Core Glossary

Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Greek)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all thirteen chapters of 2 Corinthians. It is organized in two parts: (A) terms already established in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json, which 2 Corinthians reuses exactly, without modification, and (B) new terms introduced by this curriculum, organized by the eight governing doctrines. This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json before any Phase 2 segment translation begins.

Part A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Language Package

No entry in this table may be altered, retranslated, or substituted. Risk tiers are inherited unchanged from the baseline.

Term	Greek Rendering	Baseline Risk	Key 2 Corinthians Occurrences	Note for This Curriculum
grace	χάρη	Critical	1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6-7,9,19; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14	Expanded range in chs. 8-9 (both “God’s enabling favor” and “the gift itself”); 12:9 is a maximum-priority doctrinal anchor verse.
faith	πίστη	High	1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 13:5	5:7 “by faith, not by sight” is a keynote formula.
righteousness	δικαιοσύνη	Critical	5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15	5:21’s “righteousness of God…in him” is the passage’s climax; must retain forensic, credited-status sense.
salvation	σωτηρία	Critical	1:6; 6:2; 7:10	6:2 quotes Isaiah 49:8 LXX directly, readable in Paul’s own words.
apostle	απόστολος	Low	1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12	11:5/12:11 ironically modified (“super-apostles,” “false apostles” — see Part B).
holy / saints	άγιος / άγιοι	Critical / High	1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12	Corporate designation for all believers; same disambiguation caution as baseline (not exclusively canonized, name-day saints).
resurrection (conceptually; verb ἐγείρω)	ανάσταση	Critical	4:14; 5:15	2 Corinthians mostly uses the verb ἐγείρω (“raise”) rather than the noun; render with the same bodily, historical, once-for-all force as the baseline noun entry.
lord	Κύριος	Critical	1:2-3,14; 3:17-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:5,9,19,21; 10:8,17-18; 11:17,31; 12:1,8; 13:14	Extremely frequent throughout; every occurrence must resist the “Mister/Sir” secular flattening.
son of god	Υιός του Θεού	Critical	1:19	”The Son of God, Jesus Christ…was not Yes and No” — affirms Christ’s reliability from his unique Sonship.
holy spirit	Άγιο Πνεύμα	Critical	1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 13:14	Central to the New Covenant doctrine (ch.3) and the closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14).
father	Πατέρας	Critical	1:3; 6:18 (as covenant-Father); 11:31	1:3 “Father of mercies” — pair with the new “comfort” term (Part B).
church	εκκλησία	Medium	1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13	Reused for Paul’s own churches and “the churches” (Macedonia, etc.) throughout.
law	νόμος	High	(minimal direct use)	Underlying the “letter”/old-covenant contrast in ch.3, though νόμος itself is not the dominant word there — see γράμμα (Part B).
sin	αμαρτία	Medium (Critical at 5:21)	5:21; 11:7	5:21’s double occurrence (“did not know sin”…“made sin”) is elevated to Critical for this curriculum — flag for theologian review regardless of general tier.
glory	δόξα	Medium	1:20; 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23	Central to ch.3-4’s New Covenant argument; reinforce divine-radiance sense against secular “fame.”
power of god	δύναμη Θεού	Medium	4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4	12:9’s “power is made perfect in weakness” is the doctrinal anchor for “Power in Weakness.”
covenant	διαθήκη	High	3:6,14	3:6 “new covenant” also collides with διαθήκη’s status as the fixed title of the New Testament corpus — see Part B note.
freedom	ελευθερία	Critical	3:17	”Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom” — fence against the national-political liberation default.
flesh	σάρκα	Critical	1:17; 4:11; 5:16; 7:1,5; 10:2-4; 11:18; 12:7	Recurs across chs.4-5,10-12; explanatory notes required per baseline pattern (not Platonic body/soul dualism).
fellowship	κοινωνία	Medium	6:14; 8:4; 9:13; 13:14	Ch.8-9’s “partnership in giving” sense and 13:14’s Trinitarian-fellowship sense both require active disambiguation from “society”/“Holy Communion.”
thanksgiving	ευχαριστία	Medium	2:14 (implied); 4:15; 9:11-12	9:11-12’s “gift produces thanksgiving to God” context aids disambiguation from the sacramental sense.
exhort	προτρέπω	Low	(see also new “comfort” and “appeal” senses, Part B)	Baseline rendering applies specifically to the urging/encouraging sense of παρακαλέω; 2 Corinthians requires distinguishing this from the letter’s dominant “comfort” sense — see Part B.
sow and reap	ό,τι σπείρει ο άνθρωπος, αυτό και θα θερίσει	Medium	9:6	Living Modern Greek proverb; personal divine reward, not karma.
new creation	καινή δημιουργία (καινή κτίση)	High	5:17	5:17 is now this term’s primary NT anchor-text, alongside Galatians 6:15. Anchor with καινή δημιουργία; retain καινή κτίση liturgically.
boast in the cross / boasting	καυχώμαι στον σταυρό / καύχηση, καυχάομαι	Low	5:12; 7:4,14; 8:24; 9:2-3; 10:8,13,15-17; 11:10,12,16-18,30; 12:1,5-6,9,11	Extended, deliberately ironic use throughout chs.10-12 (“foolish” boasting in weakness) is a distinctive 2 Corinthians development of this baseline term.
credited	λογίστηκε (λογίζομαι)	Critical	5:19	”Not counting their trespasses against them” — the forensic non-imputation counterpart to imputed righteousness.
certainly not	μη γένοιτο	Low	(not directly attested in 2 Corinthians; retained for cross-curriculum consistency)	No action required; listed for completeness.

Part B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians, Organized by Doctrine

Doctrine: Reconciliation with God

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
reconciliation / reconcile	καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω	katallagḕ / katallássō	Critical	5:18-20	Modern Greek usage is dominated by political/diplomatic “national reconciliation” register — a negotiated settlement between roughly equal parties. Paul’s doctrine is unilateral, God-initiated, cross-accomplished restoration of the offended party’s own making. Anchor every occurrence against the horizontal-diplomatic default.
ambassador	πρεσβεύω / πρεσβευτής	presbeúō	Medium-High	5:20	Modern Greek πρεσβευτής (diplomatic ambassador) is an unusually direct, felicitous match — a genuine asset — but must retain the urgent, pleading force of Paul’s appeal (“we beg you”), not a merely procedural diplomatic register.
ministry (of reconciliation)	διακονία	diakonía	High	3:7-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3	Cognate διάκονος is now almost exclusively the ordained deacon in Modern Greek; risk of narrowing Paul’s general gospel-service sense to a formal ecclesiastical office. Central keyword for “Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.”
word of reconciliation	λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς	lógos tês katallagês	Critical (compound of above)	5:19	Combine the καταλλαγή risk profile above with λόγος’s stable “message” sense; the message entrusted to Paul’s ministry.
trespasses	παράπτωμα	paráptōma	Medium	5:19	Related to αμαρτία; low unique risk beyond general sin-vocabulary caution.
world (as object of reconciliation)	κόσμος	kósmos	Medium	5:19	Universal scope of God’s reconciling work; ties to Romans-baseline universal-scope pattern.

Doctrine: New Creation in Christ

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
new creation	καινή δημιουργία (καινή κτίση)	kainḕ ktísis	High	5:17	Reused exactly from baseline (Galatians 6:15 entry). 5:17 should now be taught as this term’s primary anchor-text.
old things passed away	τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν	tà archaía parêlthen	Medium	5:17	Guard against unintended resonance with Greek national-heritage “antiquity” pride (αρχαία Ελλάδα); refers strictly to the old spiritual order.
in Christ	ἐν Χριστῷ	en Christô	High (doctrinal weight; low unique lexical risk)	5:17 and throughout	Pauline union-formula; foundational identity category.

Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
comfort/consolation	παράκλησις (and verb παρακαλέω, comfort sense)	paráklēsis	Critical	1:3-7; 2:7; 7:6-7,13	Modern Greek has bleached παράκληση to “a request/plea” — the same secular-bleaching pattern as the baseline’s κλήση. Counterbalancing asset: Παράκλητος, the Holy Spirit’s Orthodox liturgical title. Reactivate the comfort/consolation sense in every occurrence.
affliction/tribulation	θλίψις	thlípsis	Medium-High	1:4,8; 2:4; 4:8,17; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2,13	Modern usage narrows toward emotional sadness/grief rather than the fuller NT sense of external hardship/persecution/calamity.
suffering(s) (of Christ)	πάθημα	páthēma	Medium	1:5-7	Strong liturgical asset via “Άγια Πάθη” (Holy Week Passion); low drift risk.
seal	σφραγίς / σφραγίζω	sphragís	Low-Medium	1:22	Minor modern bleaching toward “dental filling” (σφράγισμα); context disambiguates.
guarantee/pledge (of the Spirit)	αρραβών	arrabṽn	Low (positive asset)	1:22; 5:5	Modern Greek “engagement/betrothal” — a vivid, doctrinally apt living metaphor; flag as an asset to actively use.
sincerity	ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια	haplótēs / eilikríneia	Medium	1:12; 2:17; 8:2	ἁπλότης carries a secondary “naivety” risk to avoid; overlaps with “generosity” sense in ch.8.
triumphal procession	θριαμβεύω	thriambeúō	Low	2:14	Transparent loan-adjacent term; no significant drift.
fragrance/aroma	ὀσμή	osmḕ	Low	2:14-16	Stable.
peddle for profit	καπηλεύω	kapēleúō	Low-Medium (asset)	2:17	Live modern political-rhetoric usage (“cynically exploiting an issue”) closely matches Paul’s charge; asset to actively use.
letters of commendation	ἐπιστολαί συστατικαί	epistolaì systatikaí	Low	3:1	Transparent, alive.
treasure in jars of clay	θησαυρός / ὀστράκινα σκεύη	thēsaurós / ostrákina skeúē	Low	4:7	Vivid, transparent; grounds “Power in Weakness” doctrine early.
outer man / inner man	ὁ ἔξω / ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος	ho éxō / ho ésō ánthrōpos	High	4:16	Platonic body-soul dualism risk (parallel to baseline flesh/Spirit caution); must be held together with bodily-resurrection hope (5:1-10).
eternal weight of glory	αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης	aiṽnion báros dóxēs	Low (with δόξα Medium per baseline)	4:17	Vivid, stable pairing.
tent (body)	σκῆνος	skḕnos	Medium	5:1-4	Guard against Platonic-escape reading; must connect to resurrection-body hope.
house not made with hands	οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος	oikía acheiropoíētos	Low-Medium	5:1	Transparent.
groan	στενάζω	stenázō	Low	5:2,4	Stable.
naked (unclothed)	γυμνός	gymnós	Low	5:3	Stable.
judgment seat of Christ	βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	bêma toû Christoú	High	5:10	Modern βήμα = political podium/rostrum, risking a ceremonial (non-judicial) reading; Orthodox hymnography’s “φοβερόν βήμα” is a strong counterbalancing asset.
godly grief / repentance	λύπη κατά Θεόν / μετάνοια	lýpē / metánoia	Medium / High	7:9-11	μετάνοια is a rich, largely aligned Orthodox asset but risks narrowing to the formal confession rite (εξομολόγηση) to the exclusion of Paul’s broader point.
hardship catalogue	κόπος, μόχθος, θάνατος, κτλ.	—	Low individually / High cumulatively	6:4-10; 11:23-27	Authenticates genuine ministry through suffering, not triumphalism.

Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
new covenant	καινὴ διαθήκη	kainḕ diathḕkē	High (διαθήκη reused from baseline)	3:6	Additional Greek-specific collision: this exact phrase is also the fixed title of the New Testament itself — risk of “the book” displacing “the covenant relationship.”
letter (vs. Spirit)	γράμμα	grámma	High	3:6	Guard against the flattening English idiom “letter vs. spirit of the law” (literalism vs. intent); Paul’s contrast is an epoch/covenant contrast, not a hermeneutical method.
tablet(s)	πλάξ	pláx	Low-Medium	3:3	Requires Exodus/Jeremiah background to land theologically; readable directly in the LXX.
veil	κάλυμμα	kálymma	Medium	3:13-16	Shares root-family with αποκάλυψη (baseline revelation, Medium); note the etymological link.
unveiled face	ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ	anakekalymménō prosṽpō	Low	3:18	Transparent.
transformed (into his likeness)	μεταμορφόω	metamorphóō	Critical	3:18	Identical root to Η Μεταμόρφωσις (Transfiguration feast) and theosis theology — a rich, largely aligned asset requiring care that Paul’s gospel-mediated, ongoing “from glory to glory” sense is not detached from its beholding-through-faith frame.
boldness	παρρησία	parrhēsía	Medium	3:12	Modern civic “freedom of speech” resonance must not displace confident access before God.
freedom	ελευθερία	eleuthería	Critical (reused from baseline)	3:17	See Part A.
temple of the living God	ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος	naòs theoú zṽntos	High	6:16	ναός is the standard Modern Greek word for the literal church building — strong risk that the corporate people-of-God claim collapses into a statement about a physical structure.
unequally yoked	ἑτεροζυγέω	heterozygéō	Medium	6:14	Transparent agricultural compound; guard against over-extension into blanket separatism.

Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
sincerity / simplicity	ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια	haplótēs / eilikríneia	Medium	1:12; 2:17; 4:2; 8:2	See above (also under Suffering and Comfort in Ministry — cross-cutting term).
peddle for profit	καπηλεύω	kapēleúō	Low-Medium (asset)	2:17	See above.
tamper with / handle deceitfully	δολοῦντες (δόλος)	doloûntes	Medium	4:2	Cross-references 11:13’s δόλιοι (false apostles); consistent δόλος-family rendering advised.
commend (self)	συνιστάνω / συνίστημι	synistánō	Low	3:1; 5:12; 10:12,18	Stable, standard verb; contrasts self-commendation (rejected) with God’s commendation (accepted).
appeal/urge (God’s own plea)	παρακαλέω (appeal sense)	parakaléō	High	5:20; 10:1	Distinct sense from both baseline’s “exhort” (προτρέπω) and this curriculum’s “comfort” (παράκλησις, Critical) — an urgent, God-backed plea; consider a rendering stronger than a flattened “encourages.”
examine/test yourselves	δοκιμάζετε / πειράζετε	dokimázete / peirázete	Medium	13:5	δοκιμάζω’s dominant modern colloquial sense (“to try/taste”) risks an unintentionally casual register for Paul’s solemn self-examination charge.
disqualified	ἀδόκιμος	adókimos	Medium	13:5-7	Related to δοκιμάζω above; metal-testing/coin-testing imagery.

Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
grace (as gift)	χάρη	cháris	Critical (reused from baseline)	8:1,6-7,9,19; 9:8,14	Expanded range (God’s enabling favor + the concrete gift) must not collapse into a merely transactional “generous deed.”
fellowship/partnership (in giving)	κοινωνία	koinōnía	Medium (reused from baseline)	8:4; 9:13	See Part A.
voluntary/of one’s own accord	αὐθαίρετος	authaíretos	CRITICAL — forbidden-substitution class	8:3,17	Modern Greek overwhelmingly means “unauthorized/illegal” (esp. “αυθαίρετα κτίσματα,” illegal buildings) — near-opposite of Paul’s positive sense. Render with “με τη δική τους θέληση” / “αυτοβούλως”; avoid αυθαίρετος unglossed.
equality	ἰσότης	isótēs	Medium	8:13-14	Modern political-economic connotation risks moralizing into mandated redistribution rather than grace-motivated mutual care.
eagerness/readiness	προθυμία	prothymía	Low	8:11-12; 9:2	Stable.
sow / reap	σπείρω / θερίζω	speírō / therízō	Medium (reused from baseline)	9:6	See Part A.
cheerful (giver)	ἱλαρός	hilarós	Low (positive asset)	9:7	Preserved via “Φως Ιλαρόν,” the ancient vespers hymn — a beautiful liturgical resonance.
thanksgiving	ευχαριστία	eucharistía	Medium (reused from baseline)	9:11-12	See Part A.
gift/free gift	δωρεά	dōreá	Medium (clarity note)	9:15	Distinct from the adverb δωρεάν (baseline-forbidden for “in vain,” Galatians 2:21); this noun’s positive “gift/donation” sense remains fully alive and legitimate.
indescribable	ἀνεκδιήγητος	anekdiḕgētos	Low-Medium	9:15	Rare/literary; opacity rather than false meaning.

Doctrine: Power in Weakness

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
thorn in the flesh	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	skólops tê sarkí	Medium	12:7	Archaic/rare word (opacity, not false meaning); render with a clarifying phrase. σάρξ itself reused exactly from baseline (Critical).
messenger of Satan	ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ	ángelos Satanâ	Low-Medium	12:7	Stable phrase.
my grace is sufficient	ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου	arkeí soi hê cháris mou	Critical	12:9	Maximum-priority doctrinal anchor verse; χάρη reused exactly from baseline.
power made perfect (in weakness)	δύναμις / τελειοῦμαι	dýnamis / teleioûmai	Medium (δύναμη reused from baseline)	12:9	Central thesis statement of the whole doctrine.
weakness	ἀσθένεια	asthéneia	Medium	11:29-30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9	Stable, retains “illness/frailty” associations — a genuine asset for conveying real human limitation.
treasure in jars of clay	θησαυρός / ὀστράκινα σκεύη	—	Low	4:7	Cross-reference; see Suffering and Comfort in Ministry above.
weapons of our warfare	ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας	hópla tês strateías	Medium	10:3-4	Vivid, transparent; must clarify “not of the flesh” (spiritual, not literal, combat).
strongholds	ὀχυρώματα	ochyrṽmata	Low	10:4	Stable.

Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
false apostles	ψευδαπόστολοι	pseudapóstoloi	High	11:13	Transparent compound (cf. baseline ψευδάδελφοι) but doctrinally High given the significance of discerning authentic ministerial authority.
super-apostles	οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι	hoi hyperlían apóstoloi	Medium	11:5; 12:11	Paul’s own ironic coinage; must preserve sarcasm, not render as a genuine honorific.
deceitful workmen	ἐργάται δόλιοι	ergátai dólioi	Medium	11:13	Cross-references 4:2’s δολοῦντες.
disguise/transform (falsely)	μετασχηματίζω	metaschēmatízō	Medium	11:13-15	Deliberate contrast with 3:18’s genuine μεταμορφόω — do not render identically.
angel of light	ἄγγελος φωτός	ángelos phōtós	Medium	11:14	Stable phrase; άγγελος also common secularly (name, “angel” generally) — context disambiguates.
pure virgin (betrothed to Christ)	παρθένος	parthénos	Medium	11:2-3	Distinct from the Marian title (Παρθένος Μαρία) — note the distinction when teaching.
signs of a true apostle	τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου	tà sēmeîa toû apostólou	Medium	12:12	απόστολος reused exactly from baseline (Low); σημεῖον stable.
folly/foolishness (ironic)	ἀφροσύνη	aphrosýnē	Low	11:1,16-17,21; 12:6,11	Preserve Paul’s ironic, reluctant tone throughout the “fool’s speech.”

Cross-Cutting / Closing Terms

Term	Greek Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters	Notes
restoration/completion	καταρτίζω / κατάρτισις	katartízō / katártisis	Low-Medium	13:9,11	Secondary modern sense (“vocational training”) should not be confused with this context.
holy kiss	φίλημα ἅγιον	phílēma hágion	Low (asset)	13:12	Recognizable from Orthodox liturgical/monastic greeting customs (ασπασμός).
Trinitarian benediction (grace, love, fellowship)	ἡ χάρις…, ἡ ἀγάπη…, ἡ κοινωνία…	hê cháris, hê agápē, hê koinōnía	High	13:14	Opens the Orthodox Divine Liturgy verbatim; render to match the already-known liturgical wording exactly. Component terms: χάρη (Critical, baseline), κοινωνία (Medium, baseline), αγάπη (stable).

Summary Risk Statistics (2 Corinthians-specific additions, Part B only)

Risk Tier	Count of New Terms	Review Routing
Critical	7 (reconciliation/καταλλαγή, word of reconciliation, comfort/παράκλησις, transformed/μεταμορφόω, voluntary/αυθαίρετος, my grace is sufficient [inherits baseline χάρη Critical], repentance/μετάνοια counted under High — see below)	Human theologian
High	10 (ministry/διακονία, letter/γράμμα, temple of the living God/ναός, judgment seat of Christ/βῆμα, outer/inner man, godly grief-repentance/μετάνοια, false apostles/ψευδαπόστολοι, ambassador, appeal-sense of παρακαλέω, Trinitarian benediction)	Human theologian
Medium	~30	Native speaker review
Low	~20	Automated / asset-flagged

Note: These counts cover only terms newly introduced by 2 Corinthians (Part B); terms reused exactly from the baseline (Part A) retain their original baseline risk tier and review routing without change. The single most severe new risk in this curriculum is αὐθαίρετος (8:3, “voluntary”), which joins the baseline’s forbidden-substitution class (δωρεάν, φαρμακεία, παιδαγωγός, στοιχεῖα, μορφωθῇ, στίγματα) as a term whose dominant Modern Greek sense is a near-inversion of Paul’s own meaning.

This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json prior to Phase 2 segment translation. All Part A entries are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline; all Part B entries require theologian or native-speaker sign-off per their assigned risk tier before being locked into translation memory.

Critical Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: χάρη
Transliteration: chári
Doctrine: Grace / Generosity and Grace in Giving / Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: χάρη με την καθημερινή έννοια της γοητείας ή ομορφιάς, χάρη ως νομική/προεδρική χάρη (απονομή χάριτος)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package (Critical, unchanged). Expanded range in 2 Corinthians 8-9 (both God’s enabling favor and the concrete gift itself) and 12:9 (‘my grace is sufficient,’ the doctrinal anchor for Power in Weakness). Baseline secular-drift risks (charm; legal pardon) apply unchanged at every occurrence throughout this letter.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: δικαιοσύνη
Transliteration: dikaiosýni
Doctrine: Salvation / Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: δικαιοσύνη αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της νομικής ή κοινωνικής δικαιοσύνης, δικαιοσύνη ως αποκλειστικά εσωτερική μεταμόρφωση μέσω της θέωσης, χωρίς καμία δικανική διάσταση
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:21 (‘that we might become the righteousness of God in him’) is this curriculum’s climactic occurrence; retain the forensic, credited-status sense against both the modern civic/legal default (Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης) and any theosis-only transformational reading, without denying that real transformation (5:17) follows from this status.

Salvation

Approved rendering: σωτηρία
Transliteration: sotiría
Doctrine: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 6:2 quotes Isaiah 49:8 LXX directly (‘the day of salvation’), readable in Paul’s own words — a genuine cross-referencing asset.

Holy

Approved rendering: άγιος
Transliteration: ágios
Doctrine: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Same word for ‘saints’ below.

Saints

Approved rendering: άγιοι
Transliteration: ágioi
Doctrine: Sainthood / Church
Rejected alternatives: Άγιοι αποκλειστικά ως αγιοποιημένα, τιμώμενα πρόσωπα με ονομαστική εορτή
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 8:4;9:1,12 apply this term corporately to the Jerusalem believers receiving the relief collection; same disambiguation caution applies — every believer, including the ordinary Jerusalem poor, is designated ἅγιος, not only canonized, name-day-venerated figures.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: ανάσταση
Transliteration: anástasi
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians mostly uses the verb ἐγείρω (‘raise’) rather than the noun; see new entry ‘raised’ below for the verb-specific note. Retain the same bodily, historical, once-for-all force in every rendering.

Lord

Approved rendering: Κύριος
Transliteration: Kýrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Κύριος με την καθημερινή έννοια της ευγενικής προσφώνησης ‘κύριε’ (αντίστοιχο του ‘Mr.’)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent throughout 2 Corinthians (1:2-3,14; 3:17-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:5,9,19,21; 10:8,17-18; 11:17,31; 12:1,8; 13:14); every occurrence must resist the ‘Mister/Sir’ secular flattening. Never adopt a subordinationist framing (cf. Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Greek New World Translation practice, documented in 05_translation_landscape.md).

Son Of God

Approved rendering: Υιός του Θεού
Transliteration: Yiós tou Theoú
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Υιός του Θεού με τη γενική έννοια που αποδίδεται σε κάθε πιστό

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 1:19 (‘The Son of God, Jesus Christ … was not Yes and No’) grounds the reliability of God’s promises in Christ’s unique, eternal, co-equal Sonship, distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Άγιο Πνεύμα
Transliteration: Ágio Pnévma
Doctrine: Sanctification / New Covenant versus Old
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Central to ch.3’s new-covenant argument and the closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14); must remain the personal, divine Spirit, never an impersonal force. Never adopt Jehovah’s Witnesses’ New World Translation-style subordinationist phrasing.

Father

Approved rendering: Πατέρας
Transliteration: Patéras
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family / Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 1:3 (‘Father of mercies and God of all comfort’) pairs this term directly with the new ‘comfort’ keyword this letter introduces.

Freedom

Approved rendering: ελευθερία
Transliteration: eleuthería
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: ελευθερία αποκλειστικά με την εθνικοπολιτική έννοια της εθνικής ανεξαρτησίας, ελευθερία ως ασυδοσία/άνομη ζωή
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. 2 Corinthians 3:17 (‘Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom’) — fence against the national-political liberation default (the Greek motto and national anthem) exactly as in Galatians.

Flesh

Approved rendering: σάρκα
Transliteration: sárka
Doctrine: Sin / Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: σάρκα αποκλειστικά με τη φιλοσοφική δυϊστική έννοια σώματος εναντίον ψυχής
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Recurs across 1:17;4:11;5:16;7:1,5;10:2-4;11:18;12:7; each occurrence requires the same explanatory caution against Platonic body-soul dualism embedded in Greek popular piety.

Credited

Approved rendering: λογίστηκε
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Salvation / Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: δικαιοσύνη ως αποκλειστικά εσωτερική μεταμόρφωση μέσω της θέωσης, χωρίς καμία δικανική διάσταση
Original: λογίζομαι
Category: Salvation

Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline (Romans 4/Galatians 3:6). 2 Corinthians 5:19 (‘not counting their trespasses against them’) is the negative counterpart to imputed righteousness — anchor the specific legal/accounting-transaction sense against a merely relational ‘God isn’t upset anymore’ reading.

Jesus

Approved rendering: Ιησούς
Transliteration: Iisoús
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ

Inherited from Romans package. Standard form throughout 2 Corinthians’s greeting and doxological language; unchanged for two millennia.

God

Approved rendering: Θεός
Transliteration: Theós
Doctrine: Deity of Christ

Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout 2 Corinthians; no rival deity-name confusion in Greek culture.

Reconciliation

Approved rendering: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Transliteration: katallagí / katallássō
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: καταλλαγή αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη πολιτική/διπλωματική έννοια της ‘εθνικής καταλλαγής’ μεταξύ ισότιμων μερών
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Salvation

NEW CRITICAL TERM. Modern Greek καταλλαγή/καταλλάσσω is dominated by political/diplomatic register (εθνική καταλλαγή, ‘national reconciliation’; negotiated settlements between roughly equal parties). Paul’s doctrine (2 Corinthians 5:18-20) is a unilateral, God-initiated, cross-accomplished restoration of the offending party by the offended party, not a negotiated peace between equals. Anchor every occurrence with a directional gloss.

Word Of Reconciliation

Approved rendering: ο λόγος της καταλλαγής
Transliteration: ho lógos tēs katallagēs
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: λόγος της καταλλαγής ως γενική αναγγελία καλής θέλησης
Original: ὁ λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 5:19. Compounds the καταλλαγή risk above with the stable λόγος (‘message’); must not be flattened into a general goodwill announcement — it is the specific entrusted content that God has already reconciled the world to himself in Christ.

Comfort

Approved rendering: παράκληση
Transliteration: paráklisi
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: παράκληση αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια του ‘αιτήματος/χάρης’ (‘σου κάνω μια παράκληση’)
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

NEW CRITICAL TERM. Ten uses of the παρακαλέω/παράκλησις word-group in 1:3-7 alone. Modern Greek has bleached παράκληση to ‘a request/favor’ — the same secular-bleaching pattern as the baseline’s κλήση. Counterbalancing asset: Παράκλητος, the Holy Spirit’s standard Orthodox liturgical title (Pentecost hymnography); leverage this association while reactivating the comfort/consolation sense in every occurrence (1:3-7; 2:7; 7:6-7,13).

New Covenant

Approved rendering: καινή διαθήκη
Transliteration: kainí diathíki
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: καινή διαθήκη αντιληπτή αποκλειστικά ως ο τίτλος του βιβλίου της Καινής Διαθήκης
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

2 Corinthians 3:6,14. διαθήκη’s baseline High risk is elevated to Critical here: this exact phrase is also the fixed published title of the entire New Testament corpus in Greek Bibles. Mandatory disambiguating note at every occurrence distinguishing the living covenant relationship Paul names from the literary collection that later took its title from this same phrase.

Transformed

Approved rendering: μεταμορφώνομαι
Transliteration: metamorphṽnomai
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Likeness
Rejected alternatives: μεταμόρφωση αποκλειστικά ως μυστικιστική/ησυχαστική τεχνική άσκηση, αποκομμένη από την πίστη στο κηρυγμένο ευαγγέλιο, μεταμόρφωση με τη σύγχρονη κοσμική έννοια της προσωπικής αυτο-βελτίωσης (self-help)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification

2 Corinthians 3:18. NEW CRITICAL TERM. Identical root to Η Μεταμόρφωσις, the major Orthodox feast of Christ’s Transfiguration (Aug. 6), and central to theosis/uncreated-light theology (Gregory Palamas) — a rich, largely aligned asset. Must not be detached from Paul’s gospel-mediated, ongoing, faith-beholding frame (‘as in a mirror’) and taught as a purely mystical-technical contemplative method; must also be fenced against a growing secular self-help ‘transformation journey’ bleaching risk. Must be kept lexically distinct from μετασχηματίζομαι (11:13-15, Satan’s counterfeit transformation) — never render both identically.

Substitutionary Death

Approved rendering: ένας απέθανε για όλους
Transliteration: heis hypér pántōn apéthanen
Doctrine: Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ερμηνεία του θανάτου του Χριστού ως απλώς υποδειγματικού/παραδειγματικού, όχι αντιπροσωπευτικού
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Christology

2 Corinthians 5:14-15. Lexically stable, ordinary vocabulary; doctrinal weight rests on the argument’s logic — the representative, not merely exemplary, force of the death must be preserved without softening.

Raised

Approved rendering: ανάσταση / εγέρθηκε
Transliteration: anástasi / egérthike
Doctrine: Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ανάσταση αποδιδόμενη ως αναγέννηση σε κύκλο μετενσάρκωσης ή απλή πνευματική αναζωογόνηση
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology

2 Corinthians 5:15. Shares its theological field with the baseline’s ανάσταση (Critical). Must never suggest rebirth into a cycle or merely spiritual revival — retain unmistakably literal, bodily, historical resurrection.

According To The Flesh

Approved rendering: κατά σάρκα
Transliteration: katá sárka
Doctrine: Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 5:16. Inherits σάρκα’s Critical baseline risk. The specific risk is conceptual: Greek philosophical heritage reads σάρκα as body-versus-soul, but Paul means an entire pre-conversion, worldly evaluative frame, not physicality itself. Explanatory note required.

Grace Is Sufficient

Approved rendering: η χάρη μου σου αρκεί
Transliteration: hē chári mou sou arkeí
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: απόδοση που εξασθενεί τη λογική ‘μέσα από’ την αδυναμία σε λογική ‘παρά’ την αδυναμία
Original: ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 12:9. Maximum-priority doctrinal anchor verse. Must resist both secular senses of χάρη (charm, legal pardon) and must preserve the causal link between grace and weakness — power displayed BECAUSE OF, not merely DESPITE, weakness.

Voluntary Giving

Approved rendering: αυτοβούλως / με τη δική τους θέληση
Transliteration: authaíretos (FORBIDDEN unglossed — see notes)
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: αυθαίρετος αναπόδοτο/χωρίς επεξήγηση — η κυρίαρχη σύγχρονη έννοια είναι ‘παράνομος/χωρίς άδεια’, βλ. ‘αυθαίρετα κτίσματα’
Original: αὐθαίρετος
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 8:3,17. FORBIDDEN-SUBSTITUTION-CLASS RISK, joining the baseline’s δωρεάν/φαρμακεία/παιδαγωγός/στοιχεῖα/μορφωθῇ/στίγματα class. Modern Greek αυθαίρετος overwhelmingly means ‘unauthorized/illegal,’ most commonly ‘αυθαίρετα κτίσματα’ (illegally built structures) — a constant Greek/Cypriot socio-legal topic. Both the Vamvas and TGV translations render this word unglossed at 8:3, so this curriculum cannot rely on reader familiarity to overcome the drift. Never render αὐθαίρετος unglossed; use ‘αυτοβούλως’ or ‘με τη δική τους θέληση’ as the primary rendering.

High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: πίστη
Transliteration: písti
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: πίστη με τη γενική έννοια της αφοσίωσης σε οποιαδήποτε ιδέα ή πρόσωπο
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:7 (‘we walk by faith, not by sight’) is a keynote formula requiring consistent rendering across the curriculum.

Law

Approved rendering: νόμος
Transliteration: nómos
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct occurrence in 2 Corinthians itself, but presupposed throughout ch.3’s γράμμα argument; retain the specifically Mosaic referent, not generic civil law.

Covenant

Approved rendering: διαθήκη
Transliteration: diathíki
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: διαθήκη με τη σύγχρονη κυρίαρχη έννοια της κληρονομικής διαθήκης (legal will)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. See new entry ‘new_covenant’ below for the additional Greek-specific ‘title of the New Testament’ collision unique to 2 Corinthians 3:6,14.

New Creation

Approved rendering: καινή δημιουργία (καινή κτίση)
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: καινή κτίση με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της οικοδομικής κατασκευής
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline (Galatians 6:15 entry). 2 Corinthians 5:17 is now this term’s primary NT anchor-text alongside Galatians 6:15 — teach both together for reinforcement; use identical rendering across both curricula.

Gospel

Approved rendering: ευαγγέλιο
Transliteration: evangélio
Doctrine: Gospel

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 2:12;4:3-4;9:13;11:4,7 all use this term; guard against the secular ‘good news’ sense exactly as in Romans. 11:4’s ‘a different gospel’ echoes the Galatians έτερον ευαγγέλιο distinction — preserve the ἕτερος/ἄλλος contrast if teaching that verse alongside Galatians.

Ministry Of Reconciliation

Approved rendering: διακονία (της καταλλαγής)
Transliteration: diakonía (tēs katallagēs)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God / Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: διακονία αποκλειστικά ως το επίσημο αξίωμα του χειροτονημένου διακόνου
Original: ἡ διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 3:7-9;4:1;5:18;6:3. Cognate διάκονος is now almost exclusively the ordained deacon in Modern Greek; never use διακονία bare — always qualify (τῆς καταλλαγῆς) so Paul’s general gospel-task, shared by every reconciled believer, is not narrowed to a formal ecclesiastical office.

Ambassador

Approved rendering: πρεσβεύω / πρεσβευτής
Transliteration: presbeúō / presvevtís
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 5:20. Modern Greek πρεσβευτής (diplomatic ambassador) is an unusually direct, felicitous match — a genuine asset. Risk runs opposite to most entries: the correct civic-diplomatic register must not feel merely procedural; pair tightly with δεόμαστε (‘we beg you’) in the same clause to preserve passionate, pleading urgency.

Appeal Urge

Approved rendering: παρακαλεί / ικετεύει
Transliteration: parakaleí / iketévei
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God / Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: παρακαλεί αποδιδόμενο απλά ως ‘ενθαρρύνει’, χάνοντας την έκκληση
Original: παρακαλέω (appeal sense)
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 5:20;10:1. Distinct sense from both the baseline’s ‘exhort’ (προτρέπω) and this curriculum’s dominant ‘comfort’ sense (παράκληση). A flattened ‘encourages’ rendering understates that God himself pleads through Paul; render with intensified force paired with δέομαι.

In Christ

Approved rendering: εν Χριστώ
Transliteration: en Christṥ
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Christology

Fixed Pauline union-formula; low unique lexical risk, high doctrinal weight as the ground of 5:17’s new-creation status. Render consistently; do not vary or paraphrase away for stylistic variety.

Affliction

Approved rendering: θλίψη
Transliteration: thlípsi
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: θλίψη αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη ψυχολογική έννοια της λύπης/στεναχώριας
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 1:4,8;2:4;4:8,17;6:4;7:4;8:2,13. Modern usage has narrowed toward personal sadness/grief; actively restore the fuller NT sense of external hardship, persecution, or calamity through context.

Letter Vs Spirit

Approved rendering: γράμμα
Transliteration: grámma
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: γράμμα εναντίον πνεύματος αποδιδόμενο ως αντίθεση κυριολεξίας έναντι πρόθεσης ερμηνείας ενός νόμου
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant

2 Corinthians 3:6. Stable in Modern Greek for ‘a written document,’ but the common English idiom ‘letter vs. spirit of the law’ (literalism vs. intent) risks flattening Paul’s actual epoch/covenant contrast (old written code vs. Spirit-given new-covenant life) into a hermeneutical-method contrast.

Outer Inner Man

Approved rendering: ο έξω άνθρωπος / ο έσω άνθρωπος
Transliteration: ho éxō ánthropos / ho ésō ánthropos
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Resurrection Hope and Future Glory
Rejected alternatives: ο έξω άνθρωπος αποδιδόμενος ως το σώμα εξ ορισμού κατώτερο ή κακό (πλατωνικός δυϊσμός)
Original: ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sanctification

2 Corinthians 4:16. Greek philosophical heritage (Platonic body-soul dualism, deeply embedded in popular piety) risks a body-bad/soul-good reading; the ‘outer’ that decays is the mortal, not-yet-resurrected body. Explanatory notes tying this to the bodily-resurrection hope of 5:1-10 are structurally necessary.

Judgment Seat Of Christ

Approved rendering: βήμα του Χριστού
Transliteration: víma tou Christoú
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: βήμα αποδιδόμενο απλά ως βήμα ομιλητή/εξέδρα, χωρίς δικαστική βαρύτητα
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology

2 Corinthians 5:10. Modern βήμα primarily denotes a podium/speaker’s rostrum (‘το βήμα της Βουλής’), risking a merely ceremonial, non-judicial reading. Leverage the Orthodox funeral/Great Lent hymnographic phrase ‘το φοβερόν βήμα’ to reinforce judicial gravity.

Fear Of The Lord

Approved rendering: φόβος του Κυρίου
Transliteration: fóvos tou Kyríou
Doctrine: The Fear of the Lord as Ministry Motivation
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 5:11. Depends entirely on Κύριος retaining its exalted Septuagint/YHWH force; must be anchored to the βήμα of 5:10, not a generic religious sentiment.

Repentance

Approved rendering: μετάνοια
Transliteration: metánoia
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: μετάνοια αποκλειστικά ως το τυπικό μυστήριο της εξομολόγησης, αποκομμένη από τη γενική αλλαγή προσανατολισμού
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sanctification

2 Corinthians 7:10. Deeply embedded, largely aligned Orthodox spiritual category (continual repentance as a way of life). Risk runs two directions: narrowing exclusively to the formal sacramental confession rite (εξομολόγηση), excluding Paul’s broader heart-orientation argument; or under-weighting as mere emotional regret, missing its literal ‘change of mind and direction’ sense.

Temple Of The Living God

Approved rendering: ναός Θεού ζώντος
Transliteration: naós Theoú zṽntos
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and the Temple of the Living God
Rejected alternatives: ναός αποδιδόμενος αποκλειστικά ως το φυσικό κτήριο της εκκλησίας

2 Corinthians 6:16. ναός is the standard Modern Greek word for the physical church building one attends. Reverse risk from most languages: too familiar and concrete, risking collapse of the corporate people-of-God claim into a statement about a structure. Mandatory explicit clarification at every occurrence.

False Apostles

Approved rendering: ψευδαπόστολοι
Transliteration: pseudapóstoloi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 11:13. Transparent compound (cf. baseline ψευδάδελφοι, Low lexically) but doctrinally High given the live pastoral stakes of discerning authentic ministerial authority in a hierarchically structured church culture.

Trinitarian Benediction

Approved rendering: η χάρη του Κυρίου Ιησού Χριστού και η αγάπη του Θεού και η κοινωνία του Αγίου Πνεύματος
Transliteration: hē chári… hē agápi… hē koinōnía…
Doctrine: The Closing Trinitarian Benediction
Rejected alternatives: οποιαδήποτε παράφραση που αποκλίνει από το ήδη γνωστό λειτουργικό κείμενο της Θείας Λειτουργίας
Original: ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God

2 Corinthians 13:14. This verse opens the Orthodox Divine Liturgy verbatim and is instantly recognizable to virtually every Greek Orthodox believer. Render to match the already-known liturgical wording exactly — deviation would be jarring and theologically confusing, comparable to the baseline’s treatment of Romans 8:28 and 10:9-10. Never adopt New World Translation-style subordinationist phrasing for the Spirit’s role.

Medium Risk Terms

Church

Approved rendering: εκκλησία
Transliteration: ekklisía
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Εκκλησία αποκλειστικά ως ο θεσμός/η ιεραρχική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία, ή αποκλειστικά το κτίριο
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Occurrences: 1:1;8:1,18-19,23-24;11:8,28;12:13 — Paul’s own churches and ‘the churches’ of Macedonia/Judea; keep distinct from the institutional national-Church sense and the physical-building sense.

Sin

Approved rendering: αμαρτία
Transliteration: amartía
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Substitutionary Death and Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: αμαρτία με την καθημερινή, εξασθενημένη έννοια του ‘κρίμα’ (π.χ. ‘τι αμαρτία να πεταχτεί το φαγητό’)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package (general Medium tier). ELEVATED TO CRITICAL specifically at 2 Corinthians 5:21, where Christ is said to have ‘become sin’ for humanity in a substitutionary exchange — flag this occurrence for mandatory theologian review regardless of the term’s general tier; never soften into a diluted ‘punished for sin’ paraphrase.

Glory

Approved rendering: δόξα
Transliteration: dóxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: δόξα με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της φήμης ή επιτυχίας (π.χ. αθλητική δόξα)
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Central to chs.3-4’s New Covenant argument (7 occurrences in ch.3 alone; also 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23); reinforce the divine-radiance sense against the secular ‘fame/acclaim’ sense throughout.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: δύναμη Θεού
Transliteration: dýnami Theoú
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 12:9’s ‘power is made perfect in weakness’ is the doctrinal anchor for Power in Weakness (also 4:7;6:7;13:4); flag for maximum-priority review alongside the χάρη clause in the same verse.

Fellowship

Approved rendering: κοινωνία
Transliteration: koinonía
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: κοινωνία αποκλειστικά ως λήψη της Θείας Κοινωνίας (Ευχαριστίας), κοινωνία με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της κοινωνίας/κοινωνικού συνόλου

Inherited from Romans package. This letter’s ch.8-9 ‘partnership in giving’ sense (see new entry ‘fellowship_giving’) and 13:14’s Trinitarian-fellowship sense both require active disambiguation from ‘society’ and ‘Holy Communion.‘

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: ευχαριστία
Transliteration: efcharistía
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Rejected alternatives: Θεία Ευχαριστία αποκλειστικά (η Ευχαριστία ως Μυστήριο)
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 9:11-12’s ‘gift produces thanksgiving to God’ context aids natural disambiguation from the sacramental sense; also 4:15.

Sow And Reap

Approved rendering: ό,τι σπείρει ο άνθρωπος, αυτό και θα θερίσει
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline. 2 Corinthians 9:6 reapplies this living Modern Greek proverb to generosity in giving; retain the baseline’s caution that this is personal divine reward, not impersonal karma-like retribution.

Trespasses

Approved rendering: παράπτωμα
Transliteration: paráptōma
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 5:19. Closely related to αμαρτία; low unique risk beyond the general caution against the weakened colloquial ‘what a pity’ idiom for sin-words.

World

Approved rendering: κόσμος
Transliteration: kósmos
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: God

2 Corinthians 5:19. Zero-gap NT/modern word; Medium doctrinal significance in establishing the universal, not sectarian, scope of God’s reconciling work.

Old Things Passed Away

Approved rendering: τα αρχαία παρήλθαν
Transliteration: ta archaía parílthan
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 5:17. αρχαία also names ‘Ancient Greece’/classical antiquity, carrying strong national-cultural pride; guard against that unintended resonance — the sense here is strictly the old, pre-Christ spiritual order, never cultural heritage.

Sufferings Of Christ

Approved rendering: πάθημα
Transliteration: páthēma
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: πάθημα
Category: Christology

2 Corinthians 1:5-7. Strong positive liturgical asset via ‘Άγια Πάθη’ (Holy Week Passion); low drift risk.

Seal

Approved rendering: σφραγίδα / σφραγίζω
Transliteration: sphragís / sphragízō
Doctrine: Holy Spirit as Seal and Guarantee
Original: σφραγίς / σφραγίζω
Category: Sanctification

2 Corinthians 1:22. σφραγίζω/σφραγίδα remain alive for official sealing, but the most common everyday modern association is dental (‘σφράγισμα,’ a filling); context virtually always disambiguates.

Sincerity

Approved rendering: απλότητα / ειλικρίνεια
Transliteration: haplótita / eilikríneia
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: απλότητα με τη δευτερεύουσα έννοια της απλοϊκότητας/αφελείας
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 1:12;2:17;4:2;8:2. ἁπλότης carries a secondary ‘naivety’ connotation to avoid. Use εἰλικρίνεια primarily for the integrity sense; reserve ἁπλότης-family language for the ch.8 generosity contexts, since the same word-family shifts sense there.

Peddle For Profit

Approved rendering: καπηλεύω
Transliteration: kapilévō
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 2:17. Genuine asset: still alive in Modern Greek political rhetoric for cynically exploiting an issue (‘καπηλεύεται το θέμα’), an almost perfectly preserved equivalent of Paul’s charge against mercenary preachers. Flag for active use.

Tablets

Approved rendering: πλάκα / πλάκες
Transliteration: pláka / plákes
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Original: πλάξ
Category: Covenant

2 Corinthians 3:3. Stable metaphor (also the ordinary word for a paving slab); requires the Exodus/Jeremiah background, directly readable in the Septuagint’s own wording, to land theologically.

Veil

Approved rendering: κάλυμμα
Transliteration: kálymma
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant

2 Corinthians 3:13-16. Shares a root-family with the baseline’s αποκάλυψη (‘revelation,’ Medium risk of journalistic-disclosure bleaching); note the etymological connection when teaching veil and revelation together.

Boldness

Approved rendering: παρρησία
Transliteration: parrisía
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Rejected alternatives: παρρησία αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη πολιτική έννοια της ‘ελευθερίας του λόγου’
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 3:12. Carries strong modern civic-political resonance (freedom of speech); teach as confident access before God and candor in gospel proclamation, not a civil-liberties claim.

Tent Body

Approved rendering: σκήνος
Transliteration: skínos
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Future Glory
Rejected alternatives: σκήνος ερμηνευμένο ως απαξιωτικό, προσωρινό δοχείο του σώματος προς απόρριψη
Original: σκῆνος
Category: Eschatology

2 Corinthians 5:1-4. Guard against a Platonic-escape reading (the body as a mere disposable container); connect explicitly to the resurrection-body hope.

House Not Made With Hands

Approved rendering: οικία αχειροποίητη
Transliteration: oikía acheiropoíiti
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Future Glory
Original: οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος
Category: Eschatology

2 Corinthians 5:1. Transparent compound; continuous with, not opposed to, the baseline’s resurrection doctrine (Critical).

Thorn In The Flesh

Approved rendering: αγκάθι στη σάρκα
Transliteration: angáthi sti sárka
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 12:7. σκόλοψ itself is rare/archaic in everyday Modern Greek — an opacity issue, not a false-meaning trap; render with this clarifying phrase rather than the bare archaic noun.

Power Made Perfect

Approved rendering: τελειούμαι
Transliteration: teleioûmai
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τελειοῦμαι
Category: God

2 Corinthians 12:9. Stable, standard word (modern τελειώνω, ‘to finish/complete’); care needed that the doctrinal point — power achieving its intended fullness through weakness — is not flattened to mere endurance despite weakness.

Weakness

Approved rendering: αδυναμία
Transliteration: adynamía
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 11:29-30;12:5,9-10;13:4,9. Retains strong ‘illness/frailty’ associations in Modern Greek (e.g. ‘επίδομα ασθενείας,’ sickness benefit) — a genuine asset for conveying real human limitation, provided the power-through-weakness causal logic is preserved.

Godly Grief

Approved rendering: λύπη κατά Θεόν
Transliteration: lýpi katá Theón
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Original: λύπη κατὰ Θεόν
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 7:9-11. Standard word for sadness/grief; low secular-drift risk, but the doctrinal distinction (by fruit, not intensity of feeling) requires careful teaching regardless of lexical choice.

Unequally Yoked

Approved rendering: ετεροζυγώ
Transliteration: heterozygṽ
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and the Temple of the Living God
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 6:14. Transparent agricultural compound; literal ox-yoking is less immediate for urban Modern Greek readers but the metaphor still functions with brief explanation. Guard against over-extending into a blanket separatism the text does not itself specify.

Fellowship Giving

Approved rendering: κοινωνία (στη διακονία / στη συνεισφορά)
Transliteration: koinōnía
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in Giving
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 8:4;9:13. Shares the baseline’s κοινωνία entry but applied specifically to shared participation in gospel-giving between churches; must be actively disambiguated via context from both ‘society’ and ‘Holy Communion,’ never used bare in this sense.

Equality

Approved rendering: ισότητα
Transliteration: isótita
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in Giving
Rejected alternatives: ισότητα αποδιδόμενη ως υποχρεωτικό αναδιανεμητικό πρόγραμμα
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 8:13-14. Strong modern political-economic connotation (mandated redistribution); teach as voluntary, grace-motivated mutual sufficiency between churches modeled on Christ’s self-emptying (8:9), not a moralized redistributive program.

Gift Free Gift

Approved rendering: δωρεά
Transliteration: dōreá
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: δωρεά
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 9:15. This noun remains fully alive and positive in Modern Greek (δωρεά αίματος, blood donation; δωρεά οργάνων, organ donation). Must not be confused with the adverb δωρεάν, forbidden by the baseline as a rendering for ‘in vain’ (Galatians 2:21) — the two words are related but distinct; this noun’s positive sense is fully legitimate here.

Indescribable

Approved rendering: ανεκδιήγητος
Transliteration: anekdiígitos
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving

2 Corinthians 9:15. Rare/literary word; opacity rather than false meaning — may need light paraphrase (‘that cannot be put into words’).

Weapons Of Warfare

Approved rendering: όπλα της πνευματικής μας μάχης
Transliteration: hópla tēs pnevmatikís mas máchis
Doctrine: Power in Weakness / Spiritual Warfare and Discernment
Original: ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 10:3-4. Vivid, standard modern military vocabulary; must clarify the figurative sense (‘not of the flesh’) given Greek culture’s own vivid historical-military memory.

Super Apostles

Approved rendering: οι υπερλίαν απόστολοι
Transliteration: hoi hyperlían apóstoloi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: απόδοση που χάνει τον ειρωνικό τόνο και ακούγεται ως γνήσιος τίτλος τιμής
Original: οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 11:5;12:11. Paul’s own sarcastic coinage; transparent ironic compound in Greek (ὑπερλίαν = ‘super-exceedingly’). Main risk is losing the mockery if rendered flatly as a genuine honorific.

Deceitful Workmen

Approved rendering: δόλιοι εργάτες
Transliteration: dólioi ergátes
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἐργάται δόλιοι
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 11:13. Cross-references 4:2’s δολοῦντες (‘tampering/handling deceitfully’); enforce a consistent δόλος-family rendering across both occurrences.

Disguise Transform Falsely

Approved rendering: μετασχηματίζομαι
Transliteration: metaschimatízomai
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship / Satan’s Deception and Doctrinal Discernment
Rejected alternatives: απόδοση πανομοιότυπη με το ‘μεταμορφώνομαι’, καταστρέφοντας την σκόπιμη αντίθεση του Παύλου
Original: μετασχηματίζω
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 11:13-15. Must be kept sharply, lexically distinct from 3:18’s μεταμορφόω (genuine, Spirit-wrought transformation) — Paul draws a deliberate antithesis between counterfeit and genuine spiritual transformation; the two verbs must never be rendered identically.

Angel Of Light

Approved rendering: άγγελος φωτός
Transliteration: ángelos fotós
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship / Satan’s Deception and Doctrinal Discernment
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 11:14. Stable, standard phrase; άγγελος is also the ordinary word for ‘angel’ generally and a common personal name, but context readily disambiguates.

Pure Virgin

Approved rendering: παρθένος
Transliteration: parthénos
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship / Satan’s Deception and Doctrinal Discernment
Original: παρθένος
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 11:2-3. Also part of the standard Greek title for Mary, Παρθένος Μαρία; a light clarifying note distinguishing the ecclesial-betrothal application from that Marian title is worthwhile when teaching.

Signs Of A True Apostle

Approved rendering: τα σημεία του αποστόλου
Transliteration: ta simeía tou apostólou
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 12:12. απόστολος reused exactly from baseline (Low); σημείο is stable, standard vocabulary.

Examine Yourselves

Approved rendering: δοκιμάζετε / εξετάζετε
Transliteration: dokimázete / exetázete
Doctrine: Self-Examination and Genuine Faith
Original: ἑαυτοὺς δοκιμάζετε / πειράζετε
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 13:5. δοκιμάζω remains extremely common in casual modern usage (‘δοκιμάζω φαγητό,’ to taste food) — risk of an unintentionally casual register; pair with the weightier πειράζετε/εξετάζετε for appropriate gravity.

Disqualified

Approved rendering: αδόκιμος
Transliteration: adókimos
Doctrine: Self-Examination and Genuine Faith
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 13:5-7. Related to δοκιμάζω above; same register caution applies; continues the coin/metal-testing imagery.

Reliability Of Promises

Approved rendering: δεν είναι Ναι και Όχι, αλλά έγινε Ναι σε αυτόν
Transliteration: ouk egéneto Naí kai Oú
Doctrine: The Reliability of God’s Promises in Christ

2 Corinthians 1:18-20. Argument is lexically stable provided Υιός του Θεού itself is not diluted; grounds gospel reliability in Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship.

Low Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: απόστολος
Transliteration: apóstolos
Doctrine: Apostleship / Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Ironically modified across chs.11-12 (‘super-apostles,’ ‘false apostles’ — see new entries below); the base term itself remains stable and unambiguous.

Exhort

Approved rendering: προτρέπω
Transliteration: protrépo
Doctrine: Mutual Edification

Inherited from Romans package. This curriculum requires distinguishing this general urging sense from the letter’s dominant ‘comfort’ sense (see new entry ‘comfort’) and from the stronger ‘appeal’ sense at 5:20/10:1 (see new entry ‘appeal_urge’) — three distinct senses of the same underlying Greek root must not be flattened together.

Boast In The Cross

Approved rendering: καυχώμαι στον σταυρό (extended: καύχηση / καυχάομαι)
Transliteration: kauchaomai
Doctrine: Boasting Rightly — In the Lord and in Weakness

Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline. 2 Corinthians extends this term into a deliberately ironic, sustained rhetorical argument across chs.10-12 (‘foolish’ boasting in weakness — 5:12;7:4,14;8:24;9:2-3;10:8,13,15-17;11:10,12,16-18,30;12:1,5-6,9,11); track carefully which boasting is commended (in the Lord/in weakness) versus condemned (in outward appearance).

Certainly Not

Approved rendering: μη γένοιτο
Transliteration: mē genoito
Doctrine: Faith

Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline. Not directly attested in 2 Corinthians; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.

Guarantee Pledge

Approved rendering: αρραβώνας
Transliteration: arrabṽnas
Doctrine: Holy Spirit as Seal and Guarantee
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Sanctification

2 Corinthians 1:22;5:5. Genuine positive asset: Modern Greek αρραβώνας is the ordinary word for marriage engagement/betrothal — a vivid, doctrinally apt living metaphor for the Spirit as the pledge guaranteeing the future consummated union with Christ. Use directly; flag as an asset.

Triumphal Procession

Approved rendering: θριαμβεύω
Transliteration: thriambévō
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 2:14. Transparent, loan-adjacent term; no significant modern drift.

Fragrance

Approved rendering: οσμή
Transliteration: osmí
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ὀσμή
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 2:14-16. Stable, standard word.

Letters Of Commendation

Approved rendering: συστατικές επιστολές
Transliteration: systatikés epistolés
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἐπιστολαὶ συστατικαί
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 3:1. Transparent, fully alive vocabulary.

Commend Self

Approved rendering: συνιστώ
Transliteration: synistṽ
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνω / συνίστημι
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 3:1;5:12;10:12,18. Stable, standard verb still used for professional recommendation; contrasts illegitimate self-commendation with God’s own commendation.

Unveiled Face

Approved rendering: με ξεσκέπαστο πρόσωπο
Transliteration: me xesképasto prósōpo
Doctrine: New Covenant versus Old
Original: ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ
Category: Covenant

2 Corinthians 3:18. Transparent compound; low risk.

Treasure In Jars Of Clay

Approved rendering: θησαυρός σε πήλινα σκεύη
Transliteration: thisavrós se pílina skévi
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρός ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Salvation

2 Corinthians 4:7. Vivid, transparent metaphor; grounds the ‘Power in Weakness’ doctrine early in the letter.

Eternal Weight Of Glory

Approved rendering: αιώνιο βάρος δόξας
Transliteration: aiṽnio báros dóxas
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and Future Glory
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Eschatology

2 Corinthians 4:17. Vivid, stable pairing; βάρος remains common and figuratively rich in Modern Greek.

Messenger Of Satan

Approved rendering: άγγελος του Σατανά
Transliteration: ángelos tou Satanâ
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 12:7. Stable, standard phrase; even this affliction operates under God’s sovereign permission, not outside his control.

Cheerful Giver

Approved rendering: ιλαρός
Transliteration: hilarós
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρός
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 9:7. Genuine positive asset: preserved via ‘Φως Ιλαρόν’ (‘O Gladsome Light’), the ancient Orthodox vespers hymn — reinforces the joyful tone Paul intends.

Strongholds

Approved rendering: οχυρώματα
Transliteration: ochyrṽmata
Doctrine: Power in Weakness / Spiritual Warfare and Discernment
Original: ὀχυρώματα
Category: Sin

2 Corinthians 10:4. Stable, standard word; no significant drift.

Folly Ironic

Approved rendering: αφροσύνη
Transliteration: afrosýni
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship / Boasting Rightly
Original: ἀφροσύνη
Category: Faith

2 Corinthians 11:1,16-17,21;12:6,11. Stable, standard word; low risk provided the ironic, reluctant tone is preserved in surrounding narrative framing throughout the ‘fool’s speech.‘

Restoration Completion

Approved rendering: καταρτίζεσθε
Transliteration: katartízesthe
Doctrine: Mutual Encouragement and Church Greetings
Original: καταρτίζω
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 13:9,11. Modern Greek also uses καταρτίζω/κατάρτιση for vocational/professional training — a secondary sense worth noting but not confusing with this pastoral context.

Holy Kiss

Approved rendering: άγιο φίλημα
Transliteration: ágio fílima
Doctrine: Mutual Encouragement and Church Greetings
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church

2 Corinthians 13:12. Kissing as an ordinary greeting gesture remains culturally normal in Greece; recognizable from Orthodox liturgical/monastic greeting customs (ασπασμός). The qualifier ‘holy’ is the interpretive key.

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