Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Timothy (English → Russian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all four chapters of 2 Timothy. Terms marked TM-REUSE already exist in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json and are reused here with the identical Russian rendering, per the hard rule that established terms must not be altered. Terms marked NEW are specific to 2 Timothy and are proposed for addition to an extended translation memory before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Risk tiers follow the Romans baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — collides with a live, named theological controversy; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — significant theological confusion, unintended sectarian signal, or cultural/political sensitivity; human theologian review required.
- Medium — registerial/cultural misreading risk, essential meaning preserved; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Doctrine Category: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scripture (all) | γραφή / graphē | Писание | NEW | High | 3:16 | Must be distinguished from ἱερὰ γράμματα (v.15); collides with Orthodox Scripture-within-Tradition framing if presented as self-sufficient without comment. |
| sacred writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα / hiera grammata | священные Писания | NEW | Medium-High | 3:15 | OT-specific childhood-catechesis referent; must not be flattened into a generic synonym of γραφή above. |
| God-breathed / inspired | θεόπνευστος / theopneustos | богодухновенно | NEW | Critical | 3:16 | Headline term for this curriculum’s core doctrine; direct collision with Predanie (Holy Tradition) as co-authority. Must be taught explicitly, never assumed as neutral shared ground. |
| profitable | ὠφέλιμος / ōphelimos | полезно | NEW | Low | 3:16 | Standard. |
| teaching / doctrine | διδασκαλία / didaskalia | научение / учение | NEW | High | 3:16, 4:3 | Must render consistently across both occurrences to preserve the “Scripture’s purpose is teaching” ↔ “last days reject sound teaching” link. |
| reproof / conviction | ἔλεγμος / elegmos | обличение | NEW | Low-Medium | 3:16 | Standard. |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις / epanorthōsis | исправление | NEW | Low | 3:16 | Standard. |
| training / discipline | παιδεία / paideia | наставление | NEW | Medium | 3:16 | Risk of sounding like generic “advice”; formative-discipline sense should be reinforced. |
| man of God | ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ / anthrōpos tou theou | человек Божий | NEW | Medium | 3:17 | OT prophetic-office title now applied to the Scripture-formed believer/minister; avoid elite-office misreading. |
| complete / equipped | ἄρτιος, ἐξαρτίζω / artios, exartizō | совершенный, приготовлен/снаряжён | NEW | Medium-High | 3:17 | Risk of overreading “совершенный” as sinless moral perfection rather than functional sufficiency-via-Scripture. |
| word of God | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ / logos tou theou | слово Божие | NEW | Medium | 2:9, 4:2 | Disambiguate from secular generic “слово.” |
| pattern of sound words | ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων / hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn | образец здравого учения | NEW | High | 1:13 | Anchors “здравый/здравое” vocabulary thread continued at 3:16, 4:3. |
Doctrine Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sound doctrine / teaching | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / hygiainousa didaskalia | здравое учение | NEW | High | 4:3, 1:13 | Medical-metaphor doctrine (healthy vs. diseased teaching); tie explicitly to γάγγραινα (2:17) imagery in teaching material. |
| guard / keep | φυλάσσω / phylassō | хранить / сохранить | NEW | Medium | 1:14 | Core custodial verb. |
| the (good) deposit | παραθήκη / parathēkē | залог | NEW | High | 1:12, 1:14 | Risk of financial/legal coloring (security deposit, bail) overtaking the sacred-trust sense; reinforce relational/non-commercial meaning. |
| rightly handle / rightly divide | ὀρθοτομέω / orthotomeō | право преподающий (слово истины) | NEW | High | 2:15 | Literal roadbuilding/surveying image (cutting a straight path) not preserved in established phrase; supplement in exposition. |
| word of truth | λόγος ἀληθείας / logos alētheias | слово истины | NEW | Medium | 2:15 | Standard pairing with ὀρθοτομέω. |
| profane/empty babble | βέβηλος κενοφωνία / bebēlos kenophōnia | негодное пустословие | NEW | Medium | 2:16 | Describes false teachers’ speech. |
| spreads like gangrene/cancer | γάγγραινα / gangraina | как рак (established) | NEW | Medium | 2:17 | Established Synodal deviation from literal “gangrene” to “cancer”; be aware of the difference for fresh exposition. |
| foundation (of God) | θεμέλιος / themelios | основание | NEW | Low | 2:19 | Standard. |
| vessel | σκεῦος / skeuos | сосуд | NEW | Low-Medium | 2:20-21 | Consistent with existing Romans 9 potter/vessel imagery. |
| foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις / mōrai zētēseis | глупые/безрассудные споры | NEW | Low | 2:23 | Standard. |
Doctrine Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| entrust | παρατίθημι / paratithēmi | передай / вверь | NEW | High | 2:2 | Anchor verse of the doctrine: Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others; Protestant emphasis on a fixed, transmissible content should be stated explicitly against an Orthodox Predanie-shaped alternative reading. |
| faithful men/people | πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι / pistoi anthrōpoi | верные люди | NEW | Medium | 2:2 | Shares вера root. |
| the (good) deposit | παραθήκη / parathēkē | залог | NEW | High | 1:12, 1:14 | (See above; cross-listed — this doctrine and “Guarding Sound Doctrine” share this term.) |
| word of God is not bound | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται / ho logos tou theou ou dedetai | слово Божие не связано | NEW | Medium | 2:9 | Gospel content persists despite the messenger’s imprisonment. |
| evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής / euangelistēs | благовестник | NEW | Medium | 4:5 | Shares root with Romans TM’s “миссия / благовестие”; preferable to legally-loaded “миссионер.” |
Doctrine Category: The Charge to Preach the Word
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I charge (solemnly) | διαμαρτύρομαι / diamartyromai | заклинаю | NEW | High | 4:1 | Established Synodal term, but modern colloquial collision with “casting a spell/incantation”; gloss on first use. |
| preach / herald | κηρύσσω / kēryssō | проповедуй | NEW | High | 4:2 | Legal/cultural sensitivity re: missionary-activity law, parallel to Romans TM “evangelism”/“mission” entries. |
| herald (noun) | κῆρυξ / kēryx | проповедник | NEW | Medium | 1:11 | Paul’s self-designation, matching the imperative of 4:2. |
| the word (message) | λόγος / logos | слово (Божие) | NEW | Medium | 4:2 | See Scripture category above. |
| in season, out of season | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως / eukairōs akairōs | во время и не во время | NEW | Low | 4:2 | Idiom; preserve meaning over literal form. |
| reprove / rebuke / exhort | ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, παρακάλεσον / elegxon, epitimēson, parakaleson | обличай, (строго) увещевай, увещевай | NEW / TM-REUSE (παρακαλέω → увещевать) | Medium | 4:2 | ἐπιτίμησον risk: “запрещать” reads as administrative “forbid,” obscuring interpersonal rebuke sense. |
| patience | μακροθυμία / makrothymia | долготерпение | NEW | Low-Medium | 4:2 | Standard, positively resonant term. |
| teaching (act) | διδαχή / didachē | наставление / учение | NEW | Medium | 4:2 | Note Synodal renders this clause with “назидание” (edification), an interpretive broadening. |
| ministry / service | διακονία / diakonia | служение | NEW | Low | 4:5 | Standard. |
| fulfill completely | πληροφορέω / plērophoreō | исполни | NEW | Low | 4:5 | Standard. |
Doctrine Category: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι / eschatai hēmerai | последние дни | NEW | Medium | 3:1 | Lower collision risk than in non-Christian-heritage cultures; watch for pop-culture “apocalypse” flattening. |
| difficult times | καιροὶ χαλεποί / kairoi chalepoi | тяжкие/трудные времена | NEW | Low | 3:1 | Standard. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | благочестие | NEW | Medium | 3:5, 3:12 | Risk of being heard as generic “religiosity”; frame the form/power critique generally, not as anti-ritual polemic. |
| form of godliness … power | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας … δύναμις / morphōsis eusebeias … dynamis | вид благочестия … сила | NEW | Medium-High | 3:5 | Doctrinal crux of the chapter; preserve the contrast sharply. |
| lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God | φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι / philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi | сластолюбивы более, нежели боголюбивы | NEW | Medium-High | 3:4 | Summary thesis-phrase of the vice list; preserve parallel construction. |
| imposters / sorcerers | γόητες / goētes | обманщики | NEW | Medium | 3:13 | Literal “magician/sorcerer” root not preserved; possible cross-link to post-Soviet экстрасенс phenomenon in commentary. |
| deceivers | πλάνοι / planoi | лжецы / обманщики | NEW | Low-Medium | 3:13 | Standard. |
| myths / fables | μύθοι / mythoi | басни | NEW | Medium | 4:4 | Keep distinct from “сказки” (children’s fairy tales) to preserve seriousness. |
| turn away / wander off | ἀποστρέφω, ἐκτρέπω / apostrephō, ektrepō | отвратят, уклонятся | NEW | Low-Medium | 4:4 | Willful road-departure imagery. |
| sound doctrine (rejected) | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / hygiainousa didaskalia | здравое учение | NEW | High | 4:3 | Cross-listed with “Guarding Sound Doctrine” category. |
| itching ears | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν / knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | Synodal: [учителя,] которые льстили бы слуху | NEW | Medium | 4:3 | Vivid sensory idiom softened to “flattery” in established phrasing; may supplement in commentary. |
| passions / desires | ἐπιθυμίαι / epithymiai | страсти / прихоти | NEW | Medium | 3:6, 4:3 | Synodal favors weaker “прихоти” (whims); “страсти” carries fuller, more consistent NT theological weight. |
| Jannes and Jambres | Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς | Ианний и Иамврий | NEW | Low | 3:8 | Proper names, standard transliteration. |
Doctrine Category: Perseverance under Suffering
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| suffer / suffer with | πάσχω, συγκακοπαθέω / paschō, sygkakopatheō | страдать (с) | NEW | Medium | 1:8, 1:12 | Tied to identification with Paul’s imprisonment. |
| endure hardship/suffering | κακοπαθέω / kakopatheō | переноси страдания/скорби | NEW | Medium | 2:9, 4:5 | Russian Orthodox redemptive-suffering theology is a cultural asset here; residual risk is suffering read as self-justifying merit rather than grace-enabled gospel service. |
| be ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι / epaischynomai | стыдиться | NEW | Medium-High | 1:8, 1:12, 1:16 | Honor/shame dynamic; already flagged generally in Romans baseline escalation rules. |
| persecutions, sufferings | διωγμοί, παθήματα / diōgmoi, pathēmata | гонения, страдания | NEW | Medium | 3:10-11 | Paul’s own pattern as Timothy’s model. |
| the Lord stood by and strengthened | ὁ κύριος παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσεν / ho kyrios parestē kai enedynamōsen | Господь предстал мне и укрепил меня | NEW (Господь TM-REUSE) | Medium | 4:17 | Pastoral comfort passage; low doctrinal collision. |
| rescued / delivered | ῥύομαι / rhyomai | избавить / спасти | NEW | Low-Medium | 4:17-18 | 4:18 shifts into full спасение (TM-REUSE) register. |
Doctrine Category: Assurance of Reward
| English Term | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Status | Risk | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| poured out (as a libation) | σπένδομαι / spendomai | Synodal: я уже становлюсь жертвою | NEW | Medium | 4:6 | Literal libation image generalized to “sacrifice” in established phrase. |
| departure | ἀνάλυσις / analysis | отшествие | NEW | Low | 4:6 | Dignified euphemism for death. |
| the good fight | ἀγών / agōn | подвиг | NEW | High | 4:7 | Strong positive resonance with Russian ascetic/heroic vocabulary; must remain grace-enabled faithfulness, not self-earning merit. |
| finished the race | δρόμος / dromos | течение (совершил) | NEW | Low-Medium | 4:7 | Archaic Synodal word choice; modern paraphrase may prefer путь/поприще. |
| kept the faith | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | веру сохранил | TM-REUSE (вера) | High | 4:7 | Testimonial mode of the Romans baseline faith entry. |
| crown of righteousness | στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης / stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs | венец праведности | NEW | High | 4:8 | Double resonance with martyr’s crown / Orthodox marriage crowning; must be tied explicitly to grace/Christ’s righteousness, not merit — parallels Romans baseline’s “imputed_righteousness” caution. |
| righteous judge | δίκαιος κριτής / dikaios kritēs | праведный Судия | NEW | Medium | 4:8 | Reuses праведность root. |
| his appearing | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | явление | NEW | Medium | 4:1, 4:8 | Mixed risk: positive angelic-appearance resonance vs. secular “phenomenon” flattening. |
| judge the living and the dead | κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς / krinein zōntas kai nekrous | судить живых и мёртвых | NEW | Low-Medium | 4:1 | Strong asset: identical phrase already known from the Nicene Creed in Orthodox liturgy. |
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (TM-REUSE — no deviation permitted)
| English Term | Russian Rendering | Romans Baseline Risk Tier | 2 Timothy Passages |
|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Евангелие | Medium (baseline registry: High) | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 4:5 |
| grace | благодать | Critical | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 |
| faith | вера | High | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 |
| righteousness | праведность | Critical | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 |
| salvation | спасение | Critical | 2:10, 3:15 |
| apostle | апостол | Medium | 1:1, 1:11 |
| called / calling | призванный / призвание | Medium/High | 1:9 (“holy calling,” κλήσει ἁγίᾳ) |
| holy | святой | Medium/High | 1:9, 1:14, 3:15 |
| resurrection | воскресение | Critical | 2:8, 2:18 |
| Lord | Господь | Critical/High | throughout (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17-18, 4:22) |
| peace | мир | Medium | 1:2 |
| spiritual gifts | духовные дары (root) | Medium | 1:6 (χάρισμα) |
| kingdom of God | Царство (Божие/небесное) | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 |
| sin | грех | High | 3:6 |
| glory | слава | Medium | 2:10, 4:18 |
| power of God | сила Божия | Medium | 1:8 |
| messiah / christ | Христос | High/Critical | throughout |
| election | избрание / избранные | High | 2:10 |
| David (seed of) | — (not present in 2 Timothy) | — | — |
| Jesus | Иисус (never Исус) | Critical | throughout |
| God | Бог | Critical | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | Святой Дух | Critical | 1:14 |
| exhort | увещевать | Low | 4:2 |
| Amen | аминь | — | 4:18 |
New Terms Recommended for Addition to Extended Translation Memory (2 Timothy-specific)
The following are not present in the Romans baseline and must be newly registered, with the risk tiers below carried into the extended doctrine_risk_registry.json for this curriculum in a later step:
| New Term | Russian Rendering | Recommended Risk Tier |
|---|---|---|
| God-breathed (θεόπνευστος) | богодухновенно | Critical |
| repentance (μετάνοια) | покаяние | Critical |
| self-control/sound judgment (σωφρονισμός) | целомудрие | High |
| immortality/incorruption (ἀφθαρσία) | нетление | High |
| I solemnly charge (διαμαρτύρομαι) | заклинаю | High |
| preach/herald (κηρύσσω / κῆρυξ) | проповедуй / проповедник | High |
| entrust (παρατίθημι) | передай / вверь | High |
| the deposit (παραθήκη) | залог | High |
| rightly handle (ὀρθοτομέω) | право преподающий | High |
| sound doctrine (ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία) | здравое учение | High |
| pattern of sound words (ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων) | образец здравого учения | High |
| crown of righteousness (στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης) | венец праведности | High |
| the good fight (ἀγών) | подвиг | High |
| Scripture / all Scripture (γραφή) | Писание | High |
| sacred writings (ἱερὰ γράμματα) | священные Писания | Medium-High |
| man of God (ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ) | человек Божий | Medium |
| love (ἀγάπη) | любовь | Medium |
| godliness (εὐσέβεια) | благочестие | Medium |
| word of God (λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ) | слово Божие | Medium |
| myths/fables (μῦθοι) | басни | Medium |
| evangelist (εὐαγγελιστής) | благовестник | Medium |
| his appearing (ἐπιφάνεια) | явление | Medium |
| be ashamed (ἐπαισχύνομαι) | стыдиться | Medium-High |
| endure suffering (κακοπαθέω) | переносить страдания/скорби | Medium |
This glossary must be loaded together with 07_semantic_analysis.md and the Romans baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 1 Step 2 (extended term registry construction) and before any Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blagodat’
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: милость, дар, везение, удача
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Russian Orthodox theology (Palamas) reads благодать as transformative uncreated energy rather than unmerited favor apart from merit. 2 Timothy 1:9 explicitly states ‘not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace’ — this apart-from-works contrast must be stated explicitly, exactly as required in Romans 4 and 11:5-6.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасение
Transliteration: spaseniye
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: избавление (acceptable narrowly for ‘deliverance’), освобождение
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 2 Timothy 2:10 and 3:15 anchor спасение explicitly ‘through faith in Christ Jesus’ — this stated means must be preserved and not left to default into an open-ended Orthodox theosis process.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: вменённая праведность
Transliteration: vmenyonnaya pravednost’
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: заслуженная праведность, дарованная святость (too vague)
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Retained here as the direct doctrinal parallel invoked by 4:8’s ‘crown of righteousness’ caution: the crown must be understood as granted on the basis of credited, not earned, righteousness, exactly as this entry already establishes for Romans 4.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: освящение
Transliteration: osvyashcheniye
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: обожение (reserve for explicit theosis discussion only), очищение
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Retained here to keep 2:21’s ἁγνίζω (‘purify oneself,’ see purify_oneself below) visibly distinct from the fuller sanctification doctrine, per the Romans baseline’s explicit-naming rule.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: богодухновенно
Transliteration: bogodukhovenno
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: вдохновлённый Богом (weaker, more generic ‘inspired’), духовный (too vague)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
3:16. CRITICAL: headline single-word anchor of the curriculum’s ‘Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture’ doctrine. The settled Synodal term with no viable alternative, but Russian Orthodox theology locates ultimate doctrinal authority in Scripture-within-Predanie (Holy Tradition), not in Scripture as a self-sufficient, self-interpreting final authority. Must be explicitly taught with a first-use gloss restoring the breath-image, never assumed as neutral common ground.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: венец праведности
Transliteration: venets pravednosti
Doctrine: Reward
Rejected alternatives: корона праведности (foreign/secular royal register, not Bible-established)
Original: στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Reward
4:8. CRITICAL: headline term for ‘Assurance of Reward.’ Double resonance with the martyr’s crown (венец мученика) and the Orthodox wedding-crowning rite (венчание) risks framing the reward as earned through ascetic/martyr-like achievement rather than granted by the righteous Judge on the basis of Christ’s own righteousness credited to the believer — directly parallels the imputed_righteousness caution. Must always appear paired with explicit grace/righteous-Judge framing.
Repentance
Approved rendering: покаяние
Transliteration: pokayaniye
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: изменение мышления (accurate but unestablished, sounds clinical), перемена ума (overly literal calque)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
2:25. CRITICAL: Russian Orthodox tradition treats покаяние principally as one of the seven sacraments/Mysteries (sacramental Confession before a priest), a formal ritual act. Readers will naturally default to this sacramental-ritual key rather than the NT’s inward, God-granted reorientation of mind occurring apart from a specific sacramental setting — a direct structural parallel to sanctification/justification in the Romans baseline. If sacramental Confession needs comparative mention, name it explicitly.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: вера
Transliteration: vera
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: доверие, убеждение
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:5 (inherited family faith), 3:15 (faith in Christ Jesus), 4:7 (‘kept the faith’) all use вера; context must keep the personal, Christ-directed object clear rather than letting вера default to ‘being Orthodox.‘
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведность
Transliteration: pravednost’
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: справедливость, честность
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged (risk tier retained as recorded in the Romans TM; the 2 Timothy-specific bible_term_registry.json records this term at Critical tier where it intersects the crown-of-righteousness reward doctrine — see crown_of_righteousness below). 2 Timothy 3:16 (‘training in righteousness’) and 4:8 (‘crown of righteousness’) both risk drifting toward an achieved-virtue reading; праведность must retain the received-status sense.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Gospod’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хозяин, владыка (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 4:1 and 4:8 present Christ the Lord as the coming righteous Judge; Господь must retain personal, exclusive force here, not merely liturgical-creedal register.
Sin
Approved rendering: грех
Transliteration: grekh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ошибка, проступок
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 3:6 describes false teachers’ victims as people ‘weighed down with sins’; грех must retain serious weight, not the folk-moral, joking register decades of state atheism partly produced.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Мессия
Transliteration: Messiya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: спаситель мира (as a stand-alone substitute)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Христос functions as Paul’s near-constant title for Jesus throughout 2 Timothy (1:1-2, 2:8); the messianic-fulfillment sense (esp. 2:8, ‘descended from David’) should be explicitly resurfaced, since ordinary usage has worn the title smooth into a surname.
Election
Approved rendering: избрание
Transliteration: izbraniye
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: судьба, рок, предопределение (use only with careful qualification)
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 2:10, ‘for the sake of the elect’ — избранные must never be rendered with судьба, рок, or карма.
Providence
Approved rendering: промысел Божий
Transliteration: promysel Bozhiy
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: судьба, случай, карма (never use)
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Governs ‘the Lord stood by me and strengthened me’ (4:17) and the rescue/deliverance vocabulary (3:11, 4:16-18); must never use судьба/случай/карма, and must be kept distinct from заступничество (saints’/Theotokos intercession).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Писание
Transliteration: Pisaniye
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Библия (generic collapse that erases the distinction from sacred_writings)
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
3:16, ‘all Scripture is God-breathed.’ Писание in ordinary Russian usage is closely bound to the Orthodox canon as received and safeguarded through Holy Tradition (Предание); a Protestant emphasis on Scripture’s sufficiency apart from an external interpretive authority must be stated explicitly, not assumed self-evident from the word alone. Must be visibly distinguished from ἱερὰ γράμματα (3:15, sacred_writings) so the passage’s argument structure (childhood OT exposure → sufficiency of the whole inspired canon) is not flattened.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: священные Писания
Transliteration: svyashchennyye Pisaniya
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘Библия’ merged with Писание
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
3:15. The Hebrew/Old Testament Scriptures Timothy was taught from infancy. Established Synodal phrase, but risks being flattened into a generic synonym of Писание (3:16) if not kept visibly distinct.
Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: образец здравого учения
Transliteration: obrazets zdravogo ucheniya
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: образец здравых слов (overly literal, less natural)
Original: ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Scripture
1:13. The established phrase generalizes literal ‘words’ (λόγων) into ‘учение’ (doctrine); connects directly to 4:3’s ‘sound doctrine.’ Consistency of the здравый/здравое vocabulary across 1:13, 3:16, and 4:3 is essential for the cumulative force of ‘Guarding Sound Doctrine.‘
Complete Equipped
Approved rendering: совершенный, вполне приготовлен/снаряжён
Transliteration: sovershennyy, vpolne prigotovlen/snaryazhyon
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: совершенный (alone, without equipping clause — risks sinless-perfection misread)
Original: ἄρτιος / ἐξαρτίζω
Category: Scripture
3:17. Совершенный strongly suggests moral/spiritual perfection in ordinary Russian, risking an overstated perfectionism reading; Paul claims functional sufficiency-via-Scripture for ministry, not sinlessness. A disambiguating gloss is recommended on first use.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: научение / учение
Transliteration: naucheniye / ucheniye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: назидание (too broad/edification-only, per the Synodal 4:2 choice)
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Doctrine
3:16, 4:2 (διδαχή), 4:3. Must render consistently so the reader sees the connection between ‘Scripture’s purpose is teaching’ (3:16) and ‘the last days reject sound teaching’ (4:3).
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: здравое учение
Transliteration: zdravoye ucheniye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: правильное учение (loses the medical/health metaphor entirely)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
4:3, 1:13. Здравый retains its ‘sound/sensible’ sense well in modern Russian (cf. здравый смысл), a genuine asset, but the underlying medical metaphor (doctrine as an organism that can be healthy or diseased, per the gangrene/cancer image of 2:17) is not consciously felt by readers and should be drawn out explicitly.
The Deposit
Approved rendering: залог
Transliteration: zalog
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: вклад (bank deposit, even more commercial), сокровище (loses legal/entrusted nuance)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
1:12, 1:14. In contemporary Russian, залог is dominated by financial/legal senses (security deposit, bail, down payment), risking a transactional coloring rather than a sacred, person-to-person trust of truth. Mandatory disambiguating clause required on first use: ‘не денежный залог, а вверенная драгоценность/истина.‘
Rightly Handle
Approved rendering: право преподающий (слово истины)
Transliteration: pravo prepodayushchiy (slovo istiny)
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: правильно понимающий (too passive/cognitive, misses active teaching sense)
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
2:15. The literal roadbuilding/surveying image (cutting a straight, undeviating path) is not preserved in the established Synodal phrase, which generalizes to ‘correctly teaching.’ Should be supplemented with the vivid original image in exposition, not Scripture quotation.
Entrust
Approved rendering: передай / вверь
Transliteration: pereday / ver’
Doctrine: Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: поручи (too administrative/task-assignment register)
Original: παρατίθημι
Category: Gospel Transmission
2:2. Anchor verse of ‘Faithful Transmission of the Gospel’: Paul → Timothy → faithful people → others. Must clearly convey a multi-generational handoff of a fixed body of truth, not an evolving oral tradition subject to reinterpretation at each stage — a distinctly Protestant emphasis to be stated plainly against an Orthodox Предание-shaped alternative.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: заклинаю
Transliteration: zaklinayu
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: умоляю (too weak, mere pleading), повелеваю (loses the covenantal-witness/legal register)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Preaching
4:1. Established Synodal rendering of διαμαρτύρομαι, but modern colloquial Russian has drifted so that заклинать/заклинание is now most commonly associated with casting a magic spell/incantation, not a solemn legal-covenantal charge before God and Christ Jesus as witnesses. Mandatory disambiguating gloss required on first occurrence.
Preach
Approved rendering: проповедуй
Transliteration: propoveduy
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: возвещай (too weak, loses official-herald force)
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Preaching
4:2. Central verb of ‘The Charge to Preach the Word.’ Legally and culturally sensitive: public proclamation of religious content outside registered religious premises is restricted under current Russian missionary-activity law, parallel to the caution already flagged for ‘evangelism’/‘mission’ in the Romans baseline. Do not soften the imperative itself; flag the legal-cultural sensitivity separately in application material.
Form Of Godliness Power
Approved rendering: вид благочестия … сила
Transliteration: vid blagochestiya … sila
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: внешнее благочестие … внутренняя сила (over-explains, loses the parallelism)
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας … δύναμις
Category: Apostasy
3:5. The doctrinal crux of the last-days vice list. Must be preserved sharply, not softened into near-synonyms, and must not be read as a polemic against any one tradition’s outward forms of piety.
Lovers Of Pleasure Not God
Approved rendering: сластолюбивы более, нежели боголюбивы
Transliteration: slastolyubivy boleye, nezheli bogolyubivy
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: любящие удовольствия больше, чем Бога (loses the parallel ‘-любивы’ construction)
Original: φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι
Category: Apostasy
3:4. The vice list’s summarizing thesis-phrase; must retain the parallel ‘-любивы’ construction to preserve the rhetorical structure diagnosing misdirected love as the root of every listed vice.
Be Ashamed
Approved rendering: стыдиться
Transliteration: stydit’sya
Doctrine: Suffering
Rejected alternatives: смущаться (too weak, mere embarrassment)
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Suffering
1:8, 1:12, 1:16. The specific object of potential shame is public identification with a prisoner (Paul) and his gospel — a socially costly act of solidarity that must be rendered with full social weight, not softened into private embarrassment.
The Good Fight
Approved rendering: подвиг / подвизаться
Transliteration: podvig / podvizat’sya
Doctrine: Reward
Rejected alternatives: борьба (too generic, loses the ascetic-heroic register asset)
Original: ἀγών / ἀθλέω
Category: Reward
2:5, 4:7. Unusually rich, positively loaded Russian word for heroic feat/exploit, with strong associations to Russian Orthodox ascetic spirituality (подвижник, подвижничество). Largely an asset for conveying the weight of faithful endurance, but must remain faithful response to grace already given, not self-earning merit.
Self Control Sound Mind
Approved rendering: целомудрие
Transliteration: tselomudriye
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: сдержанность (too weak/secular), здравомыслие (accurate but not the established Synodal word — usable only as a clarifying gloss)
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Divine Calling
1:7. Significant semantic-drift danger: in modern Russian, целомудрие is used almost exclusively for sexual chastity/purity, not general self-discipline or sound judgment. Mandatory disambiguating gloss required on every occurrence.
Incorruption Immortality
Approved rendering: нетление
Transliteration: netleniye
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: бессмертие (loses the ‘incorruption/undecayed’ nuance specific to ἀφθαρσία)
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Divine Calling
1:10. This is the exact term used in Russian Orthodox popular piety for the incorruptibility of venerated saints’ relics (нетленные мощи). Must be explicitly generalized in teaching text to the resurrection-immortality promised to every believer, not a rare relic-phenomenon.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Евангелие
Transliteration: Yevangeliye
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: благая весть (informal gloss only), хорошая новость
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Established Synodal Bible term, universally recognized. In 2 Timothy the gospel is the fixed apostolic content Paul entrusts to Timothy (1:8-10; 2:8) and which Timothy must in turn transmit (2:2); Евангелие must convey an authoritative proclamation demanding response, not merely the name of a devotional book.
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: посланник, проповедник
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Grounds Paul’s authority to charge Timothy (1:1, 1:11); Russian Orthodox usage of апостол as a closed, venerated historical office may obscure its force here as a living, exercised authority behind a present charge.
Called
Approved rendering: призванный
Transliteration: prizvannyy
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: приглашённый
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged (2 Timothy 1:9’s ‘holy calling’ registry entry raises the risk tier of this specific occurrence to High — see doctrine_risk_registry.json). Describes effectual calling to salvation and ministry together, not a self-chosen vocation; призванный must stay clear of судьба-style fatalism.
Calling
Approved rendering: призвание
Transliteration: prizvaniye
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: предназначение
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:9, ‘called us with a holy calling’ — a sovereign summons preceding and grounding Timothy’s ministry, not impersonal destiny (судьба/предназначение).
Holy
Approved rendering: святой
Transliteration: svyatoy
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: чистый, непорочный
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Occurs in ‘holy calling’ (1:9) and ‘Holy Spirit’ (1:14); святой retains its established Orthodox-canonization resonance and must not be read as reserved for an elite venerated class.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресение
Transliteration: voskreseniye
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: оживление, реинкарнация
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged (2 Timothy-specific registry raises this to Critical tier for this letter). 2:8 anchors resurrection to Christ’s historical rising as gospel content; 2:18 records a false-teacher error claiming ‘the resurrection has already happened’ — воскресение must be kept future-bodily there, not spiritualized-already; never реинкарнация.
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: mir
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: спокойствие, покой
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 1:2 greeting triad (grace, mercy, peace); мир must be read as God-given relational peace, not political/civil peace or the ordinary word for ‘the world.‘
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: духовные дары
Transliteration: dukhovnyye dary
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: экстрасенсорные способности (never use), таланты
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 1:6, ‘the gift of God… through the laying on of my hands’ is a specific ordination-linked ministry enablement Timothy must ‘fan into flame’; must never be confused with экстрасенсорные способности.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Божие
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhiye
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: государство Божие
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 4:1 (‘his kingdom’) and 4:18 (‘heavenly kingdom,’ небесное Царство) extend the Царство vocabulary; must avoid nostalgic association with Russia’s own historical tsardom.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: почёт, величие
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 2:10 (‘salvation… with eternal glory’) and 4:18 (closing doxology) require слава to retain full theological weight, not the casual ‘слава Богу’ exclamation register.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: сила Божия
Transliteration: sila Bozhiya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: энергия
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 1:7-8 contrasts the ‘spirit of power’ given to believers with cowardice and links it to gospel testimony; сила Божия is required, never энергия (Palamite-energies caution).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Иисус
Transliteration: Iisus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Исус (Old Believer spelling, avoid)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Used throughout 2 Timothy (1:1-2, 2:1, 2:8, 2:10, etc.); always Иисус, never the Old Believer spelling Исус.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Bog
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Всевышний (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 1:1-3 and the ‘man of God’ formula (3:17) require Бог to retain a vivid, personal referent, not the emptied secular-idiom register (‘слава Богу’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святой Дух
Transliteration: Svyatoy Dukh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), энергия
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 1:14, ‘through the Holy Spirit who dwells within us,’ who enables the guarding of the entrusted deposit; Святой Дух must never be shortened to дух alone.
Mission
Approved rendering: миссия / благовестие
Transliteration: missiya / blagovestiye
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: пропаганда (never use)
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Root of this letter’s new term ‘evangelist’ (благовестник, 4:5), chosen precisely to avoid the more legally loaded ‘миссионер.‘
Word Of God
Approved rendering: слово Божие
Transliteration: slovo Bozhiye
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: слово (alone, too generic/secular)
Original: λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
2:9 (‘the word of God is not bound’), 4:2 (‘preach the word’). Слово alone is extremely common in secular Russian; teaching text must specify Божие or otherwise anchor the referent.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: человек Божий
Transliteration: chelovek Bozhiy
Doctrine: Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Божий служитель (loses OT prophetic-office resonance)
Original: ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
3:17. OT prophetic-office title (Elijah) now applied to the Scripture-formed believer/minister; readers may hear it as an exclusive, elevated title (parallel to ‘apostle’/‘saints’ collision already flagged in the Romans baseline) rather than a description this curriculum applies, in principle, to every believer.
Reproof
Approved rendering: обличение / обличай
Transliteration: oblicheniye / oblichay
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: критика (too weak/secular)
Original: ἐλεγμός / ἐλέγχω
Category: Doctrine
3:16, 4:2. Standard Synodal term, well understood; retains the sense that Scripture and preaching actively expose error, not merely inform.
Training Discipline
Approved rendering: наставление
Transliteration: nastavleniye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: совет (too weak, generic advice)
Original: παιδεία
Category: Doctrine
3:16. Standard Synodal choice, but наставление in modern Russian can sound like generic advice-giving; the deeper sense of disciplined, formative character-training should be reinforced.
Guard
Approved rendering: хранить / сохранить
Transliteration: khranit’ / sokhranit’
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: защищать (more combative/defensive than custodial)
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Doctrine
1:14. The core custodial verb over the entrusted deposit; standard term, low ambiguity beyond ensuring the object (sound doctrine) stays clear.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: слово истины
Transliteration: slovo istiny
Doctrine: Doctrine
Original: λόγος ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
2:15. Standard pairing with ὀρθοτομέω.
Profane Babble
Approved rendering: негодное пустословие
Transliteration: negodnoye pustosloviye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: бессмысленная болтовня (loses the ‘profane/common’ nuance)
Original: βέβηλος κενοφωνία
Category: Doctrine
2:16. Describes false teachers’ speech, to be avoided entirely.
Spreading Disease
Approved rendering: как рак
Transliteration: kak rak
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: гангрена (literal but unestablished in the Synodal tradition)
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
2:17. The Synodal tradition translates γάγγραινα not literally (‘гангрена’) but as ‘рак’ (cancer) — a different, though comparably serious, disease image (internal uncontrolled growth vs. external spreading infection). Retain the established idiom for citation; restore the original gangrene image in expository prose.
Vessel
Approved rendering: сосуд
Transliteration: sosud
Doctrine: Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: орудие (tool, loses household/vessel imagery)
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Doctrine
2:20-21. Already a familiar biblical metaphor in Russian (cf. Romans 9’s potter/vessel imagery), good cross-curriculum consistency.
Faithful People
Approved rendering: верные люди
Transliteration: vernyye lyudi
Doctrine: Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: надёжные люди (reliable but loses the вера root connection)
Original: πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι
Category: Gospel Transmission
2:2. Shares the вера root; trustworthiness flowing from and demonstrated by faith.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: благовестник
Transliteration: blagovestnik
Doctrine: Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: миссионер (legally/culturally loaded), евангелист (confusable with the Gospel-writer title)
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Gospel Transmission
4:5. Shares the root of the Romans baseline’s approved ‘миссия / благовестие’ entry, giving good lexical consistency across curricula.
Herald
Approved rendering: проповедник
Transliteration: propovednik
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: вестник (too generic, secular-messenger register)
Original: κῆρυξ
Category: Preaching
1:11. Paul’s self-designation, matching the imperative given to Timothy at 4:2; shares the legal/cultural sensitivity noted for проповедуй.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: строго увещевай
Transliteration: strogo uveshchevay
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: запрещай (misreads as administrative ‘forbid’)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Preaching
4:2. Запрещать in modern Russian primarily means ‘to forbid/prohibit’ in an administrative sense, which can obscure the interpersonal, corrective ‘rebuke a person’ sense of ἐπιτιμάω.
Last Days
Approved rendering: последние дни
Transliteration: posledniye dni
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: конец времён (too apocalyptic-sensational register)
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Apostasy
3:1. Lower collision risk than in cultures with a rival native eschatology; residual risk is secular pop-culture ‘apocalypse’ flattening rather than sober pastoral realism.
Godliness
Approved rendering: благочестие
Transliteration: blagochestiye
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: религиозность (too generic ‘religiosity’)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
3:5, 3:12. Risk of being heard as generic ‘religiosity/ritual observance,’ which could make the form-without-power critique land as a polemic specifically against Orthodox ritual piety rather than a universal warning against hypocrisy in any tradition; frame pastorally and generally.
Imposters Deceivers
Approved rendering: обманщики
Transliteration: obmanshchiki
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: колдуны / шарлатаны (imports an unestablished occult-specific register)
Original: γόητες / πλάνοι
Category: Apostasy
3:13. The literal root sense of γόητες (magician/sorcerer) is lost in the established ‘обманщики’ rendering; could be cross-referenced (in commentary only) with the post-Soviet экстрасенс/folk-healer phenomenon already flagged in the Romans baseline.
Myths Fables
Approved rendering: басни
Transliteration: basni
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: сказки (trivializes into children’s fairy tales)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
4:4. Established Synodal term; must be kept distinct from сказки, which would trivialize the seriousness of last-days doctrinal apostasy.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: [учителя,] которые льстили бы слуху
Transliteration: [uchitelya,] kotoryye l’stili by slukhu
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: зудящие уши (literal but unestablished, jarring)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
4:3. The established Synodal tradition renders this more loosely as teachers ‘who flatter the hearing’ rather than a literal ‘itching’ image. Retain for citation; supplement with itch/craving imagery in commentary.
Passions Desires
Approved rendering: страсти / прихоти
Transliteration: strasti / prikhoti
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: желания (too neutral, loses the NT’s negative moral loading)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Apostasy
3:6, 4:3. Synodal favors weaker прихоти (‘whims/caprices’); страсти carries stronger and more consistent NT theological weight across occurrences (2:22, 3:6).
Suffer With
Approved rendering: страдать (с)
Transliteration: stradat’ (s)
Doctrine: Suffering
Original: πάσχω / συγκακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
1:8, 1:12. Tied to Timothy’s charge to publicly identify with Paul’s imprisonment rather than being ashamed of it.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: переноси страдания / скорби
Transliteration: perenosi stradaniya / skorbi
Doctrine: Suffering
Rejected alternatives: терпи трудности (too weak/generic)
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
2:9, 4:5. Load-bearing verb for ‘Perseverance under Suffering.’ Russian Orthodox redemptive-suffering theology is a genuine cultural asset here; the residual risk is suffering read as self-justifying merit rather than grace-enabled gospel service tied to God’s reward (4:8).
Persecutions Sufferings
Approved rendering: гонения, страдания
Transliteration: goneniya, stradaniya
Doctrine: Suffering
Original: διωγμοί, παθήματα
Category: Suffering
3:10-11. Paul’s own pattern of endurance, held up as Timothy’s model.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: я уже становлюсь жертвою
Transliteration: ya uzhe stanovlyus’ zhertvoyu
Doctrine: Reward
Rejected alternatives: возлияние (too obscure/unfamiliar cultic term)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Reward
4:6. The specific libation image is generalized in the established Synodal phrase to the broader category ‘sacrifice’; the vivid cultic picture of a final drop poured out is worth restoring in expository commentary.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: праведный Судия
Transliteration: pravednyy Sudiya
Doctrine: Reward
Original: δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
4:8. Reuses the праведность root; grounds assurance in Christ’s character, not the believer’s self-assessment.
His Appearing
Approved rendering: явление
Transliteration: yavleniye
Doctrine: Reward
Rejected alternatives: пришествие (reserved for the Second Coming in a broader sense, less personal-appearing nuance)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Reward
4:1, 4:8. Mixed risk: явление is already used in Russian religious vocabulary for angelic/divine appearances (theological asset), but secular Russian also uses явление generically for any observable phenomenon (явление природы), which can flatten the term’s weight if not anchored explicitly to Christ’s personal, visible, future return.
Love
Approved rendering: любовь
Transliteration: lyubov’
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Divine Calling
1:7, 2:22, 4:8. Ordinary Russian usage of любовь defaults strongly toward romantic/familial love; the self-giving, unconditional agapē sense needs contextual reinforcement in each occurrence.
Mercy
Approved rendering: милость
Transliteration: milost’
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: сострадание (too weak/psychological, loses the covenantal-mercy sense)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Divine Calling
1:2. Part of the Pastoral Epistles’ distinctive triple greeting (grace, mercy, peace). Because the Romans baseline explicitly rejects милость as a substitute for благодать, care must be taken that this three-term greeting is not read as two synonyms plus filler; милость and благодать are distinct, complementary gifts and must both retain full weight side by side.
Deny Disown
Approved rendering: отвергать / отрекаться
Transliteration: otvergat’ / otrekat’sya
Doctrine: Repentance
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Repentance
2:12-13. Resonance (mostly positive) with the well-known Gospel narrative of Peter’s denial (отречение Петра) reinforces rather than obscures the term’s theological seriousness in Russian religious memory.
Purify Oneself
Approved rendering: очищать(ся)
Transliteration: ochishchat’(sya)
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: освящаться (must not be substituted; reserved for sanctification specifically)
Original: ἁγνίζω
Category: Repentance
2:21. Should be kept distinct from освящение (sanctification, the Spirit’s ongoing transformative work per the Romans baseline) — this verb describes a specific act of self-distancing, a component of, not identical to, the fuller sanctification doctrine.
Devil
Approved rendering: диавол
Transliteration: diavol
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: сатана (used elsewhere but диавол is contextually established here)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Repentance
2:26. Well-established term; note dual usage elsewhere in the Pastorals as a common adjective (‘slanderous’) versus a proper title, requiring care for consistent rendering.
Desertion
Approved rendering: оставить / покинуть
Transliteration: ostavit’ / pokinut’
Doctrine: Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: предать (too strong, implies active betrayal rather than passive abandonment)
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Fellowship
4:10, 4:16. Describes Demas’s desertion and ‘all’ abandoning Paul at his first defense; a sober counter-testimony to the perseverance theme, contrasted with the Lord’s faithfulness (4:17). Avoid коллектив-style flattening of the fellowship this contrasts with.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: увещевать
Transliteration: uveshchevat’
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. 4:2, part of the reprove/rebuke/exhort pastoral triad (обличай, строго увещевай, увещевай).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: общение
Transliteration: obshcheniye
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: дружба, коллектив (avoid Soviet-collective connotation)
Inherited from Romans package; unchanged. Governs the loyalty/desertion contrast of 1:16-18 and 4:9-21 (Onesiphorus vs. Demas); коллектив must never substitute, per the Christian Fellowship and Loyalty in Ministry doctrine.
Profitable
Approved rendering: полезно
Transliteration: polezno
Doctrine: Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
3:16. Standard term, low ambiguity.
Correction
Approved rendering: исправление
Transliteration: ispravleniye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Doctrine
3:16. Standard, low ambiguity.
Foundation
Approved rendering: основание
Transliteration: osnovaniye
Doctrine: Doctrine
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Doctrine
2:19. Standard building metaphor, low ambiguity.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: глупые / безрассудные споры
Transliteration: glupyye / bezrassudnyye spory
Doctrine: Doctrine
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Doctrine
2:23. Standard, low ambiguity.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: во время и не во время
Transliteration: vo vremya i ne vo vremya
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: всегда (loses the merism’s rhetorical force)
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Preaching
4:2. Idiomatic; preserve meaning over literal form.
Patience
Approved rendering: долготерпение
Transliteration: dolgoterpeniye
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: терпение (weaker, lacks the ‘long-’ intensifier)
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Preaching
4:2. Standard, established, positively resonant term in Russian devotional vocabulary.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: служение
Transliteration: sluzheniye
Doctrine: Preaching
Original: διακονία
Category: Preaching
4:5. Standard, well-established term.
Fulfill Completely
Approved rendering: исполни
Transliteration: ispolni
Doctrine: Preaching
Rejected alternatives: заверши (too neutral/administrative)
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: Preaching
4:5. Standard, echoed by Paul’s own testimony at 4:7.
Difficult Times
Approved rendering: тяжкие / трудные времена
Transliteration: tyazhkiye / trudnyye vremena
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: καιροὶ χαλεποί
Category: Apostasy
3:1. Standard, low ambiguity.
Turn Away
Approved rendering: отвратят / уклонятся
Transliteration: otvratyat / uklonyatsya
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: ἀποστρέφω / ἐκτρέπω
Category: Apostasy
4:4. Standard; portrays apostasy as active, willful road-departure, not passive drift.
Jannes Jambres
Approved rendering: Ианний и Иамврий
Transliteration: Iannii i Iamvriy
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς
Category: Apostasy
3:8. Proper names, standard transliteration practice.
Rescued Delivered
Approved rendering: избавить / спасти
Transliteration: izbavit’ / spasti
Doctrine: Suffering
Rejected alternatives: выручить (too casual/colloquial)
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Suffering
4:17-18. Note that 4:18 shifts to the full спасение (TM-reuse) register for eternal deliverance into the heavenly kingdom, distinct from this verse’s rescue from immediate danger.
Departure
Approved rendering: отшествие
Transliteration: otshestviye
Doctrine: Reward
Rejected alternatives: смерть (too blunt, loses the dignified euphemism)
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Reward
4:6. Archaic-register but recognizable term for death; appropriate dignified register.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: судить живых и мёртвых
Transliteration: sudit’ zhivykh i myortvykh
Doctrine: Reward
Original: κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Reward
4:1. Strong cultural asset: this exact phrase is already familiar to Russian readers from the Nicene Creed as prayed in Orthodox liturgy.
Clean Conscience
Approved rendering: чистая совесть
Transliteration: chistaya sovest’
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καθαρὰ συνείδησις
Category: Divine Calling
1:3. Совесть is a well-understood, secular-and-religious shared term in Russian; low collision risk.
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: обетование жизни
Transliteration: obetovaniye zhizni
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: обещание жизни (обещание is the weaker, ordinary-register word for human promises)
Original: ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς
Category: Divine Calling
1:1. Обетование is the reserved Bible-register word for divine promise, distinct from ordinary обещание.
Timidity Cowardice
Approved rendering: боязнь / дух робости
Transliteration: boyazn’ / dukh robosti
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: δειλία
Category: Divine Calling
1:7. Standard, low ambiguity; contrasted with the Spirit of power, love, and self-control.
Savior
Approved rendering: Спаситель
Transliteration: Spasitel’
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Divine Calling
1:10. Well-established, positively resonant term (cf. the ‘Спас’ icon tradition); ensure the referent stays clear as Christ specifically.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: верно слово
Transliteration: verno slovo
Doctrine: Repentance
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Repentance
2:11. Formulaic, recognizable phrase from the Pastoral Epistles genre; low ambiguity.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: познание истины
Transliteration: poznaniye istiny
Doctrine: Repentance
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Repentance
2:25. Standard, low ambiguity; the goal toward which God-granted repentance leads.
Soldier
Approved rendering: воин
Transliteration: voin
Doctrine: Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: солдат (more modern/secular military register than воин’s Bible-register connotation)
Original: στρατιώτης
Category: Fellowship
2:3-4. Standard metaphor, well understood, no significant collision risk.
Farmer
Approved rendering: земледелец
Transliteration: zemledelets
Doctrine: Fellowship
Original: γεωργός
Category: Fellowship
2:6. Standard, low ambiguity.
Workman Unashamed
Approved rendering: делатель неукоризненный
Transliteration: delatel’ neukoriznennyy
Doctrine: Fellowship
Original: ἐργάτης ἀνεπαίσχυντος
Category: Fellowship
2:15. Standard, low ambiguity.
Amen
Approved rendering: аминь
Transliteration: amin’
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: истинно так (unestablished paraphrase)
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Christology
4:18, 4:22. Established Synodal/liturgical transliteration; retained untranslated per standard Bible-translation practice. Extends the transliteration standard already recorded in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.