  Pashto has its own rich Sufi poetic tradition (Rahman Baba, Khushal Khan Khattak) using jalal-adjacent vocabulary for divine majesty; helpful for devotional weight but must be anchored to Christ's specific historical glory, not left as generalized mystical splendor.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: Khudai is a native word from the same Old Iranian root as Persian's Khoda (Pashto being an Eastern Iranian language), not exclusively an Arabic/Quranic term - a genuine linguistic asset.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: carries the same pre-loaded Quranic content as Arabic's al-Masih (honored prophet, not divine, not crucified).

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Masih carries the same pre-loaded Quranic content as in Arabic - honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not risen.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.9.5