Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24
Section A: Baseline Terms Reused Exactly in Luke
These terms are already recorded in translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json from the Romans/Galatians package. Do not re-derive or alter their rendering. Table lists the recorded Greek rendering, inherited risk tier, and where each recurs load-bearingly in Luke.
| English term | Greek rendering (MUST reuse) | Risk (baseline) | Key Luke occurrences | Luke-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | ευαγγέλιο | High | 4:18 (verb form), 7:22, 20:1 | Verb form ευαγγελίζομαι not separately recorded in baseline; recommend adding as High. |
| grace | χάρη | Critical | 1:28, 1:30, 2:40, 4:22 | 1:28 κεχαριτωμένη (“full of grace”) is the highest-stakes Marian occurrence in the curriculum; requires theologian review distinct from Pauline occurrences. |
| faith | πίστη | High | 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:5-6, 19; 18:8, 42; 22:32 | Extremely frequent in Luke, often paired with σῴζω (see σωτηρία below) in healing contexts. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | Critical | 1:75; 11:42 | 11:42 uses δικαιοσύνη in an ethical-practice register (justice/righteous dealing), distinct from soteriological status — flag the register shift. |
| justification | δικαίωση (δικαιωθεὶς/δεδικαιωμένος) | Critical | 18:14 | Major cross-reference asset: Jesus’s own parable uses the identical forensic verb Paul uses in Romans. |
| salvation | σωτηρία (σῴζω) | Critical | 1:47, 69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6; 7:50; 8:12, 36, 48, 50; 9:24; 13:23; 17:19; 18:26, 42; 19:9-10; 23:35 (mocking use); 24:21 | The most frequent Critical term in Luke by far. σῴζω’s holistic physical-healing/spiritual-salvation double sense is a deliberate Lukan feature to preserve, not resolve. |
| apostle | απόστολος | Low | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Stable; shares root with ἀπέσταλκέν (4:18) and ἀποστέλλω (10:1). |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλήση | Critical | Implicit throughout in the calling of disciples (5:1-11, 27-28) and the seventy-two (10:1-16); not always the specific noun/adjective but the underlying doctrine of divine summons | Luke’s narrative calling-scenes function as doctrine “The Cost and Joy of Discipleship” illustrations of baseline effectual_calling. |
| holy | άγιος | Critical | 1:15, 35, 41, 49, 67, 70; 2:23, 25; 4:1, 34; 11:2, 13 | Extremely frequent, especially in the infancy narrative’s Spirit-saturated language. |
| sanctification | αγιασμός | High | Not heavily thematized as a distinct term in Luke; underlying concept present in discipleship/holiness teaching | Low direct occurrence; retained for consistency. |
| resurrection | ανάσταση | Critical | 9:22 (predicted); 14:14; 20:27-38 (debate); 24:1-53 (narrated) | Shares its verbal root with ἀνέστη (4:16, “he stood up”) — a non-theological homonym worth a teaching footnote, not a translation risk. |
| lord | Κύριος | Critical | 1:43, 76; 2:11; 4:18-19 (LXX quotation); 5:8, 12; 6:46; 10:1, 17, 39-41; 20:41-44; 22:33, 38, 61; 24:3, 34 | 20:41-44’s “David calls him Lord” is a direct scriptural deity-argument, high-value teaching text alongside Romans 10:9. |
| son_of_god | Υιός του Θεού | Critical | 1:32, 35; 3:22, 38; 4:3, 9, 41; 8:28; 9:35; 10:22; 22:70 | Distinguish consistently from the new Critical term “Son of Man” (Υιός του ανθρώπου, Section B below) — two distinct titles, not synonyms. |
| incarnation | ενανθρώπηση | High | 1:26-38; 2:1-20 (theological category for the whole infancy narrative) | Luke’s infancy narrative is the primary NT incarnation narrative; Orthodox theosis-framing risk (per baseline) applies with full force here. |
| peace | ειρήνη | Medium | 1:79; 2:14, 29; 7:50; 8:48; 10:5-6; 19:38, 42; 24:36 | 19:42 (“if you, even you, had known… the things that make for peace”) is a distinctively Lukan lament-use worth noting. |
| thanksgiving | ευχαριστία | Low | 17:16; 18:11 (ironic Pharisee use); 22:17, 19 | 22:19’s εὐχαριστήσας (“having given thanks”) at the Last Supper is the direct root of “Eucharist” — flag per baseline’s sacramental-ambiguity note. |
| church | εκκλησία | Medium | Not present in Luke’s Gospel narrative itself (term becomes central in Acts); underlying “gathered community” concept present in the disciples/seventy-two | Retained for forward consistency with Acts-based curricula. |
| kingdom_of_god | βασιλεία του Θεού | Medium | 4:43; 6:20; 7:28; 8:1, 10; 9:2, 60, 62; 10:9, 11; 11:20; 12:31-32; 13:18-21; 14:15; 17:20-21; 18:16-17, 24-25, 29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:42; 24:… | The single most frequent doctrinal phrase in Luke; central to “The Kingdom of God Present and Future.” |
| law | νόμος | High | 2:22-27, 39; 10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44 | Luke’s Jesus repeatedly relativizes Sabbath-legalism (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6) without abolishing νόμος itself — scope carefully per baseline caution. |
| sin | αμαρτία | Medium | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 24:47 | Root of new term ἁμαρτωλός (sinner), Section B. |
| gentiles | έθνη | Medium | 2:32; 12:30; 21:24; 22:25; 24:47 | Grounds the doctrine “Jesus as Savior for All Nations” directly. |
| glory | δόξα | Medium | 2:9, 14, 32; 9:26, 31-32; 17:18; 19:38; 21:27; 24:26 | 9:31-32’s Transfiguration δόξα is a peak Christological moment. |
| power_of_god | δύναμη Θεού | Medium | 1:35; 4:14, 36; 5:17; 6:19; 8:46; 9:1; 10:19; 24:49 | 24:49’s “power from on high” directly anticipates Acts 1:8. |
| messiah | Μεσσίας / Χριστός | Critical | 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46 | Per baseline note, prefer Χριστός (the NT’s own dominant usage) over Μεσσίας except where the Hebrew-messianic background is specifically in view. |
| prophet | προφήτης | Low | 1:76; 4:24, 27; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 11:47-50; 13:33-34; 16:29, 31; 20:6; 24:19, 27 | Extremely frequent; Jesus is repeatedly identified (and self-identifies) as a prophet en route to fuller Christological titles. |
| prophecy | προφητεία | Low | 1:67-79 (Zechariah’s prophetic utterance); implicit throughout fulfillment texts | Reuse exactly. |
| covenant | διαθήκη | High | 1:72; 22:20 | 22:20’s καινή διαθήκη requires the additional καινός-gloss (Section B). |
| election | εκλογή | High | Not a frequent explicit term in Luke’s Gospel; underlying doctrine present in the calling narratives | Retained for consistency; low direct occurrence. |
| intercession | μεσιτεία | High | Underlying concept in Jesus’s own prayer for Peter (22:32, “I have prayed for you”) | Note: this is Christ’s own direct intercession, reinforcing (not undermining) the baseline’s caution against defaulting to saintly/Marian mediation as the primary model. |
| providence | πρόνοια | Medium | 12:6-7, 22-31 (God’s care for sparrows, lilies, daily need) | Reinforce against the secular-welfare sense per baseline. |
| mission | αποστολή | Medium | 9:1-6; 10:1-16 (sending of the Twelve and the Seventy-two) | Directly relevant to the doctrine “Jesus as Savior for All Nations.” |
| david | Δαβίδ | Low | 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44 | Reuse exactly. |
| israel | Ισραήλ | Low | 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 4:25, 27; 22:30; 24:21 | Reuse exactly; note distinction from the modern nation-state per baseline. |
| jesus | Ιησούς | Critical | Throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| god | Θεός | Critical | Throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| holy_spirit | Άγιο Πνεύμα | Critical | 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49 | The single most Spirit-saturated Gospel; grounds “The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History” throughout. |
| father | Πατέρας | Critical | 1:32, 62-63, 73; 2:49; 3:38; 6:36; 9:26; 10:21-22; 11:2, 11-13; 12:30, 32; 15:12-32; 22:29, 42; 23:34, 46; 24:49 | 11:2’s Lord’s Prayer address and 23:34/46’s cross-sayings are consistency-critical occurrences. |
| exhort | προτρέπω | Low | Not a major distinct term in Luke; related παρακαλέω usage minimal | Retained for consistency. |
| seed_of_david | σπέρμα Δαβίδ | Medium | Implicit in the genealogy (3:23-38) and angelic annunciation (1:32) | Genealogy’s unique reach to Adam/God (3:38) extends this doctrine universally — an asset for “Savior for All Nations.” |
| promise | υπόσχεση (επαγγελία) | High | 1:72-73 (oath/promise to Abraham); 24:49 (implicit promise of the Spirit) | Reuse exactly. |
| redeem / redemption | λυτρώνω / απολύτρωση | Critical | 1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21 | Consistently the noun form (λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις) in Luke rather than the verb ἐξαγοράζω — lower incidental risk than the Galatians occurrences, but must remain lexically consistent with them. |
| certainly_not | μη γένοιτο | Low | Not directly occurring in Luke’s Gospel narrative | Retained for consistency with Acts/Pauline curricula. |
Section B: New Terms Introduced by the Luke Curriculum
These terms are not present in the Romans/Galatians baseline translation_memory.json. They are proposed here, in the same schema used by the baseline, for formal addition to translation memory in Phase 1 Step 2.
| English term | Greek rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Luke passages | Notes / Forbidden substitutions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anointed (verb) | έχρισεν (root of Χριστός) | échrisen | Critical | Messianic Promise | 4:18 | Must be explicitly connected to Χριστός in teaching material; the verb form itself does not appear in ordinary Modern Greek speech and could otherwise pass unnoticed. |
| poor | πτωχοί | ptōchoí | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:20, 22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3 | FORBIDDEN NARROWING: never silently gloss as “poor in spirit” only; Luke intends literal economic poverty alongside any spiritual extension. |
| captives | αιχμάλωτοι | aichmálōtoi | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | Hold both literal captivity and sin-bondage senses together; do not resolve toward only one. |
| release / forgiveness | άφεση | áphesi | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins / Good News to the Poor | 1:77; 3:3; 4:18-19; 23:34; 24:47 | FORBIDDEN COLLAPSE: never render exclusively as either “liberty” (losing the forgiveness sense) or exclusively as “forgiveness” (losing the Jubilee/social-liberation sense) — the same Greek word must be recognized as doing both kinds of theological work across Luke-Acts. |
| the oppressed / crushed | τεθραυσμένοι | tethrausménoi | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | Rare word in Modern Greek (technical/medical register only); requires explanatory gloss to convey social oppression, not merely physical injury. |
| acceptable (year) | δεκτόν | dektón | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized / Kingdom of God | 4:19 | FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: never render with only the bureaucratic-legal “admissible/approved” sense (αποδεκτό); must retain the Year-of-Jubilee background via explanatory note. |
| today (Lukan keyword) | σήμερον | sḗmeron | Critical (by inversion) | Kingdom of God Present and Future / Salvation | 2:11; 4:21; 5:26; 12:28; 13:32-33; 19:5, 9; 22:34, 61; 23:43 | The risk is the word’s very ordinariness; require a standing teaching note flagging every occurrence as a deliberate Lukan fulfillment-marker, not incidental narrative timing. |
| favored one (Mary) | κεχαριτωμένη | kecharitōménē | Critical | Incarnation / Grace | 1:28 | FORBIDDEN IMPLICATION: never render in a way suggesting Mary is the source/dispenser of χάρις rather than its recipient; distinguish from the baseline’s intercession caution about Marian mediation. |
| Most High | Ύψιστος | Ýpsistos | Medium | Deity of Christ / Sonship of Christ | 1:32, 35, 76 | Ensure “Son of the Most High” is understood as the same eternal Sonship as the baseline’s Υιός του Θεού, not a separate or lesser title. |
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtḗr | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 1:47; 2:11 | Note and, where pedagogically useful, contrast with the imperial/Caesar-Augustus use of the same title in the first century. |
| humble / humility | ταπεινός / ταπείνωσις | tapeinós / tapeínōsis | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 1:48, 52; 6:20-26; 14:11; 18:14 | Track consistently across all reversal-theme (humble/exalted) passages. |
| mercy | έλεος | éleos | High | Compassion and Table Fellowship / Prayer | 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:38-39 | Distinguish the covenant-historical Magnificat/Benedictus sense from the liturgical-refrain familiarity of “Κύριε, ελέησον” (see below) without discarding either. |
| Lord, have mercy on me | Κύριε, ελέησόν με | Kýrie, eléēsón me | High | Prayer and Dependence on God / Salvation | 18:38-39 | Major liturgical asset (identical to the Kyrie eleison refrain); restore its narrative, personal-cry force rather than letting it register only as ritual formula. |
| repentance | μετάνοια | metánoia | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 24:47 | Distinguish the foundational NT sense (life-reorientation available to any sinner) from the specific Orthodox sacramental rite bearing the same name, without contradicting it. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα | báptisma | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 21 | Distinguish John’s preparatory repentance-baptism from fuller sacramental Christian baptism. |
| prayer / to pray | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | proseuchḗ / proseúchomai | High | Prayer and Dependence on God | 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18, 28-29; 11:1-13; 22:32, 40-46; 23:34, 46 | Track Luke’s distinctive prayer-notices at every major narrative turning point as a structural doctrinal pattern, not incidental detail. |
| tempt / temptation | πειράζω / πειρασμός | peirázō / peirasmós | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God / Cost of Discipleship | 4:1-13; 11:4; 22:40, 46 | Distinguish “testing” (trial of character) from “temptation” (enticement to sin) by context. |
| authority | εξουσία | exousía | Medium-High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4:32, 36; 5:24; 9:1; 20:2, 8 | Distinguish from δύναμη Θεού (baseline power_of_god): εξουσία is authority-to-command, δύναμις is capability/might. |
| unclean spirit | πνεύμα ακάθαρτο | pnévma akátharto | Medium | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (contrast) | 4:33, 36; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24 | Adjective (ακάθαρτο/άγιο) does all disambiguating work from Άγιο Πνεύμα; no substitution risk, but flag for consistency. |
| disciple | μαθητής | mathētḗs | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:30, 33; 6:13, 17, 20; 9:1, 14, 40; 10:23; 11:1; 14:26-33; 19:37, 39; 22:11, 39, 45 | Distinguish from ordinary “school pupil” sense; requires teaching note on total-life allegiance. |
| follow | ακολουθέω | akolouthéō | Medium | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:11, 27-28; 9:23, 57-62; 18:22, 28 | Preserve both literal (road) and committed-allegiance senses. |
| sinner | αμαρτωλός | hamartōlós | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:8, 30, 32; 6:32-34; 7:34, 37, 39; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7 | Restore the first-century social-exclusion dimension (not merely private moral failing) via explanatory note. |
| tax collector | τελώνης | telṑnēs | Medium-High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:27-30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2 | FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: never leave unglossed as the neutral modern “customs official”; requires explanatory note on first-century social disgrace/collaboration. |
| blessed | μακάριος | makários | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:20-22 | FORBIDDEN HARMONIZATION: never silently import Matthew’s “poor in spirit” qualifier into Luke’s unqualified “blessed are you who are poor.” |
| woe | ουαί | ouaí | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22 | Preserve full prophetic-judgment force; do not soften to mere warning. |
| rich | πλούσιος | ploúsios | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:24; 12:16; 14:12; 16:1, 19, 21-22; 18:23, 25; 19:2 | Maintain Luke’s consistent, deliberately uncomfortable rich/poor reversal across all occurrences; do not moralize into generic “generosity” teaching. |
| love | αγάπη / αγαπάω | agápē / agapáō | High | (Cross-cutting; grounds Compassion doctrine) | 6:27, 32, 35; 7:42, 47; 10:27; 11:42 | Not present in the Romans/Galatians baseline; recommend permanent addition. Distinguish from mere affection/sentiment; this is a costly, willed love toward enemies. |
| compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnízomai | Critical | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 7:13; 10:33; 15:20 | Preserve visceral intensity (“gut-level”); avoid flattening to generic “felt sorry for.” |
| word of God | λόγος του Θεού | lógos tou Theoú | Medium | Kingdom of God / Repentance | 5:1; 8:11, 15, 21; 11:28 | Not separately recorded in baseline; recommend addition given frequency and centrality to the Parable of the Sower. |
| demon | δαιμόνιο | daimónio | Medium-High | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (contrast) / Savior for All Nations | 4:33; 8:2, 27-33; 9:42; 11:14-20 | FORBIDDEN CONFUSION: never let the theological sense bleed into or be confused with the Modern Greek idiom “έχει δαιμόνιο” (“he’s brilliant/talented”). |
| Son of Man | Υιός του ανθρώπου | Yiós tou anthrṓpou | Critical | Cost of Discipleship / Kingdom of God / Deity of Christ | 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22-30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7 | FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: the words are ordinary Modern Greek (“son of the human being”); without an explicit Daniel 7:13 note at every occurrence, the title’s apocalyptic-messianic weight is invisible. Requires theologian review at every occurrence. |
| transfiguration / change of form | μεταμόρφωση | metamórphōsi | High | Deity of Christ / Kingdom Present and Future | 9:28-36 | Distinguish from the secular “makeover/transformation” sense the noun has acquired in contemporary media usage. |
| cross | σταυρός | staurós | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23; 14:27; 23:26, 33 | Guard against over-familiarity (ubiquitous decorative/jewelry use) blunting the original shocking force of “take up his cross.” |
| neighbor | πλησίον | plēsíon | High | Compassion and Table Fellowship / Savior for All People | 10:27, 29, 36 | Preserve the parable’s radically widened scope of the term; do not let it narrow to residential/ethnic “neighbor.” |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρείτης | Samareítēs | Medium-High | Savior for All Nations and All People | 10:33; 17:11-19 | Requires an explanatory note recovering the first-century schismatic/unclean social status invisible in the bare proper noun today. |
| anxious / worry | μεριμνώ | merimnṑ | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 10:41; 12:22, 25-26 | Track alongside the doctrine’s trust-vs-anxiety contrast; low lexical risk. |
| greed | πλεονεξία | pleonexía | Medium | Good News to the Poor / Kingdom | 12:15 | Stable; low cross-linguistic risk. |
| treasure | θησαυρός | thēsaurós | Low-Medium | Good News to the Poor / Kingdom | 12:33-34 | Stable in both registers. |
| Sabbath | σάββατο | sábbato | Medium | Law and Grace (applied) | 6:1-11; 13:14-16; 14:1-6 | Distinguish theological Sabbath-commandment sense from the ordinary “Saturday” sense; scope Jesus’s critique to legalistic misuse, not the commandment itself. |
| narrow door | στενή θύρα | stenḕ thýra | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 13:24 | Stable image; preserve the urgency/effort (“strive to enter”) sense. |
| joy / rejoice | χαρά / χαίρω | charᐧá / chaírō | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 1:14, 44, 47; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17, 20; 15:5-7, 9-10, 32; 19:6, 37; 24:41, 52 | Teach as heaven’s own characteristic response to repentance/restoration, not merely a human emotion. |
| lost | απολωλός | apolōlós | Medium-High | Savior for All People / Discipleship | 15:4, 6, 9, 24, 32; 19:10 | Flag the deliberate bookending link between ch. 15’s three parables and 19:10’s mission-summary. |
| mammon | μαμωνάς | mamōnâs | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:9, 11, 13 | Preserve the personification (a rival master), not generic “money isn’t everything” moralism. |
| Hades | Άδης | Ádēs | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future / Eschatology | 16:23 | FORBIDDEN CONFLATION — uniquely Greek risk: never allow the Christian intermediate-state sense to merge with the identical Olympian mythological underworld/deity every Greek reader knows from school literature. Requires theologian review and explicit distinguishing note every occurrence. |
| Abraham’s bosom | κόλπος Αβραάμ | kólpos Avraám | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:22-23 | Fixed idiom; teach alongside the Hades entry as its counterpart. |
| justified (Lukan occurrence) | δεδικαιωμένος | dedikaiōménos | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins / Justification | 18:14 | Reuse the baseline δικαίωση rendering conventions exactly; major cross-reference asset linking Jesus’s own teaching to Pauline doctrine. |
| be merciful / propitiated | ιλάσθητί μοι | hilásthēti moi | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 18:13 | Flag alongside any atonement/propitiation-language segment per baseline escalation rules. |
| today, salvation | σήμερον σωτηρία | sḗmeron sōtēría | Critical | Savior for All People / Salvation | 19:9 | Critical convergence of two flagged terms; treat with 4:21 and 23:43 as the curriculum’s three key σήμερον cross-reference points. |
| seek and save the lost | ζητήσαι και σώσαι το απολωλός | zētḗsai kai sṓsai tò apolōlós | Critical | Savior for All Nations and All People (thesis statement) | 19:10 | Prioritize for theologian review and cross-document consistency alongside 4:18-21. |
| cornerstone | κεφαλή γωνίας | kephalḕ gōnías | Medium | Deity of Christ / Resurrection (vindication) | 20:17 | Stable architectural metaphor; draw out the rejection-then-vindication theme explicitly. |
| tribulation / distress | θλίψη | thlípsi | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 21:23, 25 | Distinguish the eschatological register from ordinary personal-grief usage. |
| new covenant | καινή διαθήκη | kainḕ diathḗkē | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins / Covenant | 22:20 | Reuse baseline διαθήκη exactly; flag the “last will and testament” secular-drift risk as especially consequential here since this text names the Bible’s own two-part title in Greek. |
| remembrance / anamnesis | ανάμνηση | anámnēsi | Critical | (Liturgical asset; cross-cutting) | 22:19 | FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: never let the ordinary “memory/souvenir” secular sense displace the technical liturgical sense (Christ’s sacrifice made present, not merely recalled). |
| agony | αγωνία | agōnía | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship / Incarnation | 22:44 | Restore full weight against the now-common secular “everyday anxiety” sense. |
| deny | απαρνούμαι | aparnoúmai | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 22:34, 61 | Stable; ties to the discipleship-failure-and-restoration theme. |
| paradise | παράδεισος | parádeisos | Critical | Savior for All People / Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 23:43 | FORBIDDEN BLEACHING: never let the tourism-marketing “beautiful vacation spot” sense (dominant in contemporary commercial Modern Greek) displace the specific, personal “with me” promise. |
| temple curtain / veil | καταπέτασμα | katapétasma | Medium | (Atonement, supporting) | 23:45 | Low lexical risk; note the God-access significance. |
| witnesses | μάρτυρες | mártyres | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History / Resurrection | 24:48 | Clarify primary sense here is eyewitness testimony, not yet the later martyrdom-sense development, though both are theologically apt. |
| taken up (ascension) | ανελήφθη | anelḗphthē | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future / Deity of Christ | 24:51 | Not in baseline; recommend addition given foundational Christological/eschatological weight. |
Section C: Risk Summary for Luke-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (Section B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 13 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 7 | Human theologian or senior native speaker per baseline convention |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 2 | Automated review |
Note on routing consistency: Per the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions, all Critical and High risk terms in Section B require human theologian review at every occurrence in Phase 2. This glossary, together with 07_semantic_analysis.md, should be merged into the Language Package’s translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 1 Step 2, with version incremented and all new entries flagged for initial theologian sign-off before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
End of 08_core_glossary.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: χάρη
Transliteration: chári
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: χάρη με την καθημερινή έννοια της γοητείας ή ομορφιάς, χάρη ως νομική/προεδρική χάρη (απονομή χάριτος)
Original: χάρις / κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 1:28’s κεχαριτωμένη (recorded separately below as a distinct Critical term) is the highest-stakes Marian occurrence in this curriculum; ensure Mary is taught as recipient, never source or dispenser, of χάρη, consistent with the baseline’s Marian-mediation caution.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: δικαιοσύνη
Transliteration: dikaiosýni
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δικαιοσύνη αποκλειστικά με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της νομικής ή κοινωνικής δικαιοσύνης
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 11:42 shifts δικαιοσύνη into an ethical-practice register (‘justice and the love of God’) distinct from the soteriological-status sense at 1:75; flag this register difference explicitly rather than letting one reading flatten the other.
Justification
Approved rendering: δικαίωση
Transliteration: dikaíosi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: δικαίωση με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια του ‘να αποδειχθεί κανείς σωστός’ (προσωπική δικαίωση)
Original: δικαιόω / δεδικαιωμένος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 18:14’s δεδικαιωμένος (recorded separately below) is a major cross-reference asset: Jesus’s own parable uses the identical forensic verb Paul later develops in Romans, grounding the doctrine in Jesus’s own teaching, not only Pauline theology.
Salvation
Approved rendering: σωτηρία
Transliteration: sotiría
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). The single most frequent Critical term in Luke (1:47,69,71,77; 2:11,30; 3:6; 7:50; 8:12,36,48,50; 9:24; 13:23; 17:19; 18:26,42; 19:9-10; 23:35; 24:21). σῴζω’s deliberate holistic ambiguity spanning physical healing and spiritual salvation must be preserved, not resolved into only one gloss; guard against the Orthodox theosis-only reading eclipsing Luke’s emphasis on decisive, personally received deliverance.
Calling
Approved rendering: κλήση
Transliteration: klísi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: κλήση με την καθημερινή έννοια μιας τηλεφωνικής κλήσης ή δικαστικής κλήσης/κλήσης τροχαίας
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). The baseline’s severe secular-bleaching risk applies with full force whenever this doctrine is named explicitly in Luke-based teaching material built on the disciple-calling narratives.
Holy
Approved rendering: άγιος
Transliteration: ágios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (rendering exact; risk tier elevated from High to Critical for this curriculum) given the extremely high frequency of άγιος in Luke’s Spirit-saturated infancy narrative (1:15,35,41,49,67,70; 2:23,25; 4:1,34; 11:2,13) and the latent name-day/canonized-saints collision risk present at every occurrence.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ανάσταση
Transliteration: anástasi
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Shares its root with Luke’s ἀνέστη (4:16, ‘he stood up to read’) — a non-theological homonym worth a teaching footnote, not a translation risk. The Sadducee resurrection debate (20:27-38) and the full resurrection narrative (24:1-53) are key doctrinal texts for cross-document consistency.
Lord
Approved rendering: Κύριος
Transliteration: Kýrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Κύριος με την καθημερινή έννοια της ευγενικής προσφώνησης ‘κύριε’ (αντίστοιχο του ‘Mr.’)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 20:41-44 (‘Δαβίδ τον καλεί Κύριον’) is a direct scriptural deity-argument paralleling Romans 10:9 and must never register with the flatness of the everyday honorific.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Υιός του Θεού
Transliteration: Yiós tou Theoú
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Υιός του Θεού με τη γενική έννοια που αποδίδεται σε κάθε πιστό
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Must be kept lexically and doctrinally distinct from the separate Critical Luke term ‘Son of Man’ (Υιός του ανθρώπου, recorded separately below) — two distinct titles, never interchangeable, despite superficial verbal similarity.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Μεσσίας
Transliteration: Messías
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 4:18’s ἔχρισέν (recorded separately below) is the verb-form self-application of the Χριστός title by Jesus himself, in public, in his hometown synagogue. Prefer Χριστός over Μεσσίας per baseline note except where the Hebrew-messianic background is specifically in view.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ιησούς
Transliteration: Iisoús
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Reuse exactly throughout.
God
Approved rendering: Θεός
Transliteration: Theós
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Reuse exactly throughout.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Άγιο Πνεύμα
Transliteration: Ágio Pnévma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Πνεύμα Άγιο αποδοσμένο ή διδαγμένο ως απρόσωπη ‘ενεργός δύναμη’ (Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke is the most Spirit-saturated Gospel; grounds ‘The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History’ throughout (1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:16,22; 4:1,14,18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10,12; 24:49). Maintain Filioque-neutral surrounding trinitarian phrasing per baseline caution. Never render the Spirit’s action verbs (ἐπελεύσεται 1:35; ἦν… πλήρης 4:1) with impersonal-force phrasing, per the sectarian-rendering caution documented in 05_translation_landscape.md.
Father
Approved rendering: Πατέρας
Transliteration: Patéras
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 11:2 (Lord’s Prayer address) and 23:34/46 (cross-sayings) are consistency-critical occurrences requiring identical rendering wherever quoted across documents.
Redeem
Approved rendering: λυτρώνω / απολύτρωση
Transliteration: lytróno / apolýtrosi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: εξαγοράζω με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της δωροδοκίας ή εταιρικής εξαγοράς
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke consistently uses the noun form (λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις, 1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21) rather than the bribery-prone verb εξαγοράζω flagged Critical in the Galatians baseline; lower incidental risk, but rendering must remain lexically consistent with those occurrences.
Anointed Verb
Approved rendering: έχρισεν
Transliteration: échrisen
Doctrine: Messianic Promise Fulfilled in Jesus
Rejected alternatives: παράλειψη της ρηματικής σύνδεσης με τον όρο Χριστός
Original: ἔχρισέν
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke 4:18: ‘Πνεύμα Κυρίου επ’ εμέ, ου είνεκεν έχρισέν με.’ The verb is the root of Χριστός itself; Jesus applies the verb form of his own title to himself, publicly, in his hometown synagogue. The verb does not occur in ordinary Modern Greek speech (only the noun-derivative Χριστός and the unrelated-looking χρίσμα, ‘coating/varnish’); teaching material must explicitly draw the connection to Χριστός or it will pass unnoticed by a modern reader.
Release Forgiveness
Approved rendering: άφεση
Transliteration: áfesi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: άφεση αποδοσμένη αποκλειστικά ως ‘ελευθερία’, χάνοντας τη διάσταση της συγχώρεσης, άφεση αποδοσμένη αποκλειστικά ως ‘συγχώρεση αμαρτιών’, χάνοντας την ιωβηλαία κοινωνική απελευθέρωση
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM, and a distinctively Lukan polysemy. The identical Greek word denotes both Jubilee-style social release (4:18-19) and forgiveness of sins (1:77; 3:3; 23:34; 24:47). FORBIDDEN COLLAPSE: never resolve toward only one sense — this is a deliberate double-duty Luke-Acts theological move to be preserved, not an ambiguity to be fixed.
Today Lukan Keyword
Approved rendering: σήμερον
Transliteration: sḗmeron
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Eschatology
NEW LUKE TERM, Critical BY INVERSION. Luke’s theological keyword marking the present-tense in-breaking of eschatological fulfillment (2:11; 4:21; 5:26; 12:28; 13:32-33; 19:5,9; 22:34,61; 23:43). Modern Greek σήμερα is the completely unremarkable everyday word for ‘today’ — there is no secular-bleaching risk in the usual sense, because the word carries no special weight to erode. The risk is the OPPOSITE: translators and teachers may pass over it as mere narrative timestamping. Require a standing teaching note at every occurrence.
Favored One Mary
Approved rendering: κεχαριτωμένη
Transliteration: kecharitōménē
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: κεχαριτωμένη ερμηνευμένη ως η Μαρία να είναι πηγή ή διανομέας της χάριτος, αντί για αποδέκτης αυτής
Original: κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. Gabriel’s greeting to Mary (1:28), perfect passive participle of χαριτόω. The highest-stakes Marian occurrence in this curriculum. FORBIDDEN IMPLICATION: never render in a way suggesting Mary is the source/dispenser of χάρις rather than its recipient; must be rendered as an action done TO Mary BY God, consistent with the intercession doctrine’s caution against Marian mediation as the primary model of grace.
Repentance
Approved rendering: μετάνοια
Transliteration: metánoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. A fundamental reorientation of mind and life; the content of John’s, and then Jesus’s, preaching (3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 24:47). Modern Greek μετάνοια is fully living and stable, but also the exact liturgical/sacramental name for the rite of confession — risk that readers assume a specific ritual procedure rather than the more foundational, universally available reorientation Luke describes (e.g. the criminal on the cross, 23:39-43, receives it with no rite at all). Theologian review required at each occurrence.
Blessed
Approved rendering: μακάριος
Transliteration: makários
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: μακάριος εναρμονισμένος σιωπηλά με το ‘πτωχοί τω πνεύματι’ του Ματθαίου
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke’s Beatitudes address the economically poor, hungry, weeping, and hated directly (6:20-22), with no ‘in spirit’ qualifier. FORBIDDEN HARMONIZATION: never silently import Matthew’s qualifier into Luke’s unqualified blessing.
Woe
Approved rendering: ουαί
Transliteration: ouaí
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ουαί απαλυνόμενο σε απλή προειδοποίηση, χάνοντας τον προφητικό τόνο κρίσης
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. The structural counterpart to μακάριος (6:24-26; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22). Establishes Luke’s rich/poor reversal as programmatic. Preserve full prophetic-judgment force; do not soften to mere warning.
Compassion Visceral
Approved rendering: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Transliteration: splanchnízomai
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. Deep, gut-level compassion; the defining verb of Jesus’s compassion at the widow of Nain’s funeral (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), and the prodigal’s father (15:20) — Luke’s three great compassion scenes. Largely confined to biblical/liturgical register in contemporary Modern Greek — a genuine asset, but risks sounding archaic if rendered too plainly; preserve visceral intensity, do not flatten to a generic ‘felt sorry for.‘
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Υιός του ανθρώπου
Transliteration: Yiós tou anthrópou
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: Υιός του ανθρώπου διδαγμένος ως απλή, ταπεινή αναφορά στην ανθρώπινη ιδιότητα, χωρίς σύνδεση με το Δανιήλ 7:13
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. An apocalyptic-messianic title from Daniel 7:13, Jesus’s own preferred self-designation, spanning suffering, humanity, and eschatological authority (5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,56,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7). FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: the literal words ‘son of the human being’ are entirely ordinary Modern Greek vocabulary; without an explicit Daniel 7:13 note at every occurrence, the title’s majestic weight is invisible. Theologian review mandatory at every occurrence.
Hades
Approved rendering: Άδης
Transliteration: Ádis
Doctrine: Eschatology: Hades, Abraham’s Bosom, and Paradise
Rejected alternatives: Άδης συγχεόμενος με τον Ολύμπιο θεό του κάτω κόσμου και τη μυθολογική επικράτειά του, γνωστή από τη σχολική λογοτεχνία, Άδης απλοποιημένος σε απρόσωπο ‘τάφο’ (αναγέννηση/ανιχνευτική άρνηση της συνειδητής ενδιάμεσης κατάστασης)
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
NEW LUKE TERM, uniquely severe Greek-only risk. In the Rich Man and Lazarus parable (16:23), a place of conscious post-mortem torment. Άδης/Άδης is not only the NT’s word for the realm of the dead but is ALSO, identically, the name of the Olympian god of the underworld and his mythological domain — material every Greek schoolchild studies as literature (Homer, Hesiod, Persephone). Requires an explicit theologian-reviewed note at every occurrence distinguishing the Christian intermediate post-mortem state under God’s judgment from the pagan mythological cosmology. Do not follow annihilationist-style flattening toward a non-conscious ‘grave’ sense (see 05_translation_landscape.md sectarian-rendering caution).
Justified Lukan Occurrence
Approved rendering: δεδικαιωμένος
Transliteration: dedikaioménos
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Jesus’ Own Teaching)
Rejected alternatives: δεδικαιωμένος ερμηνευμένος με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια της προσωπικής δικαίωσης (‘τελικά δικαιώθηκα’)
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke 18:14: the tax collector ‘went down to his house justified.’ Reuse the baseline δικαίωση rendering conventions exactly. Major cross-reference asset showing the doctrine originates in Jesus’s own teaching, not only Pauline theology; guard against the same colloquial personal-vindication drift the baseline already flags for Romans.
Today Salvation
Approved rendering: σήμερον σωτηρία
Transliteration: sḗmeron sotiría
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σήμερον σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. Jesus’s declaration over Zacchaeus’s house (19:9), combining Luke’s two most distinctive theological keywords. Critical convergence; treat alongside 4:21 and 23:43 as one of the curriculum’s three key σήμερον cross-reference points requiring identical, deliberate translator emphasis across all documents.
Seek And Save The Lost
Approved rendering: ζητήσαι και σώσαι το απολωλός
Transliteration: zitísai kai sósai to apololós
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. Jesus’s own one-verse mission-summary (19:10), bookending the three lost-and-found parables of chapter 15. The single clearest one-verse mission-statement in Luke; prioritize for theologian review and cross-document consistency alongside 4:18-21.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: καινή διαθήκη
Transliteration: kainí diathíki
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: καινή διαθήκη κατανοημένη με τη σύγχρονη κυρίαρχη έννοια της κληρονομικής διαθήκης (last will)
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW LUKE TERM. The covenant inaugurated in Jesus’s blood at the Last Supper (22:20). Reuse baseline διαθήκη exactly, adding the καινός (‘new-in-kind’) gloss per the Galatians baseline’s new_creation note. Because 22:20 is a founding text for the Bible’s own two-part Greek title (Παλαιά/Καινή Διαθήκη), the ordinary ‘last will and testament’ secular-drift risk is here especially consequential.
Remembrance Anamnesis
Approved rendering: ανάμνηση
Transliteration: anámnisi
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: ανάμνηση αποδοσμένη με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια της ‘αναμνηστικής φωτογραφίας’ (souvenir)
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. ‘Do this in remembrance of me’ (22:19), the technical term behind liturgical anamnesis theology. FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: the ordinary secular ‘memory/souvenir’ sense must never displace the technical liturgical sense (Christ’s sacrifice made present, not merely recalled), a substantial theological claim resting on this single word.
Paradise
Approved rendering: παράδεισος
Transliteration: parádisos
Doctrine: Eschatology: Hades, Abraham’s Bosom, and Paradise
Rejected alternatives: παράδεισος αποδοσμένος με την τουριστική-εμπορική έννοια ενός όμορφου τουριστικού προορισμού (‘τροπικός παράδεισος’)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW LUKE TERM. The blessed intermediate/final state of the righteous dead, promised by Jesus to the repentant criminal (23:43). FORBIDDEN BLEACHING: Modern Greek παράδεισος has a strong, competing commercial-tourism sense unique in intensity among near-equivalents in other Language Packages; this must never displace the specific, personal ‘with me’ promise. Also guard against the comma-shift sectarian rendering that makes σήμερον modify the speaking rather than the promise (see 05_translation_landscape.md).
Ascension
Approved rendering: ανελήφθη
Transliteration: anelífthi
Doctrine: Ascension and Christ’s Present Heavenly Reign
Rejected alternatives: παράλειψη της φράσης ‘και ανελήφθη εις τον ουρανόν’ κατά το πρότυπο κειμένων που δεν την περιλαμβάνουν
Original: ἀνελήφθη
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM, not recorded in the Romans/Galatians baseline since Paul’s letters do not narrate this event directly. Jesus’s being taken up into heaven (24:51), completing the Christological arc and directly setting up the promised outpouring of the Spirit. Follow the received liturgical/Patriarchal text’s inclusion of this clause (some early manuscripts omit it); do not follow critical-text-only renderings that omit it, per 05_translation_landscape.md.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ευαγγέλιο
Transliteration: evangélio
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). In Luke, the verb form ευαγγελίζομαι (4:18) is Jesus’s own self-description of his mission, quoting Isaiah, and is recorded separately below as a new Critical Luke term; reuse ευαγγέλιο for the noun throughout (7:22; 20:1).
Faith
Approved rendering: πίστη
Transliteration: písti
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: πίστη με τη γενική έννοια της αφοσίωσης σε οποιαδήποτε ιδέα ή πρόσωπο
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke’s recurring formula ‘η πίστη σου σε έσωσε’ (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) deliberately pairs πίστη with σωτηρία/σῴζω’s holistic sense; do not read πίστη as generic self-belief or positive thinking.
Called
Approved rendering: κλητός
Transliteration: klitós
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Underlies Luke’s disciple-calling narratives (5:1-11, 27-28) even where the specific adjective is not present in the narrated text.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: αγιασμός
Transliteration: agiasmós
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Not heavily thematized as a distinct term in Luke; the underlying concept is present throughout the discipleship and holiness teaching rather than concentrated in a single text.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ενανθρώπηση
Transliteration: enanthrópisi
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological category)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke’s infancy narrative (1:26-38; 2:1-20) is the primary NT incarnation narrative; the baseline’s caution about the Athanasian theosis-framing overshadowing Christ’s genuine humanity applies here with maximum force.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: βασιλεία του Θεού
Transliteration: vasileía tou Theoú
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (rendering exact; risk elevated from Medium to High for this curriculum) given its sheer centrality — the single most frequent doctrinal phrase in Luke (4:43 through ch.24) — and the specific translation decision at 17:21 (ἐντός = ‘within’ vs. ‘among’), which materially affects whether the kingdom’s presence is taught as inward-individual or corporate-social. Flag for a single documented decision applied consistently across all documents.
Law
Approved rendering: νόμος
Transliteration: nómos
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke’s Jesus repeatedly relativizes Sabbath-legalism (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6) without abolishing νόμος itself; scope any critique to legalistic misuse, not the commandment itself, given the audience’s calendar- and rite-structured devotional life.
Covenant
Approved rendering: διαθήκη
Transliteration: diathíki
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: διαθήκη με τη σύγχρονη κυρίαρχη έννοια της κληρονομικής διαθήκης (legal will)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 22:20’s καινή διαθήκη (recorded separately below) requires the additional καινός (‘new-in-kind’) gloss; because this verse names the Bible’s own two-part Greek title (Παλαιά/Καινή Διαθήκη), the baseline’s ‘last will’ secular-drift caution is maximally consequential here.
Election
Approved rendering: εκλογή
Transliteration: eklogí
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: εκλογή με τη σύγχρονη κυρίαρχη πολιτική έννοια (πολιτικές εκλογές, ψηφοφορία)
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Not a frequent explicit term in Luke’s narrative but underlies the disciple-calling and mission-sending narratives; guard against the dominant modern political-elections sense.
Intercession
Approved rendering: μεσιτεία
Transliteration: mesiteía
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: μεσιτεία αποκλειστικά των αγίων και της Παναγίας ως απαραίτητων μεσαζόντων
Original: ἔντευξις / ὑπερεντυγχάνει (cf. Luke 22:32)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 22:32 (‘εγώ προσευχήθηκα για σένα’) is Christ’s own direct intercession, reinforcing — not undermining — the baseline’s caution against μεσιτεία defaulting to saintly or Marian mediation as the necessary model.
Promise
Approved rendering: υπόσχεση (επαγγελία)
Transliteration: epangelía
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: επαγγελία συγχεόμενη με το σύγχρονο ‘επάγγελμα’ (profession)
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 1:72-73 (the oath to Abraham) and 24:49 (the implicit promise of the Spirit) are the key occurrences; anchor against the επάγγελμα mis-derivation risk.
Poor
Approved rendering: πτωχοί
Transliteration: ptōchoí
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: πτωχοί ερμηνευμένοι αποκλειστικά ως ‘πτωχοί τω πνεύματι’ (προσθήκη του Ματθαίου, χωρίς κειμενική βάση στον Λουκά)
Original: πτωχοί
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Real, literal, economic poverty alongside its spiritual extension (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3). FORBIDDEN NARROWING: never silently gloss as ‘poor in spirit’ only. Modern πτωχός/φτωχός is entirely ordinary and stable; the risk is doctrinal flattening in teaching, not lexical drift.
Captives
Approved rendering: αιχμάλωτοι
Transliteration: aichmálotoi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτοι
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke 4:18. Modern Greek αιχμάλωτος is living but narrower than the biblical sense — chiefly military POW or historical enslavement. Requires a teaching note holding both the literal-captivity and sin-bondage senses together rather than resolving toward only one.
Oppressed Crushed
Approved rendering: τεθραυσμένοι
Transliteration: tethrausménoi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένοι
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke 4:18 (imported from Isaiah 58:6 LXX into the Isaiah 61 citation — preserve Luke’s own conflation; do not ‘correct’ it back to a pure Isaiah 61 reading). A rare word in Modern Greek, surviving mainly in a clinical/technical register (θραύση = a physical fracture). Requires an explanatory note or parenthetical modern gloss (e.g. ‘τους καταπιεσμένους’) to convey social oppression rather than merely a broken bone.
Acceptable Year
Approved rendering: δεκτόν (ενιαυτός Κυρίου δεκτός)
Transliteration: dektón (eniautós Kyríou dektós)
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: δεκτόν αποδοσμένο αποκλειστικά με τη γραφειοκρατική-νομική έννοια του ‘αποδεκτού/εγκεκριμένου’ (π.χ. αποδεκτή αίτηση)
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Luke 4:19, quoting Isaiah 61:2 LXX directly. Names the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25): debt-release, land-return, slave-freedom, now declared fulfilled by Jesus. FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: never let δεκτόν stand alone with only the bureaucratic-legal sense; the Jubilee background is invisible in the bare word and requires a mandatory explanatory note every occurrence.
Savior
Approved rendering: σωτήρ
Transliteration: sotír
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. Mary’s own first title for God (1:47) and the angel’s title for the newborn Jesus (2:11). Shares its root with the baseline’s Critical σωτηρία. Also carries a first-century imperial-title echo (Caesar Augustus was hailed σωτήρ), which Luke deliberately subverts; recommend a teaching note contrasting divine and imperial saviorhood, turning the collision into a teaching asset.
Humble Lowly
Approved rendering: ταπεινός / ταπείνωσις
Transliteration: tapeinós / tapeínosis
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ταπεινός / ταπείνωσις
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Mary’s low social status and the reversal theme (humble exalted, proud brought low), foundational throughout Luke (1:48,52; 6:20-26; 14:11; 18:14). Track for consistency across all reversal-theme occurrences.
Mercy
Approved rendering: έλεος
Transliteration: éleos
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. God’s covenant-faithful compassion toward the helpless; the dominant motif of the Magnificat and Benedictus (1:50,54,58,72,78). Root of the universally known liturgical refrain ‘Κύριε, ελέησον’ (recorded separately below). Must retain covenant-historical force at 1:50-78 and personal, narrative force at 10:37 and 18:38-39, not merely liturgical-refrain familiarity.
Kyrie Eleison
Approved rendering: Κύριε, ελέησόν με
Transliteration: Kýrie, eléēsón me
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: Κύριε, ἐλέησόν με
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. The blind beggar’s cry to Jesus (18:38-39), verbally identical to the constant Orthodox liturgical refrain. Major liturgical asset: leverage the familiarity (‘you already know this phrase — now hear it as this man’s actual voice’) rather than allowing it to register only as ritual recitation disconnected from the beggar’s specific, desperate, faith-filled petition that results in immediate healing (18:42).
Prayer
Approved rendering: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Transliteration: proseuchí / proseúchomai
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. Zero lexical gap; the risk is structural coverage, not vocabulary: Luke’s distinctive prayer-notices recur at every major narrative turning point (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 22:32,40-46; 23:34,46) and must be flagged for deliberate teaching recognition, not treated as incidental narrative detail.
Authority
Approved rendering: εξουσία
Transliteration: exousía
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. Jesus teaches and casts out demons ‘with authority’ (4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1; 20:2,8). Must be distinguished from δύναμη Θεού (baseline power_of_god): εξουσία is authority-to-command, δύναμις is capability/might. Both are true of Jesus but the nuance materially affects the doctrine of his identity and must never be collapsed together.
Disciple
Approved rendering: μαθητής
Transliteration: mathitís
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. A committed follower who has left everything to learn from and follow Jesus (5:30,33; 6:13,17,20; 9:1,14,40; 10:23; 11:1; 14:26-33; 19:37,39; 22:11,39,45). Modern Greek μαθητής is the completely ordinary word for ‘school pupil/student’; risk of flattening to mere academic learning, losing the total-life reorientation and cost. Requires a teaching note distinguishing discipleship from ordinary schooling.
Sinner
Approved rendering: αμαρτωλός
Transliteration: amartolós
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. Transparent cognate of baseline αμαρτία, so lexically low-risk, but High doctrinal weight: the first-century social-exclusion dimension (5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7) risks being flattened by modern readers into a purely private, individualized notion of ‘someone who sins,’ missing the table-fellowship theme this term is central to.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: τελώνης
Transliteration: telónis
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: τελώνης αφημένος χωρίς επεξηγηματική σημείωση ως ουδέτερος σύγχρονος τελωνειακός υπάλληλος
Original: τελώνης
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. FORBIDDEN FLATTENING: Modern Greek τελώνης is simply the neutral occupational word for a customs official, entirely without the first-century collaboration/social-disgrace connotation. Requires a mandatory explanatory note at every occurrence (5:27-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2) to recover the social-shame dimension the plain word no longer carries.
Rich
Approved rendering: πλούσιος
Transliteration: ploúsios
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Recurring counterpart to the poor throughout Luke (6:24; 12:16; 14:12; 16:1,19,21-22; 18:23,25; 19:2). Lexically stable; the risk is doctrinal flattening — teaching material must maintain Luke’s consistent, deliberately uncomfortable rich/poor reversal rather than moralizing it into generic ‘generosity’ teaching.
Love
Approved rendering: αγάπη / αγαπάω
Transliteration: agápi / agapáo
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM, not present in the Romans/Galatians baseline despite its centrality to NT ethics; permanently added here. ‘Love your enemies’ (6:27,32,35) is a distinctively radical Lukan-ethical demand tied to imitating God’s own indiscriminate kindness. Modern Greek αγάπη covers every register of love (familial, romantic, divine) without the classical ἀγάπη/ἔρως/φιλία distinction being actively felt; requires a doctrinal note distinguishing this costly, willed love from generic sentimentality.
Demon
Approved rendering: δαιμόνιο
Transliteration: daimónio
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: δαιμόνιο συγχεόμενο με τον καθημερινό ιδιωματισμό ‘έχει δαιμόνιο’ (ταλέντο/λαμπρότητα)
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. A lesser evil supernatural being, subordinate to Satan; cast out by Jesus including in Gentile territory (4:33; 8:2,27-33; 9:42; 11:14-20). FORBIDDEN CONFUSION: never let the theological sense bleed into or be confused with the common colloquial idiom ‘έχει δαιμόνιο’ (‘he’s brilliant/talented’).
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: μεταμόρφωση
Transliteration: metamórfosi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεταμόρφωσις (event; Luke’s own text: τὸ εἶδος τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἕτερον)
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. The momentary revealing of Jesus’s divine glory (9:28-36). Modern Greek μεταμόρφωση has become the general word for any transformation, including secular self-help/makeover media usage. Distinguish the specific theophany sense (confirmed by the Father’s voice) from a generic ‘transformation’ note.
Cross
Approved rendering: σταυρός
Transliteration: stavrós
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM, not recorded in the Romans/Galatians baseline. The Roman instrument of execution; by extension, the cost of daily self-denial (9:23; 14:27; 23:26,33). Modern Greek σταυρός is entirely alive, also the ordinary word for the physical/jewelry cross worn by most of the population; the risk is over-familiarity blunting the shocking, costly force of ‘take up his cross daily.‘
Neighbor
Approved rendering: πλησίον
Transliteration: plisíon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: πλησίον
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. The object of the second great commandment, radically redefined in the Good Samaritan parable to include a despised ethnic outsider (10:27,29,36). Somewhat literary/formal register in Modern Greek (colloquial equivalent γείτονας is residential); this formal register helps preserve the ethical meaning, but a teaching note must stress the parable widens, never narrows, the category.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: Σαμαρείτης
Transliteration: Samareítis
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: Σαμαρείτης
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. A member of the ethnic-religious community viewed by many first-century Jews as heretical and unclean; the hero of the Good Samaritan parable (10:33; 17:11-19). The proper noun is stable, but its first-century schismatic/unclean charge is entirely invisible to a modern reader without an explanatory note — otherwise it reads as a neutral place-name.
Joy
Approved rendering: χαρά / χαίρω
Transliteration: charᐧá / chaíro
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά / χαίρω
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. Gladness at recovery and restoration; heaven’s own characteristic response to a sinner’s repentance (Luke 15; also 1:14,44,47; 2:10; 19:6,37; 24:41,52). Modern Greek χαρά is ordinary, universally used vocabulary with low lexical drift risk, but the theological point — joy as God’s own reaction, not merely human sentiment — must be actively taught, not assumed.
Lost
Approved rendering: απολωλός
Transliteration: apololós
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. The unifying term across the sheep, coin, and son parables (15:4,6,9,24,32), recurring at 19:10 as Jesus’s own mission-summary. Stable root in Modern Greek (χάνω is the living cognate verb); flag for deliberate consistency between ch.15 and 19:10 as a Lukan bookending device.
Mammon
Approved rendering: μαμωνάς
Transliteration: mamonás
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Aramaic loanword for wealth/property, personified by Jesus as a rival master (16:9,11,13). Preserved as a stable transliterated loanword in Modern Greek biblical/literary usage; genuinely low lexical risk, but High doctrinal weight — teaching material must retain the personification, not flatten into generic ‘money isn’t everything’ moralism.
Propitiation Plea
Approved rendering: ιλάσθητί μοι
Transliteration: hilásthití moi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἱλάσθητί μοι
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. The tax collector’s plea (18:13), sharing its root with ἱλασμός (propitiation), distinct from the more common ἐλεέω. Flag alongside any atonement/propitiation-language segment per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Agony
Approved rendering: αγωνία
Transliteration: agonía
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: αγωνία αποδοσμένη με τη σύγχρονη καθημερινή έννοια του καθημερινού άγχους (π.χ. άγχος εξετάσεων)
Original: ἀγωνία
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. Jesus’s distress in Gethsemane, sweating ‘like drops of blood’ (22:44). Modern Greek αγωνία is now a very common, largely secular word for everyday anxiety; the theological intensity must not be flattened to this everyday sense.
Witnesses
Approved rendering: μάρτυρες
Transliteration: mártyres
Doctrine: Witness and Proclamation of the Resurrection
Original: μάρτυρες
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. Those who testify to what they have seen; the risen Jesus commissions the disciples as witnesses (24:48). Modern Greek μάρτυρας carries both the ordinary legal ‘courtroom witness’ sense and the specifically Christian ‘martyr’ sense; clarify the primary sense here is eyewitness testimony, with the martyrdom-sense development noted separately.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: ειρήνη
Transliteration: eiríni
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ειρήνη με την ησυχαστική έννοια της εσωτερικής ή νοερής ησυχίας (μυστικιστική παράδοση)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 19:42’s lament (‘if you had known the things that make for peace’) is a distinctively Lukan use worth flagging alongside the baseline’s Hesychast-mysticism caution.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ευχαριστία
Transliteration: efcharistía
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Rejected alternatives: Θεία Ευχαριστία αποκλειστικά (η Ευχαριστία ως Μυστήριο)
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (rendering exact; risk elevated from Low to Medium for this curriculum) because Luke 22:19’s ευχαριστήσας (‘having given thanks’) at the institution of the Lord’s Supper is the direct etymological root of ‘the Eucharist’ itself, making the baseline’s sacramental-ambiguity caution maximally load-bearing at exactly that verse.
Church
Approved rendering: εκκλησία
Transliteration: ekklisía
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Εκκλησία αποκλειστικά ως ο θεσμός/η ιεραρχική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία, ή αποκλειστικά το κτίριο
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Not present in Luke’s Gospel narrative itself (the term becomes central in Acts); retained for forward consistency, since the underlying ‘gathered community’ concept is present in the disciples/seventy-two narratives.
Sin
Approved rendering: αμαρτία
Transliteration: amartía
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: αμαρτία με την καθημερινή, εξασθενημένη έννοια του ‘κρίμα’ (π.χ. ‘τι αμαρτία να πεταχτεί το φαγητό’)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Root of the new Luke-curriculum term αμαρτωλός (‘sinner,’ recorded separately below), which carries the higher, socially-loaded doctrinal weight central to the table-fellowship theme.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: έθνη
Transliteration: éthni
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: εθνικοί με σύγχρονη εθνικιστική χροιά
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Grounds ‘Jesus as Savior for All Nations’ directly (2:32; 21:24; 24:47); watch for the modern nationalist connotation of έθνος.
Glory
Approved rendering: δόξα
Transliteration: dóxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: δόξα με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της φήμης ή επιτυχίας (π.χ. αθλητική δόξα)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 9:31-32’s Transfiguration δόξα is a peak Christological moment; guard against the secular ‘sporting glory/fame’ sense.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: δύναμη Θεού
Transliteration: dýnami Theoú
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke 24:49’s ‘δύναμη εξ ύψους’ (‘power from on high’) directly anticipates Acts 1:8. Distinguish carefully and consistently from εξουσία (authority, recorded separately below): δύναμις is capability/might, εξουσία is authority-to-command; do not use one to gloss the other.
Providence
Approved rendering: πρόνοια
Transliteration: prónoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: πρόνοια με τη σύγχρονη έννοια της κοινωνικής πρόνοιας (social welfare)
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Luke 12:6-7, 22-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke’s sparrows/lilies/daily-bread teaching (12:6-7, 22-31) is the clearest providence text in this curriculum; guard against the secular state-welfare sense.
Mission
Approved rendering: αποστολή
Transliteration: apostolí
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). The sending of the Twelve (9:1-6) and the Seventy-two (10:1-16) directly ground ‘Jesus as Savior for All Nations’; be sensitive to Orthodox-majority proselytism connotations per baseline.
Israel
Approved rendering: Ισραήλ
Transliteration: Israíl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (rendering exact; risk elevated from Low to Medium for this curriculum) given Luke’s frequent covenant-historical use (1:16,54,68,80; 2:25,32,34; 4:25,27; 22:30; 24:21); note the distinction from the modern nation-state per baseline caution.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: σπέρμα Δαβίδ
Transliteration: spérma Davíd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Luke’s genealogy (3:23-38) uniquely reaches back through David to Adam and God, universalizing the doctrine beyond a narrowly Jewish scope — a genuine asset for ‘Savior for All Nations.‘
Most High
Approved rendering: Ύψιστος
Transliteration: Ýpsistos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God
NEW LUKE TERM. A divine title applied to God, to Jesus (‘Son of the Most High,’ 1:32,35), and to John (1:76). Ensure ‘Son of the Most High’ is understood as identical to the Critical Υιός του Θεού entry, not a separate or lesser title.
Baptism
Approved rendering: βάπτισμα
Transliteration: báptisma
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW LUKE TERM. John’s preparatory repentance-baptism (3:3,21), anticipating fuller Christian baptism. Stable Modern Greek term, central to Orthodox sacramental life; do not conflate John’s rite with fuller sacramental baptism without comment.
Temptation Testing
Approved rendering: πειρασμός
Transliteration: peirasmós
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πειράζω / πειρασμός
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. Jesus’s wilderness temptation (4:1-13) and the Lord’s Prayer petition (11:4). Distinguish ‘testing’ (trial of character) from ‘temptation’ (enticement to sin) by context; Greek does not lexically separate these any more than English does.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: πνεύμα ακάθαρτο
Transliteration: pnévma akátharto
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. A demonic spirit, morally and ontologically opposite to the Holy Spirit (4:33,36; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24). The shared noun πνεύμα for both requires context-sensitivity; the adjective (ακάθαρτο/άγιο) does all disambiguating work, as in the source text — no substitution risk, but flag for consistency.
Follow
Approved rendering: ακολουθέω
Transliteration: akolouthéo
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Church
NEW LUKE TERM. To follow, literally on a road and by extension in committed allegiance (5:11,27-28; 9:23,57-62; 18:22,28). Stable; both senses translate without major loss.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: λόγος του Θεού
Transliteration: lógos tou Theoú
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW LUKE TERM, not separately recorded in the Romans/Galatians baseline. The seed in the Parable of the Sower is explicitly identified as ‘the word of God’ (5:1; 8:11,15,21; 11:28). λόγος is stable and theologically rich in both Koine and Modern Greek; low risk, added given its frequency and centrality.
Anxious Worry
Approved rendering: μεριμνώ
Transliteration: merimnó
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: μεριμνάω
Category: Faith
NEW LUKE TERM. Excessive care/anxiety about material provision, contrasted with trusting dependence on the Father (10:41; 12:22,25-26). Modern Greek μεριμνώ is stable, somewhat formal (colloquial equivalent ανησυχώ); low drift risk.
Greed
Approved rendering: πλεονεξία
Transliteration: pleonexía
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. Insatiable desire for more, especially wealth; introduces the Parable of the Rich Fool (12:15). Stable term; low cross-linguistic risk, moderate doctrinal weight.
Treasure
Approved rendering: θησαυρός
Transliteration: thisavrós
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: θησαυρός
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. Stored wealth; by metaphor, ultimate life-priority (‘where your treasure is, there your heart will be also,’ 12:33-34). Stable in both registers.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: σάββατο
Transliteration: sávvato
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and the Law
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW LUKE TERM. The seventh-day rest commanded in the Law, the setting of repeated healing controversies (6:1-11; 13:14-16; 14:1-6). σάββατο is entirely stable as the ordinary Modern Greek word for ‘Saturday’; the theological weight of Sabbath-as-commandment needs a note so critique is scoped to legalistic misuse, not the commandment itself.
Narrow Door
Approved rendering: στενή θύρα
Transliteration: stení thýra
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: στενὴ θύρα
Category: Kingdom
NEW LUKE TERM. A restrictively narrow entrance requiring effort/striving to pass through (13:24). Stable image, low lexical risk; preserve the urgency/effort sense as a corrective against complacent presumption of inclusion.
Abrahams Bosom
Approved rendering: κόλπος Αβραάμ
Transliteration: kólpos Avraám
Doctrine: Eschatology: Hades, Abraham’s Bosom, and Paradise
Original: κόλπος Ἀβραάμ
Category: Eschatology
NEW LUKE TERM. A place of blessed rest with the patriarch, contrasted with Hades (16:22-23). Fixed, self-explanatory idiom; teach paired with the Hades entry as its blessed counterpart.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: κεφαλή γωνίας
Transliteration: kefalí gonías
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW LUKE TERM. The chief structural stone, quoted from Psalm 118 and applied to Jesus as rejected-yet-vindicated (20:17). Fixed, stable architectural metaphor; draw out the rejection-then-vindication theme explicitly, paralleling the Nazareth rejection of 4:24-30.
Tribulation Distress
Approved rendering: θλίψη
Transliteration: thlípsi
Doctrine: Tribulation and Future Judgment
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW LUKE TERM. Severe distress preceding both the fall of Jerusalem and the final eschatological consummation (21:23,25). Modern Greek θλίψη is a living, stable word also used for ordinary grief/bereavement; distinguish the eschatological register from ordinary personal sorrow.
Deny
Approved rendering: απαρνούμαι
Transliteration: aparnoúmai
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Sin
NEW LUKE TERM. Peter’s threefold denial (22:34,61). Stable, low lexical risk; ties to the discipleship-failure-and-restoration theme (22:32).
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: καταπέτασμα
Transliteration: katapétasma
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Salvation
NEW LUKE TERM. The temple’s inner curtain separating the Holy of Holies, torn at Jesus’s death (23:45). Low lexical risk; note the significance for God-access theology.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: απόστολος
Transliteration: apóstolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Stable; shares its root with Luke’s ἀπέσταλκέν (4:18, of Jesus’s own commissioning) and ἀποστέλλω (10:1, sending of the Seventy-two).
Prophet
Approved rendering: προφήτης
Transliteration: profítis
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Extremely frequent in Luke; Jesus is repeatedly identified — and self-identifies (4:24; 13:33) — as a prophet en route to fuller Christological titles.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: προφητεία
Transliteration: profiteía
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Zechariah’s Benedictus (1:67-79) is a key prophetic utterance for this curriculum.
David
Approved rendering: Δαβίδ
Transliteration: Davíd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Reuse throughout (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44).
Exhort
Approved rendering: προτρέπω
Transliteration: protrépo
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Not a major distinct term in Luke’s own text; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Certainly Not
Approved rendering: μη γένοιτο
Transliteration: mi génoito
Doctrine: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Not directly occurring in Luke’s Gospel narrative; retained for consistency with Acts/Pauline curricula built on this same Language Package.
Referenced passages