Core Glossary

Core Glossary — Galatians (Προς Γαλάτας) for Greek

Language pair: English → Greek (Modern) Curriculum: Galatians Core passage: Galatians 2:15-21 (Γαλάτας 2:15-21) Baseline authority: language-packages/greek/ Romans Language Package (v1) Generated: 2026-07-07

Every entry marked [baseline] reuses the Romans package rendering exactly and must not be re-derived. Entries marked [new] are introduced by Galatians and must be seeded into bible_term_registry.json (Step 2) and translation_memory.json (Step 9). Risk tiers follow the baseline convention: Critical/High → mandatory human theologian review; Medium → native speaker review; Low → automated.

Citations use the package’s Greek format (e.g. Γαλάτας 2:16); the book title is Προς Γαλάτας.

A. Justification and grace (the letter’s center)

English	Original	Translit.	Literal	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Frequency in Galatians	Modern Greek	Risk	Translation risks
justification / justify [baseline]	δικαιόω	dikaióō	declare righteous	acquit, vindicate, declare right	justify, declare righteous	God’s forensic declaration of right standing through faith in Christ	8× (2:16 ×3; 2:17; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4)	δικαιώνω / δικαίωση	Critical	Modern colloquial δικαίωση = personal vindication (“I was proven right”); Orthodox theosis framing absorbs the forensic sense. Anchor per baseline λογιζόμενη δικαιοσύνη entry
righteousness [baseline]	δικαιοσύνη	dikaiosýnē	rightness	justice, right standing	righteousness	right standing before God credited to faith	4× (2:21; 3:6, 21; 5:5)	δικαιοσύνη	Critical	Modern civic/legal sense (Ministry of Justice) dominates; anchor theologically
credited / reckoned [baseline]	λογίζομαι	logízomai	count, credit	reckon, credit to an account	counted, credited	Gen 15:6 (LXX) quoted at Γαλάτας 3:6 — righteousness credited to faith	1× explicit; argument of ch. 3	λογίστηκε / λογιζόμενη δικαιοσύνη	Critical	Do not let the accounting metaphor collapse into transformation-only theosis reading
grace [baseline]	χάρις	cháris	favor	favor, gift, charm	grace	unmerited divine favor — the ground Paul refuses to nullify (2:21; 5:4)	7×	χάρη	Critical	Modern senses “charm” and “legal pardon”; anchor at every occurrence
works of the law [new]	ἔργα νόμου	érga nómou	works of law	Torah observances	works of the law	law-keeping as (non-)ground of justification	6× (2:16 ×3; 3:2, 5, 10)	έργα του νόμου	High	νόμος defaults to civil law; “works” piety can silently replace Torah-works and turn the argument generic. Keep referent Mosaic
in vain / for nothing [new]	δωρεάν	dōreán	gratuitously	freely; without cause; in vain	for nothing, in vain	if righteousness comes by law, “Christ died δωρεάν” (2:21)	1×, load-bearing	μάταια / χωρίς λόγο — NEVER δωρεάν	Critical	Signature trap: Modern Greek δωρεάν = “free of charge” (positive, commercial). Mechanical reuse produces “Christ died free of charge.” Forbidden substitution; must enter the forbidden-terms rules
nullify / set aside [new]	ἀθετέω	athetéō	un-place	annul, reject, break (a promise)	nullify, set aside	refusing to void the grace of God (2:21); annulling a covenant (3:15)	2×	αθετώ	Medium	Modern collocation is promise-breaking; carries adequately in formal register
severed / fallen from grace [new]	καταργέω / ἐκπίπτω	katargéō / ekpíptō	render inoperative / fall out	sever, estrange / fall from	severed from Christ, fallen from grace	law-justification severs from Christ (5:4)	1× each	αποκόπτομαι από τον Χριστό / ξεπέφτω από τη χάρη	High	Modern καταργώ = “abolish an institution”; personal severance needs αποκόπτομαι

B. Faith, gospel, and revelation

English	Original	Translit.	Literal	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Frequency	Modern Greek	Risk	Translation risks
faith [baseline]	πίστις	pístis	trust	trust, belief, faithfulness	faith	trust in Christ as sole instrument of justification; in 5:22 “faithfulness” as fruit	22×	πίστη	High	Generic loyalty/self-belief bleaching; at 5:22 the same word means faithfulness — distinguish explicitly
gospel [baseline]	εὐαγγέλιον	euangélion	good news	message of salvation	gospel	the one gospel, against the “different gospel” (1:6-7)	13×	ευαγγέλιο	High	Secular “good news” bleaching
a different gospel [new]	ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον	héteron euangélion	another (of a different kind)	different, other	different gospel	the Judaizers’ non-gospel	1:6-7	έτερον ευαγγέλιο	High	Preserve ἕτερος (different kind) vs ἄλλος (same kind) — the distinction is Paul’s argument and survives in formal Modern Greek
accursed / anathema [new]	ἀνάθεμα	anáthema	devoted (to destruction)	curse, devoted thing	accursed, anathema	God’s curse on false-gospel preachers (1:8-9)	2×	ανάθεμα	High	Casual imprecation trivializes; conciliar-excommunication reading institutionalizes. Note required both ways
revelation [new]	ἀποκάλυψις	apokálypsis	unveiling	disclosure, revelation	revelation	Paul’s gospel received by revelation of Christ (1:12; 2:2)	2×	αποκάλυψη	Medium	Journalistic “exposé” bleaching; restore theological register
calling / called [baseline]	καλέω / κλητός	kaléō / klētós	call	summon	called	God’s effective summons (1:6, 15; 5:8, 13)	5×	κλήση / καλώ / κλητός	Critical	κλήση = phone call / traffic ticket in everyday speech; reactivate theological sense every occurrence
zealot / zealous [new]	ζηλωτής	zēlōtḗs	zealous one	zealot, enthusiast	extremely zealous	Paul’s pre-conversion zeal for tradition (1:14)	1×	ζηλωτής	Low	Distinguish from ζηλιάρης (envious)
traditions [new]	παραδόσεις	paradóseis	things handed down	traditions	ancestral traditions	tradition-zeal that opposed the gospel (1:14)	1×	παραδόσεις	Medium	παράδοση is a maximally positive word in Greek culture (national + Orthodox); keep Paul’s critique scoped to tradition-as-rival-to-gospel
hypocrisy [new]	ὑπόκρισις	hypókrisis	play-acting	hypocrisy	hypocrisy, insincerity	Peter’s withdrawal at Antioch (2:13)	1×	υποκρισία	Low	Zero-gap
walk straight (with the gospel) [new]	ὀρθοποδέω	orthopodéō	walk with straight feet	act consistently	walk in step with the truth	conduct aligned with gospel truth (2:14)	1×	βαδίζω σύμφωνα με την αλήθεια του ευαγγελίου	Medium	Modern ορθοποδώ = economic recovery (“back on its feet”); use periphrasis

C. Union with Christ and sonship

English	Original	Translit.	Literal	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Frequency	Modern Greek	Risk	Translation risks
crucified with Christ [new]	συσταυρόομαι	systauróomai	co-crucified	crucify together with	crucified with Christ	perfect-tense union with Christ’s death (2:20)	1×, load-bearing	έχω συσταυρωθεί με τον Χριστό	High	Keep the perfect aspect (continuing state); aorist loses Paul’s point. Theosis accretion legitimate but must not displace faith-union
Christ lives in me [new]	ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός	zêi en emoì Christós	Christ lives in me	indwelling	Christ lives in me	Christ as the believer’s operative life (2:20)	1×	ζει μέσα μου ο Χριστός	Medium	Zero-gap; guard Pauline faith-frame per baseline σωτηρία note
Son of God [baseline]	Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	Huiòs toû Theoû	Son of God	—	Son of God	unique eternal Sonship (2:20)	1× + Son 4×	Υιός του Θεού	Critical	Full phrase required; distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship
adoption [baseline]	υἱοθεσία	huiothesía	son-placing	adoption	adoption as sons	redeemed slaves made sons and heirs (4:5)	1×, load-bearing	υιοθεσία	Medium	Stable
Abba [baseline]	Αββά	Abbá	(Aramaic) father	—	Abba	the Spirit’s cry certifying sonship (4:6)	1×	Αββά, Πατέρα	Medium	Retain NT’s own transliteration paired with Πατέρα
heir [new]	κληρονόμος	klēronómos	inheritor	heir	heirs according to promise	believers as heirs of the Abrahamic promise (3:29; 4:1, 7)	4×	κληρονόμος	Low	Stable; pairs with the διαθήκη wordplay
put on Christ [new]	ἐνδύομαι Χριστόν	endýomai Christón	clothe oneself with Christ	put on, be vested	put on Christ, clothed with Christ	baptismal union (3:27)	1×	ενδύθηκα/ντύθηκα τον Χριστό	Low	Major liturgical asset: the Orthodox baptismal hymn quotes 3:27 verbatim (“Ὅσοι εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε…“)
formed (Christ formed in you) [new]	μορφόω	morphóō	give form	shape, form	until Christ is formed in you	Paul’s goal for the Galatians (4:19)	1×	λάβει μορφή / μορφοποιηθεί ο Χριστός μέσα σας	High	Never μορφωθεί — Modern Greek μορφώνομαι = “get educated”; mechanical reuse yields “until Christ gets educated in you”

D. Abraham, covenant, law, and promise (chapters 3-4)

English	Original	Translit.	Literal	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Frequency	Modern Greek	Risk	Translation risks
promise [new]	ἐπαγγελία	epangelía	announcement, promise	promise	promise	the Abrahamic promise, prior to law, fulfilled in Christ	11× in chs. 3-4	υπόσχεση (anchor) / επαγγελία (formal)	High	Root extinct in everyday speech; survives as επάγγελμα “profession” — mis-derivation risk. Registry forbidden-confusion entry
covenant [baseline]	διαθήκη	diathḗkē	disposition, testament	covenant; last will	covenant	ratified covenant that law cannot annul (3:15-17)	3×	διαθήκη	High	Modern sense = legal will. Unique note: 3:15 deliberately uses the will-sense — the wordplay is native to Greek; exploit at v. 15, return to covenant at vv. 16-17
law [baseline]	νόμος	nómos	law	Torah; law in general	law	the Mosaic law as temporary custodian, not justification-ground	32× (highest density in NT)	νόμος	High	Civil-law default; keep referent Mosaic. “Ο νόμος του Χριστού” (6:2) is consciously paradoxical — preserve
curse / cursed [new]	κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος	katára / epikatáratos	curse / under-curse	malediction	curse of the law	Christ became a curse for us (3:10-13)	4×	κατάρα / επικατάρατος	Medium	Lexically stable; guard the substitutionary force of 3:13
redeem [new]	ἐξαγοράζω	exagorázō	buy out	redeem, buy back; (mod.) bribe, buy out	redeemed	Christ’s purchase out of the law’s curse (3:13; 4:5)	2×	λύτρωση/απολύτρωση vocabulary (anchor); εξαγόρασε with note	Critical	Modern εξαγοράζω = bribe (“bought his silence”) / corporate buyout. Unfiltered, 3:13 reads as bribery. Forbidden-substitution rule required
seed / offspring [baseline]	σπέρμα	spérma	seed	seed, offspring	seed	singular σπέρμα = Christ (3:16) — the grammatical-number argument	5×	σπέρμα	Medium	Formal register retains it; the singular/plural argument works verbatim in Greek — zero-gap asset
guardian (the law as) [new]	παιδαγωγός	paidagōgós	boy-leader	custodial slave-escort; (mod.) educator	guardian, tutor, disciplinarian	the law as temporary custodian until Christ (3:24-25)	2×	παιδαγωγός + mandatory gloss	Critical	Modern sense = honored professional educator — inverts Paul’s restrictive-interim point. Never render δάσκαλος; note obligatory
elemental principles [new]	στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	stoicheîa toû kósmou	elements of the world	ABCs, elements, elemental powers; (mod.) data	elemental principles/spirits	the enslaving pre-Christ order (4:3, 9)	2×	τα στοιχειώδη του κόσμου / οι στοιχειώδεις αρχές + note	Critical	Modern στοιχεία = data/personal details (“προσωπικά στοιχεία”); unglossed reads as “the world’s data.” Registry entry
Gentiles / nations [baseline]	ἔθνη	éthnē	nations	nations, Gentiles	Gentiles	non-Jewish peoples receiving Abraham’s blessing (3:8, 14)	5×	έθνη / εθνικοί	Medium	Nationalist connotation of έθνος; keep ethnic-religious sense
Greek (= Gentile) [new]	Ἕλλην	Héllēn	Greek	Greek; Gentile	Greek	”neither Jew nor Ἕλλην” (3:28) — Ἕλλην = Gentile, not the modern national identity	1×, high sensitivity	Έλληνας + mandatory note	High	For this audience uniquely, 3:28 without a note reads as a statement about Greek nationality. Explain Paul’s Jew/Gentile usage
observe (days, months…) [new]	παρατηρέω	paratēréō	watch closely	observe scrupulously	you observe days and months	calendar-religion as relapse (4:10)	1×	τηρείτε ημέρες και μήνες	High	Most pastorally sensitive verse for an audience whose devotional life is calendar-structured (name days, feasts, fasts). Scope Paul’s target to observance-as-justification; human theologian review of curriculum framing
allegory [new]	ἀλληγορούμενα	allēgoroúmena	spoken otherwise	allegorize	interpreted allegorically	Hagar/Sarah as two covenants (4:24)	1×	αλληγορία / αλληγορικά	Low	Stable learned term; note it is Paul’s typology, not a general hermeneutic license
Jerusalem above [new]	ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ	hē ánō Ierousalḗm	the above Jerusalem	—	the Jerusalem above	the free mother-city of believers (4:26)	1×	η άνω Ιερουσαλήμ	Low	Established liturgical phrase — asset

E. Freedom, flesh and Spirit, ethics (chapters 5-6)

English	Original	Translit.	Literal	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Frequency	Modern Greek	Risk	Translation risks
freedom [new]	ἐλευθερία	eleuthería	freedom	freedom, liberty	freedom	freedom from law-as-justification, for Spirit-led love — not license (5:1, 13)	4× + cognates	ελευθερία	Critical	The Greek national word (motto, anthem): default political-liberation resonance. Fence two ways: not national-political; not libertine. New Critical term for this curriculum
circumcision [new]	περιτομή	peritomḗ	cutting around	circumcision	circumcision	the Judaizers’ demand; nothing in Christ (5:2-12; 6:12-15)	13×	περιτομή	Low	Technical, stable
flesh [new]	σάρξ	sárx	flesh	body; mortal humanity; sin-oriented self	flesh	the sin-bent self opposed to the Spirit — NOT the body per se (5:13-24)	18×	σάρκα	Critical	Greek philosophical heritage reads body-vs-soul dualism; Paul’s vice list includes non-bodily “works of the flesh” (envy, enmity). Concept-level notes obligatory
Spirit [baseline]	Πνεῦμα	Pneûma	breath, spirit	Spirit	the Holy Spirit	the Spirit as source of life, fruit, and freedom (chs. 3-6)	18×	Πνεύμα / Άγιο Πνεύμα	Critical	Capitalize and anchor as the person of the Holy Spirit, not the human spiritual faculty
fruit of the Spirit [new]	καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος	karpòs toû Pneúmatos	fruit of the Spirit	produce, harvest	fruit of the Spirit	ninefold Spirit-produced character, singular καρπός (5:22-23)	1× list	ο καρπός του Πνεύματος	Medium	Keep singular; the nine members are living Greek words. πίστη at 5:22 = faithfulness — same word as justifying faith; distinguish
works of the flesh [new]	ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	érga tês sarkós	works of the flesh	—	works of the flesh	the vice catalogue (5:19-21)	1× list	έργα της σάρκας	Medium	Catalogue mostly living words; see φαρμακεία below
sorcery [new]	φαρμακεία	pharmakeía	drug-craft	sorcery, magic	sorcery, witchcraft	vice-list item (5:20)	1×	μαγεία / μαγγανεία — never φαρμακεία	High	Modern φαρμακεία = pharmacy. Forbidden substitution
leaven [new]	ζύμη	zýmē	leaven	yeast	a little leaven	small compromise corrupts the whole (5:9)	1×	ζύμη / προζύμι	Low	Proverbially alive
faith working through love [new]	πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη	pístis di’ agápēs energouménē	faith operating through love	be at work	faith working through love	the letter’s positive thesis (5:6)	1×	πίστη που ενεργείται μέσω της αγάπης	Medium	ενεργώ stable; avoid drifting into the technical Orthodox “ενέργειες” register
burdens / load [new]	βάρη / φορτίον	bárē / phortíon	weights / load	burden / pack	bear one another’s burdens / each his own load	mutual care (6:2) vs. personal responsibility (6:5)	1× each	βάρη / φορτίο	Low	Both alive; the distinction survives naturally
sow / reap [new]	σπείρω / θερίζω	speírō / therízō	sow / reap	—	whatever one sows he will reap	eschatological harvest, Spirit vs. flesh (6:7-9)	3×	σπέρνω / θερίζω	Low	Living proverb in near-identical wording; add non-karma note (personal divine judgment)
new creation [new]	καινὴ κτίσις	kainḕ ktísis	new creation	creation, creature	new creation	what alone counts (6:15)	1×, load-bearing	καινή δημιουργία (anchor) / καινή κτίση (liturgical)	High	Modern κτίση/κτίζω gravitates to building/construction; καινός needs its “new-in-kind” gloss
marks / brand-marks [new]	στίγματα	stígmata	brands	brand, tattoo, mark	the marks of Jesus	Paul’s scars as slave-brands of his Master — badge of honor (6:17)	1×	τα σημάδια του Ιησού (anchor); στίγματα with note	High	Modern στίγμα = social disgrace (near-opposite); also Catholic-stigmata confusion. Registry entry
boast [new]	καυχάομαι	kaucháomai	boast	boast, glory in	never boast except in the cross	boasting relocated to the cross (6:14)	4×	καυχώμαι / καύχημα	Low	Alive in church register
transgressor [new]	παραβάτης	parabátēs	over-stepper	violator	transgressor	rebuilding law makes one its transgressor (2:18)	1×	παραβάτης	Medium	Traffic-offender bleaching; reactivate covenantal weight
agent/servant (of sin) [new]	διάκονος	diákonos	servant	servant, minister; (mod.) deacon	servant of sin (rejected charge)	2:17	1×	υπηρέτης (here) — not διάκονος	Medium	Modern διάκονος = the clerical office; generic sense needs υπηρέτης
certainly not! [new]	μὴ γένοιτο	mē génoito	may it never be	emphatic denial	God forbid!	Paul’s strongest denial (2:17; 3:21; 6:14)	3×	μη γένοιτο	Low	Living set phrase — reuse verbatim; zero-gap asset

Chapter coverage check

Chapter	Represented by (selection)	New terms contributed
1	ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον, ἀνάθεμα, ἀποκάλυψις, ζηλωτής, παραδόσεις	5
2	core passage (2:15-21) verse-by-verse; ψευδάδελφοι, ὀρθοποδέω, ὑπόκρισις, δεξιὰς κοινωνίας, παραβάτης, διάκονος, συσταυρόομαι, δωρεάν	8+
3	ἐπαγγελία, ἐξαγοράζω, κατάρα, παιδαγωγός, σπέρμα-argument, διαθήκη-wordplay, ἐνδύομαι Χριστόν, Ἕλλην, κληρονόμος	9
4	υἱοθεσία, Αββά, στοιχεῖα, παρατηρέω (4:10), μορφόω, ἀλληγορούμενα, ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ	7
5	ἐλευθερία, περιτομή, σάρξ/Πνεῦμα, καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος, φαρμακεία, ζύμη, πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης	7
6	βάρη/φορτίον, σπείρω/θερίζω, καινὴ κτίσις, στίγματα, καυχάομαι, ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	6

No chapter of Galatians is without glossary representation; no chapter was found to contribute zero new terms.

Seeding note (Step 9)

All [new] terms above must be seeded into translation_memory.json, and all [baseline] terms copied exactly with the note “inherited from Romans package.” The five forbidden-substitution rules this letter introduces — δωρεάν→μάταια (2:21), φαρμακεία→μαγεία (5:20), μορφωθεί→λάβει μορφή (4:19), εξαγοράζω→λύτρωση-vocabulary (3:13), δάσκαλος-for-παιδαγωγός (3:24) — must also be carried into 12_ai_translation_requirements.md (Step 10) as enforcement rules.

Critical Risk Terms

Calling

Approved rendering: κλήση
Transliteration: kaleō / klētos
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: κλήση με την καθημερινή έννοια μιας τηλεφωνικής κλήσης ή δικαστικής κλήσης/κλήσης τροχαίας
Original: καλέω / κλητός
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package (CRITICAL): Modern Greek κλήση overwhelmingly means a phone call or traffic summons; the theological sense must be deliberately reactivated at every occurrence.

Justification

Approved rendering: δικαίωση
Transliteration: dikaioō / dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δικαίωση με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια του ‘να αποδειχθεί κανείς σωστός’ (προσωπική δικαίωση)
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package (CRITICAL): Modern δικαίωση colloquially means personal vindication; Orthodox theosis framing absorbs the forensic sense. Anchor to Paul’s own λογίζομαι argument (Galatians 3:6 quoting Genesis 15:6 LXX).

Righteousness

Approved rendering: δικαιοσύνη
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δικαιοσύνη αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της νομικής ή κοινωνικής δικαιοσύνης
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package: Modern civic/legal sense (Ministry of Justice) dominates everyday usage; anchor theologically.

In Vain

Approved rendering: μάταια
Transliteration: dōrean
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δωρεάν με τη σύγχρονη εμπορική έννοια του ‘χωρίς χρέωση’ (free of charge)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION — the signature Galatians trap. Modern Greek δωρεάν means ‘free of charge’ (positive, commercial); mechanical reuse yields ‘Christ died free of charge.’ Always render μάταια or χωρίς λόγο at 2:21.

Son Of God

Approved rendering: Υιός του Θεού
Transliteration: Huios tou Theou
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: Υιός του Θεού με τη γενική έννοια που αποδίδεται σε κάθε πιστό
Original: Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package: full phrase required; distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship (Galatians 4:5-7).

Credited

Approved rendering: λογίστηκε
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δικαιοσύνη ως αποκλειστικά εσωτερική μεταμόρφωση μέσω της θέωσης, χωρίς καμία δικανική διάσταση
Original: λογίζομαι
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package (λογιζόμενη δικαιοσύνη): the accounting metaphor is transparent in Modern Greek and the LXX wording is directly readable — anchor the forensic sense against a transformation-only reading.

Redeem

Approved rendering: λυτρώνω / απολύτρωση
Transliteration: exagorazō
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: εξαγοράζω με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της δωροδοκίας (‘εξαγόρασε τη σιωπή του’), εξαγοράζω ως εταιρική εξαγορά (corporate buyout)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: Modern εξαγοράζω dominantly means to bribe/buy off (‘εξαγόρασε τη σιωπή του’) or a corporate buyout. Anchor with λύτρωση/απολύτρωση vocabulary; retain εξαγόρασε only with an explanatory note.

Guardian

Approved rendering: παιδαγωγός (με υποχρεωτική επεξήγηση)
Transliteration: paidagōgos
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: παιδαγωγός με τη σύγχρονη έννοια του τιμώμενου επαγγελματία εκπαιδευτικού, δάσκαλος (teacher) ως απόδοση
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant

FORBIDDEN INVERSION: Modern παιδαγωγός is the honored professional educator, which inverts Paul’s restrictive-interim point. Keep the word only with a mandatory gloss; never render δάσκαλος (teacher).

Elemental Principles

Approved rendering: τα στοιχειώδη του κόσμου
Transliteration: stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: στοιχεία με τη σύγχρονη έννοια των προσωπικών στοιχείων/δεδομένων ταυτότητας
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Sin

FORBIDDEN CONFUSION: Modern στοιχεία overwhelmingly means data/personal details (‘προσωπικά στοιχεία’); unglossed, the phrase reads as ‘the world’s data.’ Render ‘τα στοιχειώδη του κόσμου / οι στοιχειώδεις αρχές’ with an explanatory note.

Freedom

Approved rendering: ελευθερία
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ελευθερία αποκλειστικά με την εθνικοπολιτική έννοια της εθνικής ανεξαρτησίας, ελευθερία ως ασυδοσία/άνομη ζωή
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation

Zero lexical gap, maximal cultural load: ελευθερία is the Greek national word (motto ‘Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος,’ the national anthem). Fence on two sides: against the default national-political liberation reading, and against libertine misreading (5:13).

Flesh

Approved rendering: σάρκα
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: σάρκα αποκλειστικά με τη φιλοσοφική δυϊστική έννοια σώματος εναντίον ψυχής
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin

The critical risk is conceptual, not lexical: Greek philosophical heritage reads σάρκα/πνεύμα as body-versus-soul dualism, but Paul’s vice list includes non-bodily works (envy, enmity). Explanatory notes are obligatory since the words themselves cannot disambiguate.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Άγιο Πνεύμα / Πνεύμα
Transliteration: Pneuma
Doctrine: God
Original: Πνεῦμα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Anchor as the person of the Holy Spirit, never the human spiritual faculty; capitalization carries load in the σάρκα/Πνεύμα contrast.

High Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: ευαγγέλιο
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Must convey an authoritative announcement, not generic good news or a religious teaching among others.

Different Gospel

Approved rendering: έτερον ευαγγέλιο
Transliteration: heteron euangelion
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Preserve the ἕτερος (‘another of a different kind’) vs ἄλλος (‘another of the same kind’) distinction — it carries Paul’s argument and survives in formal Modern Greek as έτερον.

Anathema

Approved rendering: ανάθεμα
Transliteration: anathema
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: ανάθεμα με την καθημερινή έννοια της τετριμμένης κατάρας, ανάθεμα αποκλειστικά ως επίσημη συνοδική διαδικασία αφορισμού
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Sin

Modern Greek ανάθεμα is both a casual imprecation and the formal conciliar excommunication. Guard both directions: not trivial, and God-pronounced rather than an institutional church procedure.

Works Of The Law

Approved rendering: έργα του νόμου
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: έργα νόμου γενικευμένα ως οποιαδήποτε καλά έργα, αποσυνδεδεμένα από τον Μωσαϊκό Νόμο
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Covenant

Modern νόμος defaults to civil law, and generic ‘good works’ piety can silently replace Torah-works, flattening Paul’s argument into a generic works-religion polemic. Keep the referent Mosaic.

Faith

Approved rendering: πίστη
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: πίστη με τη γενική έννοια της αφοσίωσης σε οποιαδήποτε ιδέα ή πρόσωπο
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. At Galatians 5:22 the same word means ‘faithfulness’ as fruit of the Spirit — the two senses must be explicitly distinguished.

Grace

Approved rendering: χάρη
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: χάρη με την καθημερινή έννοια της γοητείας ή ομορφιάς, χάρη ως νομική/προεδρική χάρη (απονομή χάριτος)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package: Modern χάρη means personal charm or a legal pardon in everyday use; anchor the theological sense at every occurrence.

Crucified With Christ

Approved rendering: έχω συσταυρωθεί με τον Χριστό
Transliteration: synestaurōmai
Doctrine: Christology
Original: συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology

Keep the perfect aspect (έχω συσταυρωθεί — continuing state); the aorist loses the standing-union force. Orthodox theosis resonance is legitimate but must not displace Paul’s faith-union frame.

Promise

Approved rendering: υπόσχεση (επαγγελία)
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: επαγγελία συγχεόμενη με το σύγχρονο ‘επάγγελμα’ (profession)
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant

The Koine word is near-extinct in everyday Modern Greek, where the root survives as επάγγελμα (profession) — a live mis-derivation risk. Anchor with υπόσχεση; retain επαγγελία in formal/liturgical register.

Covenant

Approved rendering: διαθήκη
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: διαθήκη με τη σύγχρονη κυρίαρχη έννοια της κληρονομικής διαθήκης (legal will), εκτός από τη σκόπιμη λογοπαικτική χρήση στο 3:15
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package: modern sense is a legal will. Unique to Galatians: 3:15 deliberately trades on the will-sense — the wordplay is native to Greek; exploit it at v. 15 and return to the covenantal sense for vv. 16-17.

Law

Approved rendering: νόμος
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package: Modern νόμος defaults to civil law; keep the referent Mosaic. ‘Ο νόμος του Χριστού’ (6:2) is consciously paradoxical after chapters 3-5 — preserve the paradox.

Greek Gentile

Approved rendering: Έλληνας (= εθνικός, μη Ιουδαίος)
Transliteration: Hellēn
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: Έλληνας με τη σύγχρονη εθνική/πολιτισμική έννοια της ελληνικότητας
Original: Ἕλλην
Category: Church

Uniquely sensitive for this audience: without a note, 3:28 reads as a statement about Greek nationality. Explain the NT’s Jew/Gentile sense explicitly.

Observe Days

Approved rendering: τηρείτε ημέρες και μήνες
Transliteration: paratēreisthe hēmeras
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: τηρώ ημέρες ερμηνευμένο ως γενική πολεμική κατά της χριστιανικής εορτολογικής ζωής, αντί για παρατήρηση-ως-δικαίωση
Original: παρατηρεῖσθε ἡμέρας
Category: Sanctification

The most pastorally sensitive verse for an audience whose devotional life is structured by the heortological calendar (name days, feasts, fasts). Scope Paul’s target precisely: observance-as-justification, not festivity as such. Human theologian review of curriculum framing required.

Formed In You

Approved rendering: να λάβει μορφή ο Χριστός
Transliteration: morphōthē Christos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: μορφώνομαι με τη σύγχρονη έννοια του ‘αποκτώ μόρφωση/εκπαίδευση’
Original: μορφωθῇ Χριστός
Category: Sanctification

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: Modern μορφώνομαι means ‘to get educated’; a mechanical rendering yields ‘until Christ gets educated in you.’ Render ‘μέχρι να λάβει μορφή ο Χριστός μέσα σας.‘

Severed From Christ

Approved rendering: αποκοπήκατε από τον Χριστό
Transliteration: katērgēthēte apo Christou
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: καταργώ με τη σύγχρονη θεσμική έννοια της κατάργησης νόμου/θεσμού
Original: κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ
Category: Salvation

Modern καταργώ means ‘abolish (an institution)’; the personal sense needs αποκόπτομαι. Keep χάρη anchored per the baseline entry.

Sorcery

Approved rendering: μαγεία
Transliteration: pharmakeia
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: φαρμακεία με τη σύγχρονη έννοια του φαρμακείου (pharmacy)
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: Modern φαρμακεία means ‘pharmacy.’ Always render μαγεία or μαγγανεία.

New Creation

Approved rendering: καινή δημιουργία (καινή κτίση)
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: καινή κτίση με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της οικοδομικής κατασκευής
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation

Modern κτίση/κτίζω gravitates to building/construction (‘new construction’ misreading), and καινός needs its ‘new-in-kind’ gloss. Anchor with ‘καινή δημιουργία’; retain ‘καινή κτίση’ liturgically.

Marks Of Jesus

Approved rendering: τα σημάδια του Ιησού
Transliteration: stigmata tou Iēsou
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: στίγματα με τη σύγχρονη έννοια του κοινωνικού στίγματος/ντροπής, στίγματα αποκλειστικά ως καθολικά στίγματα (stigmata) ενός αγίου
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Sanctification

FORBIDDEN CONFUSION: Modern στίγμα means social disgrace (near-opposite of Paul’s badge of honor), with secondary Catholic-stigmata confusion. Anchor with ‘τα σημάδια του Ιησού’; στίγματα only with note.

Medium Risk Terms

Revelation

Approved rendering: αποκάλυψη
Transliteration: apokalypsis
Doctrine: God
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: God

Modern αποκάλυψη is bleached to journalistic disclosure/exposé; restore the divine-unveiling register.

Traditions

Approved rendering: παραδόσεις
Transliteration: paradoseis
Doctrine: Church
Original: παραδόσεις
Category: Church

παράδοση is a maximally positive word in Greek culture (national and Orthodox alike). Keep Paul’s critique scoped to tradition functioning as a rival to the revealed gospel, not tradition as such.

Servant Of Sin

Approved rendering: υπηρέτης της αμαρτίας
Transliteration: hamartias diakonos
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Sin

Modern διάκονος is almost exclusively the ordained deacon; use υπηρέτης for the generic agent sense here to avoid an ecclesiastical misreading.

Transgressor

Approved rendering: παραβάτης
Transliteration: parabatēs
Doctrine: Sin
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin

Modern παραβάτης is primarily a traffic/regulatory offender; reactivate the covenantal weight.

Curse

Approved rendering: κατάρα
Transliteration: katara / epikataratos
Doctrine: Sin
Original: κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος
Category: Sin

Lexically stable and weighty in Modern Greek; preserve the substitutionary force of 3:13.

Seed

Approved rendering: σπέρμα
Transliteration: sperma
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s grammatical-number argument at 3:16 works verbatim in Greek — a zero-gap asset unavailable to any other language in the pipeline.

Adoption

Approved rendering: υιοθεσία
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package; standard modern legal-and-theological term, zero-gap.

Abba

Approved rendering: Αββά, Πατέρα
Transliteration: Abba ho patēr
Doctrine: God
Original: Αββά ὁ πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package: the NT itself transliterates the Aramaic for its Greek audience; retain ‘Αββά, Πατέρα’ exactly.

Faith Working Through Love

Approved rendering: πίστη που ενεργείται μέσω της αγάπης
Transliteration: pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith

ενεργώ is stable; avoid drifting into the technical Orthodox ‘ενέργειες’ (uncreated energies) register in surrounding prose.

Fruit Of The Spirit

Approved rendering: ο καρπός του Πνεύματος
Transliteration: karpos tou Pneumatos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification

Keep καρπός singular; the nine members are all living Modern Greek words. πίστη at 5:22 means faithfulness — same word as justifying faith; distinguish explicitly.

Works Of The Flesh

Approved rendering: έργα της σάρκας
Transliteration: erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin

Catalogue items are mostly living words; see the sorcery entry for the φαρμακεία trap; κῶμοι → ‘ξέφρενα γλέντια’ in explanatory prose.

Sow And Reap

Approved rendering: ό,τι σπείρει ο άνθρωπος, αυτό και θα θερίσει
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Eschatology
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Eschatology

Living proverb in near-identical wording — asset. Add a note that this is personal divine judgment, not karma-like impersonal retribution.

Gentiles

Approved rendering: έθνη
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: εθνικοί με σύγχρονη εθνικιστική χροιά
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package: Modern έθνος carries nationalist connotation; keep the NT’s ethnic-religious sense distinct from nation-state identity.

Church

Approved rendering: εκκλησία
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: Εκκλησία αποκλειστικά ως ο θεσμός/η ιεραρχική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία, ή αποκλειστικά το κτίριο
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package: distinguish the gathered-congregation sense from the institutional national Church and the building.

Peace

Approved rendering: ειρήνη
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ειρήνη με την ησυχαστική έννοια της εσωτερικής ή νοερής ησυχίας (μυστικιστική παράδοση)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package: distinguish from the Hesychast contemplative sense of inner stillness.

Low Risk Terms

Zealot

Approved rendering: ζηλωτής
Transliteration: zēlōtēs
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Sin

Stable; distinguish from ζηλιάρης (envious), a different word on the same root.

False Brothers

Approved rendering: ψευδάδελφοι
Transliteration: pseudadelphoi
Doctrine: Church
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church

Transparent compound, fully intelligible in Modern Greek.

Hypocrisy

Approved rendering: υποκρισία
Transliteration: hypokrisis
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Sin

Zero-gap; υποκρισία is fully stable.

Put On Christ

Approved rendering: ενδύθηκα τον Χριστό
Transliteration: endyomai Christon
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἐνδύομαι Χριστόν
Category: Sanctification

Major liturgical asset: the Orthodox baptismal hymn quotes this verse verbatim (‘Ὅσοι εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε, Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε’) and is universally known.

Heir

Approved rendering: κληρονόμος
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant

Fully alive in inheritance law; pairs naturally with the διαθήκη wordplay.

Allegory

Approved rendering: αλληγορικά
Transliteration: allēgoroumena
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant

Stable learned term. Note that this is Paul’s typology, not a license for unlimited allegorical method.

Jerusalem Above

Approved rendering: η άνω Ιερουσαλήμ
Transliteration: hē anō Ierousalēm
Doctrine: Eschatology
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology

Established liturgical phrase in Greek — an asset.

Circumcision

Approved rendering: περιτομή
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant

Technical and stable. ακροβυστία (uncircumcision) is opaque to modern ears; render ‘μη περιτμημένοι’ in explanatory prose.

Leaven

Approved rendering: ζύμη
Transliteration: zymē
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ζύμη
Category: Sin

Proverbially alive in Modern Greek (προζύμι).

Burdens

Approved rendering: βάρη / φορτίο
Transliteration: barē / phortion
Doctrine: Church
Original: βάρη / φορτίον
Category: Church

Both words alive; the βάρη/φορτίο distinction survives naturally in Modern Greek — preserve it.

Boast In The Cross

Approved rendering: καυχώμαι στον σταυρό
Transliteration: kauchaomai
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Salvation

Alive in church register; ‘το καύχημά μου ο σταυρός’ is idiomatic.

Certainly Not

Approved rendering: μη γένοιτο
Transliteration: mē genoito
Doctrine: Faith
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Faith

Living set phrase in liturgical and colloquial Modern Greek — reuse verbatim; zero-gap asset.

Apostle

Approved rendering: απόστολος
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Church
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package; identical to the NT word, stable.

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