Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Timothy (English–Russian)
This glossary extends the Russian Romans Language Package. Section A lists baseline terms reused unchanged in 1 Timothy (per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly). Section B lists terms new to this curriculum, with full risk assessment. All risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low definitions (doctrine_risk_registry.json). Every chapter of 1 Timothy (1-6) is represented.
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Russian Romans Language Package)
| Term | Russian | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Бог | Bog | Critical | 1, 2, 6 | Reused exactly; no new risk. |
| Lord | Господь | Gospod’ | Critical | 1, 6 | Reused exactly. |
| Jesus | Иисус | Iisus | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 6 | Reused exactly; never Исус. |
| Christ | Христос | Khristos | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly (see baseline messiah entry for Мессия/Христос relationship). |
| Holy Spirit | Святой Дух | Svyatoy Dukh | Critical | 3, 4 | Reused exactly. |
| Father | Отец | Otets | High | 1 | Reused exactly (“God our Father,” 1:2). |
| Grace | благодать | blagodat’ | Critical | 1 | Reused exactly (1:2, 14). |
| Faith | вера | vera | High | 1, 3, 4, 6 | Reused exactly; object of faith (Christ) must stay explicit, per baseline. |
| Righteousness | праведность | pravednost’ | Critical | 6 | Reused exactly (6:11, “pursue righteousness”). |
| Justification | оправдание | opravdaniye | Critical | 3 | Reused exactly for the soteriological sense; note Christological use at 3:16 (see Section B, ἐδικαιώθη). |
| Salvation | спасение | spaseniye | Critical | 1, 2, 4 | Reused exactly. |
| Sin | грех | grekh | High | 1, 5 | Reused exactly. |
| Law | закон | zakon | Medium | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| Holy | святой | svyatoy | Medium | 2 | Reused exactly (“holy hands,” 2:8). |
| Sanctification | освящение | osvyashcheniye | Critical | 2 | Reused exactly (2:15, ἁγιασμός). |
| Church | церковь | tserkov’ | High | 3, 5 | Reused exactly; must not default to “the Orthodox institution/building.” |
| Apostle | апостол | apostol | Medium | 1, 2 | Reused exactly. |
| Called / Calling | призванный / призвание | prizvannyy / prizvaniye | Medium | — | Available if needed; not heavily used in 1 Timothy but reused if it occurs. |
| Glory | слава | slava | Medium | 1, 3 | Reused exactly. |
| Spiritual Gifts | духовные дары | dukhovnyye dary | Medium | 4 | Reused exactly; singular χάρισμα (4:14) uses same root, «дар». |
| Thanksgiving | благодарение | blagodareniye | Low | 2, 4 | Reused exactly. |
| Intercession | ходатайство | khodataystvo | Medium | 2 | Reused exactly; NEVER заступничество (reserved for saints’/Theotokos intercession). |
| Incarnation | воплощение | voploshcheniye | Medium | 3 | Reused exactly (3:16, ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί). NEVER аватар. |
| Resurrection | воскресение | voskreseniye | Medium | — | Available if needed; the ascension (Section B) is a related but distinct new term for this book. |
| Messiah | Мессия | Messiya | High | — | Available alongside Христос where the messianic-fulfillment sense needs surfacing. |
| Prophet / Prophecy | пророк / пророчество | prorok / prorochestvo | Low | 1, 4 | Reused exactly (1:18; 4:14). |
| Election | избрание | izbraniye | High | — | Reserved; not directly thematized in 1 Timothy but available for cross-reference to God’s sovereign choice if relevant to leadership calling. |
| Exhort | увещевать | uveshchevat’ | Low | 1, 5, 6 | Reused exactly. |
| Gentiles | язычники | yazychniki | Medium | 2 | Reused exactly (2:7, “teacher of the Gentiles/nations”). |
| Mission / Evangelism | миссия / благовестие | missiya / blagovestiye | Medium | 1, 2 | Reused exactly; relevant to 2:7’s apostolic proclamation language. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced in 1 Timothy
| # | English Term | Greek | Russian Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Rendering Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Overseer / Bishop | ἐπίσκοπος | епископ (Scripture quotation) / блюститель, предстоятель (teaching text) | episkopos | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3 | пастор (too anachronistic/denominational); архиерей (wrong tier entirely) | Modern Russian «епископ» denotes the Orthodox diocesan hierarch, an unmarried monastic office — directly contradicting 3:2’s “husband of one wife.” Human theologian review required. |
| 2 | Office of Overseer | ἐπισκοπή | епископство (quotation) / служение блюстителя (gloss) | episkopē | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3 | — | Abstract-noun form intensifies the same collision as ἐπίσκοπος (implies a formal “episcopate” rank). |
| 3 | Elder (office) | πρεσβύτερος | пресвитер (quotation) / старейшина (gloss) | presbyteros | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3 (functional equiv.), 5 | иерей, священник (both wrongly sacerdotal) | Synodal «пресвитер» is a technical synonym for «священник» (priest) in Russian Orthodox usage — a sacramentally ordained office, unlike the tested, plural eldership of 1 Timothy. Human theologian review required. |
| 4 | Elder (age, non-office) | πρεσβύτερος / πρεσβύτεραι | старший / старшая; старец / старица | presbyteros/-ai | Low | (contrast case) | 5 | — | Must be visibly distinguished from entry #3 in teaching text to avoid implying every older member holds office. |
| 5 | Deacon | διάκονος | диакон (quotation) / служитель (gloss) | diakonos | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3, 4 (4:6, of Timothy) | помощник (too weak, loses office sense) | Orthodox «диакон» is a purely liturgical-assistant sacred order with no independent teaching/governing authority — narrower than 1 Timothy’s doctrinally-tested deacon. |
| 6 | Council of Elders / Presbytery | πρεσβυτέριον | пресвитерство, собрание пресвитеров (recommended); NB Synodal renders «священства» at 4:14 | presbyterion | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4 | — | Synodal’s «священства» (“of the priesthood”) imports sacerdotal ordination categories not present in the Greek. Must be flagged explicitly; human theologian review required. |
| 7 | Mystery | μυστήριον | тайна (recommended standard); NB Synodal renders «таинство» at 3:9 but «тайна» at 3:16 | mystērion | Critical | Church as Pillar of Truth; Guarding the Deposit | 3 | таинство (forbidden as standard rendering — reserved risk term) | «таинство» = a specific Orthodox sacrament; using it standardly for μυστήριον implies a nonexistent “sacrament of the faith.” Synodal’s own inconsistency (3:9 vs 3:16) must be taught explicitly. |
| 8 | Mediator | μεσίτης | посредник | mesitēs | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | 2 | заступник (too close to saints’-intercession register) | Word itself is unambiguous; doctrinal collision is with Orthodox devotional practice of the Theotokos/saints as intercessors. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| 9 | Ransom | ἀντίλυτρον | искупительная жертва / выкуп | antilytron | High | Christ as the One Mediator | 2 | — | New atonement-vocabulary term with no exact baseline precedent; guard the “price paid in exchange” nuance against generic “искупление.” |
| 10 | Pillar and Foundation of Truth | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας | столп и утверждение истины | stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias | Critical | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3 | — | Identical to the title of Florensky’s foundational 1914 Russian Orthodox theological work; must be explicitly distinguished from an exclusive institutional claim. Human theologian review required. |
| 11 | Household of God | οἶκος θεοῦ | дом Божий | oikos theou | Low | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3 | — | Family/household imagery is a cultural asset; keep distinct from a literal building. |
| 12 | Godliness | εὐσέβεια | благочестие | eusebeia | High | Godliness and Contentment | 2, 3, 4, 6 | набожность (too narrowly devotional-emotional) | Deeply positive existing Russian devotional vocabulary, but risks reduction to ritual-observance checklist rather than Paul’s integrated belief-plus-practice sense. |
| 13 | Contentment / Self-Sufficiency | αὐτάρκεια | довольство | autarkeia | Medium | Godliness and Contentment | 6 | самодостаточность (risks secular self-help reading) | Guard against Stoic self-reliance reading; contentment here is God-dependent, not self-dependent. |
| 14 | Love of Money | φιλαργυρία | сребролюбие | philargyria | Low-Medium | Godliness and Contentment | 3 (ἀφιλάργυρος), 6 | жадность (too generic, loses ascetic-vocabulary link) | Asset: matches an existing category in Orthodox ascetic teaching on the passions (страсти). |
| 15 | Root of All Evils | ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν | корень всех зол | rhiza pantōn tōn kakōn | Low | Godliness and Contentment | 6 | — | Note nuance: “a root of all kinds of evil,” not the sole and only root of every evil. |
| 16 | Sound Doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | здравое учение | hygiainousa didaskalia | High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1, 4, 6 | — | The standard by which “soundness” is judged (Scripture alone vs. Scripture + Holy Tradition) must be stated explicitly, not assumed shared. |
| 17 | Teaching a Different Doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω | учить иному | heterodidaskaleō | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1, 6 | — | Direct antonym of ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία; teach the pair together. |
| 18 | Falsely-Called Knowledge | γνῶσις ψευδώνυμος | лжеименное знание | gnōsis pseudōnymos | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching; Guarding the Deposit | 6 | — | Asset: gnosis/gnosticism already a recognized heresy category in Orthodox catechesis. |
| 19 | Myths and Genealogies | μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι | басни и родословия | mythoi kai genealogiai | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1 | — | Vivid, accessible, no collision. |
| 20 | Conscience | συνείδησις | совесть | syneidēsis | Low | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching; Guarding the Deposit | 1, 3, 4 | — | Transparent shared vocabulary; structurally important across the letter (1:5, 19; 3:9; 4:2). |
| 21 | Deposit / Entrusted Teaching | παραθήκη (παρακαταθήκη) | то, что тебе доверено/предано (recommended); NB Synodal «преданное тебе» | parathēkē | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6 | предание (as a standalone noun — forbidden; too close to Holy Tradition) | Cognate with «Предание» (Holy Tradition); must be taught as a fixed, closed apostolic deposit, not a living/developing tradition. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| 22 | Vindicated/Justified in the Spirit (of Christ) | ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι | оправдал Себя в Духе | edikaiōthē en pneumati | High | Church as Pillar of Truth (cross-ref. Justification) | 3 | — | Christological “vindicated,” distinct from the soteriological “declared righteous” sense of оправдание elsewhere; do not conflate. |
| 23 | Ascension | ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ | вознесение | anelēmphthē en doxē | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3 | — | Shared, settled Nicene-heritage doctrine (Feast of the Ascension); main risk is over-familiarity, not collision. |
| 24 | Widow | χήρα | вдова | chēra | Medium | Care for Widows and the Household of Faith | 5 | — | Frame pastorally against post-Soviet state-pension assumptions; distinguish from Orthodox consecrated-widow tradition. |
| 25 | Double Honor | διπλῆ τιμή | сугубая (двойная) честь | diplē timē | Medium | Care for Widows and the Household of Faith; Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5 | — | Preserve the honor/remuneration ambiguity rather than resolving it. |
| 26 | Laying on of Hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / χειροθεσία | возложение рук | epithesis tōn cheirōn | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4, 5 | — | The gesture is shared vocabulary with Orthodox ordination (хиротония); the underlying office-theology is the Critical risk (see #3, #6), not the gesture itself. |
| 27 | Exercise Authority / Domineer | αὐθεντέω | властвовать | authenteō | High | Public Worship and Prayer | 2 | иметь власть (too neutral, elides the debated negative sense) | Rare, disputed word; Synodal already leans toward “domineer.” Flag the ambiguity for human theologian review rather than silently resolving it. |
| 28 | Quietness / Silence | ἡσυχία | молчание (required) — NOT безмолвие | hēsychia | Medium-High | Public Worship and Prayer | 2 | безмолвие (forbidden — risks Hesychast/исихазм association) | Same root as «исихазм» (Hesychasm), an unrelated Orthodox contemplative tradition; Synodal’s plain «молчание» must be retained. |
| 29 | Childbearing | τεκνογονία | чадородие | teknogonia | Critical | Public Worship and Prayer (cross-ref. Grace/Salvation) | 2 | — | Must never be read as salvation-by-works of motherhood; state the “not by works” safeguard explicitly. Human theologian review required. |
| 30 | Universal Saving Will of God | πάντας ἀνθρώπους θέλει σωθῆναι | [Бог] желает, чтобы все люди спаслись | pantas anthrōpous thelei sōthēnai | High | Public Worship and Prayer (cross-ref. Universal Scope of Gospel) | 2 | — | Same collision as baseline’s universal_scope_of_gospel; do not let it be read as Orthodoxy’s exclusive national possession. |
| 31 | Savior | Σωτήρ | Спаситель | Sōtēr | Medium | Sound Doctrine; Godliness | 1, 2, 4 | — | Established, devotionally resonant term (icon type «Спас»); asset, not collision, unlike its Roman-imperial-cult collision in the source culture. |
| 32 | Eternal Life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | жизнь вечная | zōē aiōnios | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine; Godliness and Contentment | 1, 4, 6 | — | Fully established shared term; new entry for cross-document consistency given frequency in this letter. |
| 33 | Slave / Bondservant | δοῦλος | раб | doulos | Medium | (household ethics, undergirding Godliness and Contentment) | 6 | — | Dual live association: serfdom/Soviet forced-labor memory vs. positive devotional «раб Божий». Address social-ethics question directly. |
| 34 | Good Confession | καλὴ ὁμολογία | доброе исповедание | kalē homologia | Low-Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6 | — | Keep public-profession sense distinct from private sacramental confession (исповедь). |
| 35 | The Appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια | явление | epiphaneia | Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6 | — | Etymologically related to but lexically distinct from «Богоявление» (Theophany feast); brief clarifying note recommended. |
Chapter Coverage Index
| Chapter | New Terms Introduced (Section B #) | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16, 17, 19, 20, 31, 32 | Sound doctrine vs. false teaching; Paul as pattern of grace; conscience introduced. |
| 2 | 8, 9, 12 (first occurrence), 20 (cont.), 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 (cont.) | Prayer for all; Christ as sole Mediator; public worship order; hardest exegetical verse of the letter (2:15). |
| 3 | 1, 2, 3 (functional equivalence noted), 7, 10, 11, 12 (cont.), 21 (cross-ref), 22, 23 | Core passage: overseer/deacon qualifications (verse-by-verse in 07); household of God; pillar of truth; Christ-hymn. |
| 4 | 6, 12 (cont.), 26, 32 (cont.) | Apostasy warning; false asceticism vs. creation theology; training in godliness; Timothy’s χάρισμα. |
| 5 | 3 (office sense), 4 (age sense, contrast), 24, 25, 26 (cont.) | Elders (office vs. age sense); widow care system; discipline procedure; caution against hasty ordination. |
| 6 | 12 (cont.), 13, 14, 15, 16 (cont.), 21, 33, 34, 35 | Slaves/masters; godliness with contentment; love of money; final charge to guard the deposit. |
Every chapter of 1 Timothy is represented above; no chapter lacked new load-bearing theological vocabulary requiring registration in this glossary.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Bog
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Всевышний (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1 Timothy intensifies the doxological register at 1:17 and 6:15-16 (‘the blessed and only Sovereign, King of kings’); ensure this reads as living cosmic sovereignty, not nostalgia for Russia’s own historical tsardom.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Gospod’
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хозяин, владыка (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used of Christ (1:2, 12; 6:3, 14) and intensified in the compound title ‘Lord of lords’ (6:15); ensure the confession reads as a living claim about the risen Christ’s present reign, not only formal liturgical address.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Иисус
Transliteration: Iisus
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Исус (Old Believer spelling, avoid)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Use throughout 1 Timothy’s fixed phrase ‘Christ Jesus’/‘Jesus Christ’; never the Old Believer spelling Исус.
Christ
Approved rendering: Христос
Transliteration: Khristos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Спаситель мира (as a stand-alone substitute for the proper name)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New dedicated entry for 1 Timothy, formalizing usage already implicit in the baseline’s messiah/son_of_god entries. Functions as a proper name joined to Jesus throughout the letter while retaining titular force in confessional passages (1:15; 2:5-6; 3:16; 6:13-14); ordinary Russian usage has worn the title sense smooth, so briefly surface the messianic-fulfillment meaning where the letter’s argument depends on it (2:5).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святой Дух
Transliteration: Svyatoy Dukh
Doctrine: Sanctification / Incarnation and the Christ-Hymn
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), энергия
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named at 3:16 (‘vindicated in the Spirit’) and 4:1, 14 (prophetic/ordination charisma). Never use дух alone as a stand-in.
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blagodat’
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: милость, дар, везение, удача
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Paul’s autobiography (1:12-16, ‘I am the foremost of sinners’) is this letter’s own extended illustration of the baseline’s ‘apart from works’ safeguard; use it pastorally to anchor благодать against theosis absorption.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведность
Transliteration: pravednost’
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: справедливость, честность
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named as a virtue to pursue at 6:11 (‘pursue righteousness, godliness, faith…’). справедливость remains forbidden.
Justification
Approved rendering: оправдание
Transliteration: opravdaniye
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: прощение грехов, искупление
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, for the soteriological sense. Note the distinct Christological use of the same root at 3:16 (‘vindicated/justified in the Spirit,’ ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι) — see the separate vindicated_in_spirit entry below; the two senses must never be conflated in teaching text.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасение
Transliteration: spaseniye
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: избавление (acceptable narrowly for ‘deliverance’), освобождение
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Must be anchored to Christ’s decisive saving work (1:15) rather than an open-ended theosis process, especially where paired with 2:4’s universal-scope language and 4:10’s ‘Savior of all people, especially of those who believe.‘
Sanctification
Approved rendering: освящение
Transliteration: osvyashcheniye
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: обожение (reserve for explicit theosis discussion only), очищение
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs at 2:15 (‘faith and love and holiness with self-control’), immediately beside the disputed childbearing clause — doubled risk that освящение is read as an achieved state (‘motherhood as spiritual achievement’) rather than the Spirit’s ongoing moral work. Never substitute обожение.
Overseer
Approved rendering: епископ (Scripture quotation) / блюститель, предстоятель (teaching text)
Transliteration: episkopos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: пастор (too anachronistic/denominational), архиерей (wrong tier entirely)
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Modern Russian «епископ» denotes the Orthodox diocesan hierarch, an unmarried monastic office conferred through apostolic-succession consecration — directly contradicting 3:2’s ‘husband of one wife.’ Retain епископ only in direct Scripture quotation; use блюститель/предстоятель as the standing gloss in all expository text. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Elder Office
Approved rendering: пресвитер (quotation) / старейшина (gloss)
Transliteration: presbyteros
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: иерей, священник (both wrongly sacerdotal)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Synodal’s «пресвитер» is a technical synonym for «священник» (priest) in Russian Orthodox usage — a sacramentally ordained office unlike the tested, plural eldership of 1 Timothy (5:17-22), functionally equivalent to ἐπίσκοπος in the Pastorals (cf. Acts 20:17, 28). Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: пресвитерство / собрание пресвитеров (recommended); NB Synodal renders «священства» at 4:14
Transliteration: presbyterion
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: священства (Synodal choice — explicitly flagged, not adopted as standard)
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Synodal’s «священства» (‘of the priesthood’) imports sacerdotal ordination categories not present in the Greek. This risk originates in the authoritative Synodal text itself, not merely in reader background. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Mystery
Approved rendering: тайна (recommended standard); NB Synodal renders «таинство» at 3:9 but «тайна» at 3:16
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth / Guarding the Deposit
Rejected alternatives: таинство (forbidden as standard rendering — reserved risk term)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Church / Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. «таинство» is the specific, technical Russian Orthodox term for a sacrament; using it standardly for μυστήριον implies a nonexistent ‘sacrament of the faith.’ The Synodal text’s own inconsistency (3:9 vs. 3:16, nine verses apart) must be taught explicitly. Human theologian review required.
Mediator
Approved rendering: посредник
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: заступник (too close to saints’-intercession register)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology
New for 1 Timothy. The word itself is lexically unambiguous; the doctrinal collision is entirely with the extensive Russian Orthodox devotional practice of invoking the Theotokos and saints as intercessors before God. 2:5’s numbered claim (‘one mediator’) is sharper than a general intercession statement. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Pillar And Foundation Of Truth
Approved rendering: столп и утверждение истины
Transliteration: stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
New for 1 Timothy. Identical to the title of Pavel Florensky’s landmark 1914 Russian Orthodox theological work. Theologically or literarily educated readers will likely hear Florensky’s specifically Orthodox ecclesiology rather than Paul’s more modest claim about the local congregation as truth’s public display. Retain the established Synodal phrase for quotation; clarify explicitly in teaching text. Human theologian review required.
Deposit Of Faith
Approved rendering: то, что тебе доверено / доверенное тебе (recommended); NB Synodal «преданное тебе»
Transliteration: parathēkē (parakatathēkē)
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: предание (as a standalone noun — forbidden; too close to Holy Tradition)
Original: παραθήκη (παρακαταθήκη)
Category: Guarding the Deposit
New for 1 Timothy. Synodal’s «храни преданное тебе» (6:20) uses предать, the exact verbal root of «Предание», the Orthodox term for Holy Tradition — a living, ever-developing body of teaching. This risks readers hearing an implicit endorsement of a developing tradition, the opposite of Paul’s fixed, closed apostolic deposit. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Childbearing
Approved rendering: чадородие
Transliteration: teknogonia
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: τεκνογονία
Category: Public Worship
New for 1 Timothy. Sits inside the letter’s hardest exegetical verse (2:15, ‘she will be saved through childbearing’). Must never be read as teaching salvation by the meritorious work of motherhood, nor as devaluing single or childless women. Given Orthodox veneration of motherhood tied to Theotokos piety, risks absorption into an existing ‘motherhood as spiritual achievement’ frame. Human theologian review required for every occurrence; state the ‘not by works’ safeguard explicitly.
High Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: Отец
Transliteration: Otets
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named in the letter’s opening greeting (1:2). батюшка must never be used for God the Father.
Faith
Approved rendering: вера
Transliteration: vera
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: доверие, убеждение
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Note the letter’s dual use: personal trust in Christ (1:2, 14; 3:13) AND the corporate, content-bearing ‘deposit’ sense (‘departed from the faith,’ 6:20-21; ‘shipwrecked their faith,’ 1:19). Keep the Christ-directed object explicit in the personal-trust sense; flag the shift to the corporate sense explicitly where it occurs.
Sin
Approved rendering: грех
Transliteration: grekh
Doctrine: Sin and Universal Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ошибка, проступок
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. The letter’s vice-list format (1:9-10) risks being heard as a moralistic catalogue detached from personal guilt before a personal God unless tied explicitly to Paul’s own grace narrative (1:15-16).
Church
Approved rendering: церковь
Transliteration: tserkov’
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: храм, собрание (acceptable for local congregation emphasis)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 3:15’s genitive ‘church of the living God’ helps signal ownership by God rather than any denomination, but teaching text must still state explicitly this is Paul’s local Ephesian congregation, not a synonym for the Russian Orthodox institution — especially since 3:1-15 sits directly beside the leadership-qualifications passage.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Мессия
Transliteration: Messiya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: спаситель мира (as a stand-alone substitute)
Original: Χριστός (titular sense)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Available alongside Христос where the messianic-fulfillment sense needs surfacing, since ordinary Russian usage has worn ‘Христос’ smooth into a surname-like function (relevant at 1:15; 2:5-6; 3:16; 6:13-14).
Election
Approved rendering: избрание
Transliteration: izbraniye
Doctrine: Universal Saving Will of God
Rejected alternatives: судьба, рок, предопределение (use only with careful qualification)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not directly thematized by name in 1 Timothy but held available for the pastoral tension noted at 2:1-6 between God’s universal saving desire and his sovereign choice; teach the tension, do not resolve it silently.
Office Of Overseer
Approved rendering: епископство (quotation) / служение блюстителя (gloss)
Transliteration: episkopē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. The abstract-noun form (3:1, ‘aspires to the office of overseer’) intensifies the same collision as ἐπίσκοπος, sounding even more like a formal hierarchical rank (‘the episcopate’).
Deacon
Approved rendering: диакон (quotation) / служитель (gloss)
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: помощник (too weak, loses office sense)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Orthodox «диакон» is a purely liturgical-assistant sacred order with no independent teaching/governing authority — narrower than 1 Timothy’s doctrinally-tested deacon (3:8-13, ‘holding the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience’).
Ransom
Approved rendering: искупительная жертва / выкуп
Transliteration: antilytron
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Salvation
New for 1 Timothy; no exact baseline precedent. Synodal’s periphrastic «искупление» has broadened in general religious usage toward generic ‘atonement/redemption,’ risking loss of the specific ‘price paid in exchange’ nuance of ἀντίλυτρον (2:6). Supplement with выкуп when expounding.
Godliness
Approved rendering: благочестие
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: набожность (too narrowly devotional-emotional)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness
New for 1 Timothy. Deeply positive, well-embedded Russian religious vocabulary — a genuine asset — but strongly connotes outward ritual observance (church attendance, fasting, feast-keeping) as its primary content, whereas Paul’s εὐσέβεια integrates sound doctrine, inward reverence, and practical conduct as one whole (2:2; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3, 5-6, 11). State the integration explicitly at first occurrence per document.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: здравое учение
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Sound Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. The standard by which doctrine is judged ‘sound’ (1:10; 4:6; 6:3) is where East-West divergence is sharpest: Orthodox theology measures soundness against Scripture and Holy Tradition (Предание) jointly; this curriculum measures it against apostolic Scripture alone. State this explicitly rather than assume shared common ground. Human theologian review recommended for every occurrence.
Vindicated In Spirit
Approved rendering: оправдал Себя в Духе
Transliteration: edikaiōthē en pneumati
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Christology
New for 1 Timothy. Christological use of the same δικαιόω root as the Critical-rated soteriological justification doctrine (оправдание), but meaning ‘shown to be righteous/vindicated’ (3:16), not the forensic sense applied to believers. Must not be conflated with the оправдание entry.
Exercise Authority
Approved rendering: властвовать
Transliteration: authenteō
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: иметь власть (too neutral, elides the debated negative sense)
Original: αὐθεντέω
Category: Public Worship
New for 1 Timothy. Rare, disputed word (2:12, this verse’s only NT occurrence) ranging from neutral ‘exercise authority’ to ‘domineer, dictate to.’ Synodal’s «властвовать» already leans toward the negative pole. Given live gender-roles debate within Russian Evangelical/Protestant circles, flag the ambiguity explicitly rather than resolve it silently.
Quietness
Approved rendering: молчание
Transliteration: hēsychia
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: безмолвие (forbidden — risks Hesychast/исихазм association)
Original: ἡσυχία
Category: Public Worship
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 2:11-12. Same root as «исихазм» (Hesychasm), an unrelated Orthodox contemplative prayer tradition. Synodal’s plain «молчание» must be retained; never безмолвие. Describes a specific instructional context, not a blanket prohibition on speech.
Universal Saving Will
Approved rendering: [Бог] желает, чтобы все люди спаслись
Transliteration: pantas anthrōpous thelei sōthēnai
Doctrine: Universal Saving Will of God
Original: πάντας ἀνθρώπους θέλει σωθῆναι
Category: Salvation
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 2:1-6. Directly parallel to the baseline’s universal_scope_of_gospel doctrine. Must not be read as an exclusive possession of Russian Orthodox national/ethnic identity (‘Third Rome’/‘Holy Rus”); teach the tension with избрание pastorally, not by silently favoring one side.
Medium Risk Terms
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповедь (reserve for individual commandments)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Context (1:7-10) is Paul correcting false teachers’ misuse of Torah in Ephesus, not a general statement on Russian civil law.
Holy
Approved rendering: святой
Transliteration: svyatoy
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: чистый, непорочный
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used of ‘holy hands’ lifted in prayer (2:8); no new risk beyond baseline’s note on canonized-saint associations.
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: посланник, проповедник
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. The letter grounds Paul’s apostleship in direct divine command (ἐπιταγή, 1:1) rather than institutional succession, a point of contrast with Russian Orthodox apostolic authority typically framed through unbroken episcopal succession.
Called
Approved rendering: призванный
Transliteration: prizvannyy
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: приглашённый
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Available if occurring in 1 Timothy expository text; приглашённый remains forbidden as too weak.
Calling
Approved rendering: призвание
Transliteration: prizvaniye
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: предназначение
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Available for cross-reference to Timothy’s own ministry calling/gift (4:14) if the noun form is needed in expository text.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Christ-Hymn
Rejected alternatives: почёт, величие
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Present in the closing doxology of 1:17 and the Christ-hymn’s climactic line ‘taken up in glory’ (3:16, see ascension entry); avoid flattening into a casual exclamation.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: духовные дары
Transliteration: dukhovnyye dary
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: экстрасенсорные способности (never use), таланты
Original: χάρισμα / χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. The singular χάρισμα at 4:14 names Timothy’s specific ministry gift, received ‘through prophecy with the laying on of hands of the council of elders’ — the gift itself is not sacerdotally conferred; see council_of_elders entry for the surrounding office-theology risk.
Intercession
Approved rendering: ходатайство
Transliteration: khodataystvo
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: заступничество (reserve for saints’/Mary’s intercession contexts)
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named among the four categories of corporate prayer commanded in 2:1, including prayer for civil rulers. NEVER заступничество — the distinction is now sharpened by 2:5’s mediator claim; see mediator entry.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: воплощение
Transliteration: voploshcheniye
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Christ-Hymn
Rejected alternatives: аватар (never use), явление
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Opens the confessional Christ-hymn (3:16, ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, ‘was manifested in the flesh’). NEVER аватар. Lower risk given Russian icon theology’s high cultural profile for the incarnation.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресение
Transliteration: voskreseniye
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: оживление, реинкарнация
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not directly narrated in 1 Timothy’s confessional passages (which climax instead in the ascension, see separate entry) but available if the doctrine is cross-referenced in expository material.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: язычники
Transliteration: yazychniki
Doctrine: Universal Saving Will of God
Rejected alternatives: иноземцы, неевреи
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Paul names himself ‘a teacher of the Gentiles’ (2:7); народы remains the preferred alternative in mission-scope contexts per baseline convention.
Mission
Approved rendering: миссия / благовестие
Transliteration: missiya / blagovestiye
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: пропаганда (never use)
Original: κήρυξ / ἀπόστολος (2:7)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Relevant to 2:7’s apostolic proclamation language (‘a preacher and apostle… a teacher of the Gentiles’). пропаганда remains forbidden.
Contentment
Approved rendering: довольство
Transliteration: autarkeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: самодостаточность (risks secular self-help reading)
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness
New for 1 Timothy. Redirects a Stoic philosophical ideal (self-sufficiency) toward God-dependent contentment (6:6-8); guard against both the Stoic self-reliance reading and a contemporary secular ‘self-help’ reading.
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: сребролюбие
Transliteration: philargyria / aphilargyros
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: жадность (too generic, loses ascetic-vocabulary link)
Original: φιλαργυρία / ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Timothy. Disqualifies from church office (3:3) and named as a root of many evils (6:10). Asset: matches an existing category in Orthodox ascetic teaching on the passions (страсти).
Teach Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: учить иному
Transliteration: heterodidaskaleō
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. Direct antonym of ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (1:3; 6:3); teach the pair together.
Falsely Called Knowledge
Approved rendering: лжеименное знание
Transliteration: gnōsis pseudōnymos
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: γνῶσις ψευδώνυμος
Category: Sound Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 6:20. Asset: гностицизм/гнозис is already a recognized heresy category in Orthodox catechesis; ensure this asset is used, not lost, when expounding.
Ascension
Approved rendering: вознесение
Transliteration: anelēmphthē en doxē
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Christ-Hymn
Original: ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ
Category: Christology
New for 1 Timothy. Closes the Christ-hymn’s confessional couplet (3:16, ‘taken up in glory’). Shared, settled Nicene-heritage doctrine with Russian Orthodoxy (Feast of the Ascension, Вознесение Господне); main risk is over-familiarity, not collision.
Widow
Approved rendering: вдова
Transliteration: chēra
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Church
New for 1 Timothy. Used generally and in the specific ‘enrolled’ sense (5:9-16). Two contextual risks: post-Soviet readers accustomed to state pension provision may find church-administered welfare unfamiliar; the criteria-based enrollment may loosely evoke the Orthodox consecrated-widow/monastic tradition, a structurally similar but historically distinct institution.
Double Honor
Approved rendering: сугубая (двойная) честь
Transliteration: diplē timē
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: διπλῆ τιμή
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 5:17 for elders who labor in preaching/teaching. Preserve the honor/remuneration ambiguity present in the Greek; do not resolve toward only ‘respect’ or only ‘salary.‘
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: возложение рук
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn / cheirothesia
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / χειροθεσία
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. The physical gesture of commissioning (4:14; 5:22, ‘lay hands on no one hastily’) is shared, low-risk vocabulary with Orthodox ordination (хиротония); the underlying theology of office it enacts is the Critical risk flagged under overseer/elder_office/council_of_elders, not the gesture itself.
Savior
Approved rendering: Спаситель
Transliteration: Sōtēr
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: Σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New for 1 Timothy. Used of God the Father (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) and, by extension, of Christ; a Roman-imperial-cult title Paul reappropriates for God alone. Fully established and devotionally resonant in Russian (icon type «Спас») — an asset, not a collision, unlike its source-culture rival.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: жизнь вечная
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Timothy (recorded for cross-document consistency given frequency: 1:16; 4:8; 6:12, 19). Fully established, shared across Orthodox and Protestant usage.
Slave
Approved rendering: раб
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Timothy. Necessary, unsoftened translation (6:1-2); no euphemism should be substituted. Dual live Russian association: historical serfdom/Soviet forced-labor memory (negative) vs. the positive devotional self-designation «раб Божий/раба Божия» (honorable submission to God). Address Paul’s pastoral counsel directly; this is not an endorsement of slavery as an institution.
Good Confession
Approved rendering: доброе исповедание
Transliteration: kalē homologia
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: καλὴ ὁμολογία
Category: Guarding the Deposit
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 6:12-13, linked to Christ’s own confession before Pilate. Keep the public-profession sense visibly distinct from «исповедь» (private sacramental confession of sins in Orthodox practice).
Appearing Of Christ
Approved rendering: явление
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 6:14, Christ’s future visible return. Not the same word as «Богоявление» (Theophany feast), limiting direct calendar confusion, though the shared Greek root merits a brief clarifying note.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: благодарение
Transliteration: blagodareniye
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named as the proper response to creation’s goods (marriage, food) against ascetic false teaching (4:3-4). No new risk.
Prophet
Approved rendering: пророк
Transliteration: prorok
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: предсказатель, экстрасенс
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Held available for cross-reference; the noun itself is not directly used in 1 Timothy but the underlying category is assumed by references to prophecy (1:18; 4:14). экстрасенс/предсказатель remain forbidden.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: пророчество
Transliteration: prorochestvo
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: предсказание, гороскоп
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Named as a means by which Timothy’s ministry gift was recognized (1:18; 4:14). Distinct from гороскоп/предсказание.
Exhort
Approved rendering: увещевать
Transliteration: uveshchevat’
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used of Paul’s charge to Timothy (1:3) and instructions for pastoral correction (5:1; 6:2). Context-sensitive between entreaty and encouragement.
Elder Age
Approved rendering: старший / старшая
Transliteration: presbyteros / presbyterai (age sense)
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: πρεσβύτερος / πρεσβύτεραι (age sense)
Category: Church Leadership
New for 1 Timothy. Generic age-sense use of the same Greek word rendered as an office elsewhere in the letter (5:1-2); must be visibly distinguished from elder_office so readers do not infer every older member holds ecclesial office.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: дом Божий
Transliteration: oikos theou
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος θεοῦ
Category: Church
New for 1 Timothy. Ties directly to the household-management qualifications of 3:1-13 (3:15); a mild cultural asset given the strength of family/household imagery in Russian culture. Keep distinct from a literal church building.
Root Of All Evils
Approved rendering: корень всех зол
Transliteration: rhiza pantōn tōn kakōn
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν
Category: Ethics
New for 1 Timothy. Note nuance: ‘a root of all kinds of evil’ (6:10), not the sole and only root of every evil, to avoid overstatement.
Myths And Genealogies
Approved rendering: басни и родословия
Transliteration: mythoi kai genealogiai
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι
Category: Sound Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. Named at 1:4. Vivid and accessible, no doctrinal collision.
Conscience
Approved rendering: совесть
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Conscience and the Integrity of Faith
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine
New for 1 Timothy. Transparent, shared vocabulary; structurally important across the letter as a recurring diagnostic term paired with faith (1:5, 19; 3:9; 4:2).
Referenced passages