Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James (English–Russian)
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter of first/primary occurrence. Terms marked “REUSED (Romans TM)” carry over the exact Russian rendering and risk tier from the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked “NEW” are proposed additions for an extended James-specific translation memory and require sign-off before Phase 2 begins.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions: Critical (human theologian review mandatory, every occurrence), High (human theologian review mandatory), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Core Passage Terms — James 2:14–26 (Faith and Works)
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | вера | REUSED (Romans TM) | High | Faith and Works | Concentrated 11x in this passage; guard against “faith = Orthodox identity” default. |
| works | ἔργα (erga) | дела | NEW — Critical | Critical | Faith and Works | Direct collision with Orthodox synergism; must be explicitly reconciled with Romans’ “apart from works.” |
| to save / salvation (soteriological) | σῴζω (sozo) | спасти / спасение | REUSED (Romans TM) | Critical | Faith and Works | James 2:14 uses the soteriological sense; distinguish from the physical-healing sense at 5:15. |
| dead (faith) | νεκρός (nekros) | мёртвый / мертва | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | Diagnoses counterfeit faith, not merely “weak” faith. |
| apart from / without | χωρίς (choris) | без | NEW | Critical | Faith and Works | Identical preposition to Romans 3:28 “apart from works of the law” — same words, different questions being answered; requires explicit theologian-authored harmonization note. |
| to show / demonstrate | δείκνυμι (deiknymi) | показать | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | Demonstrative, not constitutive: works reveal, do not create, faith. |
| to justify / justification | δικαιόω (dikaioo) | оправдать(ся) / оправдание | REUSED (Romans TM root) | Critical | Faith and Works | Highest-priority escalation in this curriculum; James’s evidential/vindicating sense vs. Paul’s forensic/initial sense must be taught explicitly, not left to the word alone. |
| to work together / cooperate | συνεργέω (synergeo) | содействовать | NEW — Critical | Critical | Faith and Works | Etymological root of Orthodox синергия; single most dangerous lexical item in the James Language Package. |
| to perfect / complete / mature | τελειόω (teleioo) | достигать совершенства | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | Maturation, not sinless moral perfectionism. |
| to reckon / credit / impute | λογίζομαι (logizomai) | вменить(ся) (в праведность) | REUSED (Romans TM: вменённая праведность) | Critical | Faith and Works | Same Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; render identically in both books. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosyne) | праведность | REUSED (Romans TM) | High | Faith and Works | Standard term; see ch.3 note on правда/праведность Synodal variance. |
| friend of God | φίλος Θεοῦ (philos Theou) | друг Божий | NEW | Low–Medium | Faith and Works | Warm relational climax term; pastoral asset. |
| only / alone | μόνον (monon) | только | NEW | Critical | Faith and Works | The clause most likely to be set against “faith alone” teaching; requires explicit doctrinal framing. |
| prostitute (Rahab) | πόρνη (porne) | блудница | NEW | Low–Medium | Faith and Works | Established biblical register; do not substitute coarser or overly clinical alternatives. |
| body / (human) spirit | σῶμα / πνεῦμα (soma / pneuma) | тело / дух | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | дух here = human spirit/breath, NOT the Holy Spirit; do not capitalize or otherwise imply Святой Дух. |
Chapter 1 — Trials and the Testing of Faith; Wisdom from Above (intro)
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| trial / temptation | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | искушение | NEW | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Dual sense (external trial / internal temptation); disambiguate at first use. |
| testing / proving | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | испытание | NEW | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Names the process of proof, distinct from the trial-event itself. |
| endurance / patience | ὑπομονή (hypomone) | терпение | NEW | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith / Patience and the Lord’s Return | Active, fruit-bearing perseverance, not passive waiting; reappears in ch.5. Distinguish from долготерпение (μακροθυμία). |
| perfect / mature / complete | τέλειος (teleios) | совершенный | NEW | Medium–High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Maturity/completeness, not sinless perfection; recurs at 1:17, 1:25, 2:22. |
| wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | премудрость (1:5) / мудрость (3:13-17) | NEW | High | Wisdom from Above | Synodal itself varies by verse; standardize expository text on мудрость, preserve Synodal wording in direct quotation. |
| double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos) | двоедушный | NEW | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Vivid, literary register; reappears at 4:8. |
| lowly / humble | ταπεινός (tapeinos) | униженный / смиренный | NEW | Medium–High | Favoritism and the Poor | Distinct from πτωχός (ch.2’s “poor”); reappears at 4:6,10. |
| rich | πλούσιος (plousios) | богатый | NEW | Medium–High | Favoritism and the Poor | Recurs in chs. 2 and 5. |
| desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | похоть | NEW | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Broader than modern colloquial “sexual lust”; any disordered craving. |
| word of truth / implanted word | λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος | слово истины / насаждённое слово | NEW | Low–Medium | — | Positive, low-risk resonance. |
| hearer / doer of the word | ἀκροατής / ποιητής λόγου | слушатель / исполнитель (дела) | NEW | High | Faith and Works | Chapter-1 preview of the 2:14-26 argument; shares дело root. |
| perfect law / law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος / νόμος ἐλευθερίας | закон совершенный / закон свободы | NEW (закон REUSED) | High | Faith and Works | Positively-valenced use of закон, unlike most of Romans; must not seem to contradict Romans’ law/grace argument. |
| religion / piety | θρησκεία (threskeia) | благочестие | NEW | Medium | — | Avoids secular-institutional “религия”; asset, not hazard. |
| orphan / widow | ὀρφανός / χήρα | сироты и вдовы | NEW | Low–Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | Culturally resonant given post-Soviet orphanage (детский дом) associations. |
| world | κόσμος (kosmos) | мир | REUSED (Romans TM) | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Shares the world/peace double-sense flagged in Romans baseline; major term in ch.4. |
Chapter 2:1–13 — Favoritism and the Poor
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία (prosopolempsia) | лицеприятие | NEW — High | High | Favoritism and the Poor | Curriculum’s own named doctrine’s anchor term; literary register, needs a plain-language gloss. |
| glory | δόξα (doxa) | слава | REUSED (Romans TM) | Medium | — | Unusual genitive construction in 2:1. |
| assembly / gathering | συναγωγή (synagoge) | собрание | NEW (собрание REUSED synonym, Romans TM church note) | Medium | Church as God’s People (Romans-linked) | Christian usage of a term elsewhere reserved for the Jewish synagogue. |
| to choose / elect | ἐκλέγομαι (eklegomai) | избрал | REUSED (Romans TM: избрание root) | High | Favoritism and the Poor / Election | Never render with судьба/рок/карма. |
| heir / kingdom | κληρονόμος / βασιλεία | наследники Царствия | REUSED (Romans TM: Царство Божие) | Medium | — | |
| royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | закон царский | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | Love-of-neighbor as fulfillment of the whole law. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης (parabates) | преступник закона | NEW | Low–Medium | — | |
| mercy / judgment | ἔλεος / κρίσις | милость / суд | NEW | Low–Medium | — | милость here correctly renders ἔλεος (mercy), a different Greek word from χάρις (grace); the Romans TM’s caution against милость applies only to grace contexts. |
Chapter 3 — Taming the Tongue; Wisdom from Above
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tongue | γλῶσσα (glossa) | язык | NEW | Low–Medium | Taming the Tongue | Also means “language” in Russian; context disambiguates easily. |
| to tame | δαμάζω (damazo) | укротить | NEW | Low | Taming the Tongue | |
| unruly / restless | ἀκατάστατος (akatastatos) | неудержимый | NEW | Low | Taming the Tongue | |
| fire / hell (Gehenna) | πῦρ / γέεννα | огонь / геенна (огненная) | NEW | Low | — | Established transliterated term. |
| soulish / merely natural | ψυχική (psychike) | душевная | NEW — High | High | Wisdom from Above | FALSE FRIEND: душевный is a warm compliment in ordinary Russian; here it names a deficient, unspiritual wisdom. Mandatory clarifying gloss. |
| wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν (sophia anothen) | мудрость свыше | NEW | High | Wisdom from Above | Curriculum’s own doctrinal anchor phrase. |
| impartial / without hypocrisy | ἀδιάκριτος / ἀνυπόκριτος | беспристрастна и нелицемерна | NEW | Medium | Wisdom from Above / Favoritism | Directly resolves the лицеприятие problem of ch.2; cross-reference intentionally. |
| bitter envy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος πικρός / ἐριθεία | горькая зависть / сварливость | NEW | Low–Medium | — | |
| fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | плод правды (Synodal quote) / плод праведности (exposition) | NEW | Medium | Faith and Works | Synodal’s правда/праведность variance for δικαιοσύνη; standardize exposition on праведность. |
Chapter 4 — Worldliness versus Friendship with God; Prayer; Providence
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wars / fightings | πόλεμος / μάχη | вражды и распри | NEW | Low | — | |
| pleasure | ἡδονή (hedone) | вожделение | NEW | Medium | — | Overlaps with ἐπιθυμία’s Russian rendering; keep conceptually distinguishable in teaching text. |
| to ask (in prayer) | αἰτέω (aiteo) | просить | NEW | Low | Prayer and Healing | |
| friendship with the world / enmity with God | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | дружба с миром / вражда против Бога | NEW — High | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Curriculum’s own doctrinal anchor verse (4:4); мир must be unmistakably “the world,” not “peace”; “adulteresses” language needs covenant-unfaithfulness framing, not literal-sexual-sin framing. |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | благодать | REUSED (Romans TM) | Critical | — | One of James’s rare uses of this term; reinforce cross-curricular consistency. |
| proud / humble | ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός | гордый / смиренный | NEW | Medium | — | ταπεινός reused from ch.1. |
| devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | диавол | NEW | Low | — | |
| “if the Lord wills” | ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ | если угодно будет Господу | NEW | Medium | Providence (Romans-linked) | Guard against flattening into the fatalistic folk cliché “как Бог даст.” |
| spirit (ambiguous referent) | πνεῦμα (pneuma), 4:5 | дух / Дух (undetermined) | NEW — High | High | — | Genuinely disputed referent (human spirit vs. Holy Spirit); interpretive choice must be flagged, not silently resolved by capitalization alone. |
| arrogance / boasting | ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia) | тщеславие | NEW | Low | — |
Chapter 5 — Patience and the Lord’s Return; Prayer and Healing; Confession and Restoration
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Russian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| riches (judgment oracle) | πλοῦτος / σήπω / ἰός | богатство / сгнило / изоржавело | NEW | Low–Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | |
| wages of workers | μισθὸς ἐργατῶν | плата у работников | NEW | Low–Medium | Faith and Works (economic dimension) | Shares дело/работа semantic field with ἔργα. |
| Lord of Hosts | Κύριος Σαβαώθ | Господь Саваоф | REUSED (Господь) | Low | — | |
| patience / long-suffering | μακροθυμέω (makrothymeo) | долготерпеть | NEW — High | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Distinct from but related to терпение (ὑπομονή, ch.1/5:10-11); keep both terms distinguishable while teaching one doctrine. |
| coming / return of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου | пришествие Господне | NEW — High | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Ambiguous without a qualifier; recommend explicit “second coming” framing on first use. |
| judge at the door | κριτής πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν | судия стоит у дверей | NEW | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Reuses κριτής/суд root from ch.2. |
| example of endurance; the patience of Job | ὑπόδειγμα ὑπομονῆς / ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ | пример… терпение Иова | NEW | Medium–High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Synodal itself alternates терпение/долготерпение here. |
| compassionate / merciful | πολύσπλαγχνος / οἰκτίρμων | милосерд и щедр | NEW | Low–Medium | — | |
| to swear (oaths) | ὀμνύω (omnyo) | клясться | NEW | Low | — | |
| sick / weak | ἀσθενέω (astheneo) | болен | NEW | Medium | Prayer and Healing | |
| elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | пресвитеры Церкви | NEW — Critical | Critical | Prayer and Healing | пресвитер also names Orthodox ordained clergy; церковь already High-risk (Romans TM) for defaulting to Orthodox-institution reading. |
| to anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | помазать елеем | NEW — Critical | Critical | Prayer and Healing | Direct collision with the Orthodox sacrament of Holy Unction (Соборование/Елеосвящение); requires explicit, respectful distinguishing note. |
| the prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως | молитва веры | NEW | High | Prayer and Healing | Reuses вера root. |
| to heal / restore to health | σῴζω (physical sense) | исцелить | NEW | High | Prayer and Healing | Follow Synodal’s precedent of исцелить (not спасти) for this sense; reserve спасти for soteriological contexts. |
| to confess (sins/faults) | ἐξομολογέομαι (ἁμαρτίας / παραπτώματα) | исповедовать(ся) / признаваться (в проступках) | NEW — Critical | Critical | Confession and Restoration | Direct collision with the Orthodox sacrament of Confession (Исповедь); mutual/lay confession must be explicitly distinguished from the priestly sacrament. |
| to heal | ἰάομαι (iaomai) | исцелиться | NEW | Medium | Prayer and Healing | |
| to turn back / restore (a wanderer) | ἐπιστρέφω (epistrepho) | обратить | NEW | Medium–High | Confession and Restoration | Complements v.16’s confession theme; restoration of a straying brother. |
| to save a soul from death | σῴζει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | спасет душу от смерти | REUSED (спасение root) | High | Confession and Restoration | Full soteriological weight restored at the book’s close; contrast with 5:15’s healing sense. |
| to cover a multitude of sins | καλύπτω πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | покроет множество грехов | NEW (грех REUSED) | Medium | Confession and Restoration | Echoes Psalm 32:1 / 1 Peter 4:8. |
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (No Deviation Permitted)
вера (faith), спасение/спасти (salvation/save), благодать (grace), праведность (righteousness), оправдание/оправдать (justification/justify — root only; James’s evidential sense requires theologian-authored explanatory framing, not a different Russian word), грех (sin), Бог (God), Господь (Lord), закон (law), слава (glory), мир (world/peace — ambiguity note applies), Царство Божие (kingdom of God), избрание/избрал (election/choose), Дух (spirit — capitalization-sensitive; see James 2:26 and 4:5 notes), Святой Дух (Holy Spirit — not directly attested as a clear referent in James, but the capitalization convention must be protected against accidental misuse, cf. 4:5), Иисус, Христос (proper names, unchanged), диавол (devil, cf. Romans TM’s диавол-adjacent register).
Recommended Extended-TM Additions Requiring Sign-Off Before Phase 2
дела (works) — Critical; содействовать (work together/cooperate) — Critical; лицеприятие (favoritism) — High; душевная (soulish, false-friend caution) — High; мудрость свыше (wisdom from above) — High; долготерпеть (long-suffering) — High; пришествие Господне (coming of the Lord) — High; пресвитеры Церкви + помазать елеем (elders + anointing with oil) — Critical; исповедовать(ся)/признаваться в проступках (confess sins) — Critical.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасение / спасти
Transliteration: spaseniye / spasti
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: избавление, освобождение
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:14 uses the soteriological sense; must be anchored to a living, working faith, never implying works earn salvation apart from the faith producing them. Distinguish sharply from James 5:15’s physical-healing sense of the same Greek root σῴζω (see heal_physical — rendered исцелить, NOT спасти, per established Synodal precedent).
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blagodat’
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: милость, дар, везение, удача
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). One of only two or three occurrences of χάρις in James (4:6, quoting Proverbs 3:34). Reinforce cross-curricular consistency; never soften toward мера/удача/милость.
Justification
Approved rendering: оправдание / оправдать(ся)
Transliteration: opravdaniye / opravdat’(sya)
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: прощение грехов, искупление
Inherited from Romans package (exact root, exact risk tier). CRITICAL EXTENSION FOR JAMES: δικαιόω has two distinct senses across the two curricula sharing this Russian word — Paul’s forensic, initial, once-for-all declaration (Romans 3-5) and James’s evidential, demonstrative VINDICATION of an already-existing faith (James 2:21,24,25 — Abraham was already reckoned righteous in Genesis 15, years before the Genesis 22 offering of Isaac that ‘justified’ him in James’s sense). Do NOT invent a second Russian word — this would break cross-curricular consistency and is unnecessary. A mandatory theologian-authored explanatory note distinguishing the two senses must accompany every occurrence in James 2. Highest-priority single harmonization item across both Language Packages.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: вменённая праведность / вменилось в праведность
Transliteration: vmenyonnaya pravednost’ / vmenilos’ v pravednost’
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: заслуженная праведность, дарованная святость
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:23 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 citation Paul quotes in Romans 4:3 (‘и это вменилось ему в праведность’). MUST render this clause identically to Romans 4:3 per the cross-document consistency rule. Pedagogical opportunity: James and Paul cite the same verse about the same event (Genesis 15) decades before Abraham’s later obedience (Genesis 22) to make complementary, not competing, points.
Works
Approved rendering: дела
Transliteration: dela
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: дела как заслуга (never frame as merit), плоды (too weak, softens James’s blunt grammar)
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. ἔργα, James 2:14-26 — concrete, visible deeds verifying a living faith (almsgiving 2:15-16, Abraham’s obedience 2:21, Rahab’s hospitality 2:25). дела is the only viable Synodal rendering, but Russian Orthodox soteriology is explicitly synergistic — faith-and-works cooperation toward salvation is the reader’s theological default, not a foreign idea. The curriculum must state explicitly: James addresses a bare, unproductive faith-CLAIM already assumed to include genuine faith (v.23); Paul addresses works attempted as the GROUND of a sinner’s initial acceptance before God (Romans 3-4). Different questions, not a contradiction. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Apart From Works
Approved rendering: без
Transliteration: bez
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: χωρίς (τῶν ἔργων)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. χωρίς (τῶν ἔργων), James 2:18, 2:26. Identical preposition-phrase to Romans 3:28’s χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου (‘apart from works of the law’, the ground of justification). James uses it to say a claimed faith cannot be VERIFIED apart from works; Paul uses it to say a sinner is justified apart from works of law. Two different questions about two different moments — not contradictory claims about the same question. Single highest-priority cross-curricular harmonization item.
Work Together Cooperate
Approved rendering: содействовать
Transliteration: sodeystvovat’
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: взаимодействовать (less accurate, does not resolve the underlying doctrinal issue, only hides it)
Original: συνεργέω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. συνεργέω, James 2:22. Etymological root of синергия, Russian Orthodox theology’s own standard technical term for the cooperative interplay of divine grace and human free will in salvation — arguably the single most direct lexical collision in the whole James Language Package. No viable substitute exists that isn’t worse. Mandatory explicit ‘real common ground, but not the same system’ note: a living faith genuinely produces/cooperates with works, but this is not a sacramentally-mediated merit-accumulation system. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Only Alone
Approved rendering: только
Transliteration: tol’ko
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: μόνον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. μόνον, James 2:24: ‘a person is justified by works, and not by faith только.’ Lexically uncontroversial but the single Greek word most likely to be quoted against a Reformation ‘faith alone’ teaching. Must NEVER stand in instructional text without the explicit accompanying statement that James combats a bare, unproductive faith-claim (2:14), not the ground of a sinner’s initial acceptance before God, which he has already assumed to be by faith (2:23). Highest-stakes single clause in the James curriculum for review routing. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: пресвитеры Церкви
Transliteration: presvitery Tserkvi
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: старейшины/старшие (rejected — downgrading the register would itself misrepresent James’s language of recognized, authoritative church leadership)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας, James 5:14. пресвитер is also a term for ordained Orthodox clergy, and церковь already carries a High baseline risk of defaulting to ‘the Orthodox Church as institution’ (Romans TM). Combined, this doubles the risk of a Protestant/Evangelical reading (any recognized local-church elder) appearing to imitate a sacrament it does not hold sacramentally. Mandatory explicit framing note distinguishing this from ordained Orthodox priesthood without denying legitimate functional overlap. Treat together with anoint_with_oil as a single combined explanatory unit. Mandatory theologian review.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: помазать елеем
Transliteration: pomazat’ yeleyem
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ, James 5:14. Direct, unmistakable lexical match to the Russian Orthodox sacrament of Елеосвящение/Соборование (Holy Unction), one of the seven mysteries, administered only by ordained priests with a fixed liturgical rite, and actively practiced (often served communally during Great Lent). Mandatory respectful, explicit comparison note: name the Orthodox parallel, affirm real common ground in an ancient shared Christian practice, and clarify James’s practice (repeatable, any recognized elder, oil as a simple symbol of the Lord’s healing presence, not a sacramental means of grace in the technical Orthodox sense) without denying that continuity or flattening the text into generic ‘just pray for the sick.’ Mandatory theologian review.
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: признаваться (в проступках) / исповедовать(ся)
Transliteration: priznavat’sya (v prostupkakh) / ispovedovat’(sya)
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐξομολογέομαι (τὰς ἁμαρτίας / τὰ παραπτώματα)
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. ἐξομολογέομαι (τὰς ἁμαρτίας / τὰ παραπτώματα), James 5:16 — mutual, lay confession among believers with no priestly mediator named. ‘Confession of sins’ is also the literal name of the Orthodox sacrament of Исповедь, normatively made to an ordained priest who pronounces absolution; a Russian reader will very naturally default to that referent. Two registers offered deliberately: исповедовать(ся) (closer to Исповедь, useful for honoring common ground) and признаваться в проступках (plainly mutual, lower-register). Textual variant note: Textus Receptus/Synodal reads τὰ παραπτώματα (‘faults,’ проступки, softer); other manuscript traditions read τὰς ἁμαρτίας (‘sins,’ грехи) — flag as a known textual-tradition difference, not a translation error. Mandatory explicit distinguishing note from the sacrament required. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: вера
Transliteration: vera
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: доверие, убеждение
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:14 uses a merely CLAIMED вера (‘someone says he has faith’) — this is unusually apt for Russian readers, since вера in ordinary Orthodox usage often names sacramental/institutional identification rather than personal trust in Christ. James’s own argument names exactly this risk; teach it as the passage’s own point, not as an accidental translation collision.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведность
Transliteration: pravednost’
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: справедливость, честность
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). Appears at James 2:23 (Abraham) and 3:18 (‘fruit of righteousness’). NOTE: Synodal itself renders 3:18 as плод ПРАВДЫ rather than праведности — preserve правда in that direct Scripture quotation only, and use праведность consistently in all expository/teaching text for cross-document consistency with Romans.
Sin
Approved rendering: грех
Transliteration: grekh
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: ошибка, проступок (acceptable narrowly for 5:16’s paraptomata)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). Appears throughout James (1:15, 2:9, 4:17, 5:15-16, 5:20). James’s repeated, concrete uses (a specific sin named and confessed, 5:16) can help restore the weight secular/post-atheist Russian usage has flattened into folk-moral idiom.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Gospod’
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: хозяин, владыка (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). Used of both God the Father (‘Lord of Hosts,’ 5:4) and Jesus Christ (1:1, 2:1, 5:7-8, 5:14-15). James 5:7-15’s frequent ‘the Lord’ in the return/prayer/healing context must retain the same personal weight flagged in the Romans baseline, not flatten into liturgical distance.
Election
Approved rendering: избрал / избрание
Transliteration: izbral / izbraniye
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: судьба, рок, предопределение (use only with careful qualification)
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:5: ‘has not God chosen the poor of this world to be rich in faith?’ NEVER render with судьба, рок, or карма. Reinforces cross-curricular doctrinal continuity on God’s sovereign choice.
Church
Approved rendering: церковь
Transliteration: tserkov’
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: храм, собрание (acceptable synonym for local congregation emphasis)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 5:14’s ‘elders OF THE CHURCH’ intensifies церковь’s existing High-risk default toward an Orthodox-institution reading when combined with пресвитеры (see elders_of_the_church) — see that entry for the compounded Critical-risk treatment required specifically for that verse.
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: искушение
Transliteration: iskusheniye
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. πειρασμός, James 1:2 (external trial) and 1:12-14 (temptation to sin, via the cognate verb). Ordinary Russian usage leans toward ‘temptation to sin,’ risking a jarring or inverted reading of 1:2’s ‘count it all joy.’ Disambiguate explicitly at first use.
Perfect Mature Teleios
Approved rendering: совершенный
Transliteration: sovershennyy
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. τέλειος, James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25 (recurs also via τελειόω at 2:22). Strongly connotes flawless/sinless perfection in ordinary Russian; James’s sense is maturity/completeness. Mandatory gloss at first occurrence (1:4) to prevent a perfectionist misreading that could discourage rather than encourage readers.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: премудрость (1:5) / мудрость (3:13-17)
Transliteration: premudrost’ / mudrost’
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. σοφία. Synodal itself alternates by verse for the identical Greek word. Preserve both forms in direct Scripture quotation exactly as Synodal has them; standardize all expository/teaching prose on мудрость, stating explicitly both name the same reality. Historical caution: do NOT read through the lens of early-20th-c. Russian Sophiology (Solovyov/Florensky/Bulgakov), a speculative philosophical movement formally condemned by the Moscow Patriarchate and ROCOR in the 1930s — James’s мудрость/премудрость is an ordinary divine attribute graciously given, not a quasi-hypostatic figure.
Hearer Doer Of Word
Approved rendering: слушатель / исполнитель
Transliteration: slushatel’ / ispolnitel’
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἀκροατής / ποιητής λόγου
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. ἀκροατής / ποιητής λόγου, James 1:22-25 — the chapter-1 preview of the full faith-and-works argument developed in 2:14-26. Исполнитель shares the дело root already flagged Critical for ἔργα; render with awareness of that connection.
Perfect Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: закон совершенный / закон свободы
Transliteration: zakon sovershennyy / zakon svobody
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νόμος τέλειος / νόμος ἐλευθερίας
Category: Faith and Works
NEW (reuses закон root). νόμος τέλειος / νόμος ἐλευθερίας, James 1:25 — glad, willing law-keeping as the fruit of a transformed heart. Positively-valenced use of закон unlike most of Romans (where law chiefly exposes sin, Romans 2-7); requires an explicit harmonizing note so readers moving between curricula do not perceive an unresolved contradiction.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: лицеприятие
Transliteration: litsepriyatiye
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. προσωπολημψία, James 2:1, 2:9 — the curriculum’s own named doctrine’s core term. Literary/biblical register absent from everyday colloquial speech; requires a mandatory plain-language gloss (‘judging or favoring people by their outward wealth or status’) on first use.
Soulish
Approved rendering: душевная
Transliteration: dushevnaya
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: плотской (too strong, imports σαρκικός’s different connotations)
Original: ψυχική
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW — FALSE FRIEND. ψυχική, James 3:15. In everyday modern Russian, душевный is a strong COMPLIMENT (‘a warm, sincere, soulful person’). Here it names a deficient, unspiritual wisdom, one rung above demonic, explicitly opposed to wisdom from above. Without an explicit clarifying gloss AT EVERY OCCURRENCE (not just first use), a Russian reader will hear the opposite of James’s meaning. Mandatory theologian review.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: мудрость свыше
Transliteration: mudrost’ svyshe
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. σοφία ἄνωθεν, James 3:15, 3:17 — the curriculum’s own doctrinal anchor phrase; use consistently in expository headers and titles throughout the curriculum.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: дружба с миром / вражда против Бога
Transliteration: druzhba s mirom / vrazhda protiv Boga
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ, James 4:4 — the curriculum’s own doctrinal anchor verse. Compound risk: (1) мир must be unmistakably ‘the world’ (fallen society/values), never ‘peace’ (see world_kosmos); (2) James addresses readers as прелюбодеи (‘adulterers/adulteresses,’ OT covenant-unfaithfulness idiom, e.g. Hosea) — must not be read narrowly as sexual sin. Requires explicit contextual framing. Mandatory theologian review.
Spirit Ambiguous
Approved rendering: дух / Дух (undetermined — requires interpretive decision with disclosure)
Transliteration: dukh / Dukh
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: πνεῦμα (4:5)
Category: God
NEW. πνεῦμα, James 4:5 — a notoriously disputed clause with debated subject and referent (Holy Spirit vs. human spirit). Whichever interpretive choice is made must NOT be silently resolved by capitalization alone; a translator’s/teacher’s note disclosing the underlying ambiguity is mandatory. Mandatory theologian review.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: долготерпеть
Transliteration: dolgoterpet’
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμέω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. μακροθυμέω, James 5:7-8, 5:10. Related to but lexically distinct from терпение (ὑπομονή, see endurance_patience). Keep both Russian words distinguishable while teaching both belong to one doctrine — even Synodal itself alternates between them within 5:10-11.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: пришествие Господне
Transliteration: prishestviye Gospodne
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: парусия (never use as a bare transliteration — opaque to lay readers)
Original: παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου, James 5:7-8. Without a qualifier such as второе (‘second’) may be ambiguous with Christ’s first coming/incarnation, since пришествие alone is used in some traditions for the incarnation too. Recommend adding второе or an explanatory clause on first use in all teaching text.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: молитва веры
Transliteration: molitva very
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW (reuses вера root). εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως, James 5:15. Shares вера’s institutional/sacramental-identity risk profile; anchor explicitly to personal trust in Christ.
Heal Physical
Approved rendering: исцелить
Transliteration: istselit’
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: спасти/спасение (never use here — reserved for the soteriological sense, see save_soul_from_death)
Original: σῴζω (physical sense)
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. σῴζω (physical-restoration sense), James 5:15. Follow Synodal’s deliberate precedent: render this occurrence исцелит, NOT спасёт, keeping physical healing distinct from eternal salvation despite the shared Greek root σῴζω. Use исцелить for physical-restoration senses throughout James 5; reserve спасти/спасение for soteriological contexts (5:20).
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: спасет душу от смерти
Transliteration: spaset dushu ot smerti
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σῴζει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW (reuses спасение root exactly from Romans TM). σῴζει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου, James 5:20 — full soteriological weight of σῴζω restored at the book’s close, deliberately contrasting with 5:15’s исцелит (physical healing). Must be translated with full doctrinal weight, anchored to Christ’s finished work per the Romans TM’s Critical-risk framing of спасение, not left as a vague sentiment about second chances.
Medium Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Bog
Doctrine: Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Всевышний (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). Addressed throughout James as Father, Lawgiver, and Judge; no new risk beyond the baseline registerial note on secular-idiom flattening.
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповедь (reserve for individual commandments)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James uses закон more POSITIVELY than most of Romans (1:25 ‘perfect law of liberty’; 2:8 ‘royal law’), affirming glad, willing law-keeping as the fruit of a transformed heart, unlike Romans 2-7 where law chiefly exposes sin. Curriculum must state explicitly these are complementary, not contradictory, angles.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: почёт, величие
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:1’s unusual genitive construction (‘our Lord Jesus Christ of glory’) is worth a brief exegetical note in teaching text.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Божие
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhiye
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: государство Божие
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 2:5: the poor as ‘heirs of the kingdom’ (наследники Царствия) promised to those who love God.
Father
Approved rendering: Отец
Transliteration: Otets
Doctrine: Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest)
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James 1:17: God as ‘the Father of lights,’ with whom there is no variation or shadow of change — reinforces but does not replace the Romans baseline entry.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святой Дух
Transliteration: Svyatoy Dukh
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), энергия
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering, exact risk tier). James contains no unambiguous direct reference to the Holy Spirit by name, but the capitalization convention (Дух vs. дух) must be actively protected against accidental misuse at James 2:26 (human spirit/breath, lowercase required) and James 4:5 (genuinely disputed referent — see spirit_ambiguous).
World Kosmos
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: mir
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: свет (never use for kosmos in this sense)
Inherits the mир word and its double-sense caution from the Romans package’s ‘peace’ entry (мир = world/peace/absence-of-conflict). James activates the corrupting-value-system sense (1:27, 4:4) at the curriculum’s own anchor verse for Worldliness versus Friendship with God. Every occurrence must be unmistakably marked as ‘the world’ (fallen society/values), never softened toward ‘peace’ or the neutral physical creation.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: мёртвый / мертва
Transliteration: myortvyy / mertva
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: слабая (weak — rejected, softens the diagnosis), больная (sick — rejected, implies genuine-but-impaired faith)
Original: νεκρός
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. νεκρός, James 2:17, 2:26. The metaphor transfers well lexically; risk is doctrinal: teachers must present this as diagnosing a COUNTERFEIT faith-claim, not describing genuine-but-inactive faith as merely weak or sick.
Demonstrate Faith
Approved rendering: показать
Transliteration: pokazat’
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: создать / произвести (manufacture/produce — never use, collapses demonstration into constitution)
Original: δείκνυμι
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. δείκνυμι, James 2:18. Must be glossed as ‘make visible/prove,’ never ‘manufacture’ or ‘produce’ — works reveal a faith that already exists; they do not create it.
Perfect Complete Teleioo
Approved rendering: достигать совершенства
Transliteration: dostigat’ sovershenstva
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: τελειόω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. τελειόω, James 2:22 — faith ‘reaching its completion’ through works. Must not be read as ‘faith becomes sinlessly perfect through effort’; the sense is maturation/completion of what faith already is. Related to τέλειος (see perfect_mature_teleios).
Body And Spirit
Approved rendering: тело / дух
Transliteration: telo / dukh
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῶμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. σῶμα / πνεῦμα, James 2:26 — a body without breath/spirit is dead, as faith without works is dead. дух here is the human spirit/breath (cf. Genesis 2:7), NOT the Holy Spirit. Must never be capitalized or otherwise cued as Святой Дух.
Testing Proving
Approved rendering: испытание
Transliteration: ispytaniye
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. δοκίμιον, James 1:3, the metallurgical image of refining metal. Names the process/quality of proof, distinct from πειρασμός’s trial-event itself.
Endurance Patience
Approved rendering: терпение
Transliteration: terpeniye
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. ὑπομονή, James 1:3-4; reappears 5:10-11 (‘the patience of Job’). Everyday register suggests passive waiting; James’s sense is active, fruit-producing perseverance. Keep visibly distinct from долготерпение (μακροθυμία, see patience_longsuffering) even though both serve the single doctrine of Patience.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: двоедушный
Transliteration: dvoedushnyy
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. δίψυχος, James 1:8; reappears 4:8. Vivid, well-established Synodal term; literary register may need a brief plain-language gloss for lower-literacy readers.
Lowly Humble
Approved rendering: униженный / смиренный
Transliteration: unizhennyy / smirennyy
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ταπεινός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. ταπεινός, James 1:9; reappears 4:6, 4:10 (self-humbling before God). Distinct from πτωχός (ch.2’s specific ‘poor’ term); keep the ‘lowly brother’ (1:9) and ‘humble yourselves’ (4:10) senses consistent as one word-family.
Rich
Approved rendering: богатый
Transliteration: bogatyy
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. πλούσιος, James 1:10-11, 2:2-6, 5:1-6. Standard term; risk is cross-chapter doctrinal continuity of the rich/poor contrast rather than lexical ambiguity.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: похоть
Transliteration: pokhot’
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. ἐπιθυμία, James 1:14-15 — the root that ‘conceives and gives birth to sin.’ Contemporary Russian usage skews toward specifically sexual lust more narrowly than James’s broader sense (any disordered craving); teaching text should broaden the reader’s understanding.
Religion Piety
Approved rendering: благочестие
Transliteration: blagochestiye
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: религия (avoid — imports the modern secular-institutional ‘organized system/worldview’ sense)
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. θρησκεία, James 1:26-27. Avoids the modern secular-institutional connotation of религия in favor of a practical-piety sense matching James’s own emphasis on speech and care for orphans/widows; mostly an asset.
Assembly Gathering
Approved rendering: собрание
Transliteration: sobraniye
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW (reuses собрание as the Romans TM’s acceptable synonym for local congregation under ‘church’). συναγωγή, James 2:2 — James’s striking early application of a term elsewhere reserved for the Jewish synagogue to the Christian gathering; worth noting explicitly.
Heir Kingdom
Approved rendering: наследники Царствия
Transliteration: naslednniki Tsarstviya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κληρονόμος / βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
NEW (reuses Царство Божие exactly). κληρονόμος / βασιλεία, James 2:5 — the poor as heirs of the kingdom promised to those who love God.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: закон царский
Transliteration: zakon tsarskiy
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Faith and Works
NEW (reuses закон root). νόμος βασιλικός, James 2:8 — the law given by the King, summarized in the love-of-neighbor command. Ties to the whole-law-keeping theme from 1:25.
Tongue
Approved rendering: язык
Transliteration: yazyk
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. γλῶσσα, James ch.3 — the curriculum’s own named doctrine’s core term. язык also means ‘language’ in Russian, as γλῶσσα does in Greek; context throughout ch.3 (body-part/instrument-of-speech usage) resolves this without difficulty.
Impartial Sincere
Approved rendering: беспристрастна и нелицемерна
Transliteration: bespristrastna i nelitsemerna
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἀδιάκριτος / ἀνυπόκριτος
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. ἀδιάκριτος / ἀνυπόκριτος, James 3:17. Directly echoes and resolves the лицеприятие (favoritism) problem named in ch.2 — heavenly wisdom is characterized by the very impartiality earthly favoritism lacks; cross-reference explicitly.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: плод правды (quotation) / плод праведности (exposition)
Transliteration: plod pravdy / plod pravednosti
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW (reuses δικαιοσύνη root). καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης, James 3:18. Synodal renders this specific phrase правды rather than TM-standard праведности; preserve правды in direct Scripture quotation, use праведности consistently in expository text for cross-document consistency with Romans.
Pleasure
Approved rendering: вожделение
Transliteration: vozhdeleniye
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἡδονή
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. ἡδονή, James 4:1, 4:3. Overlaps heavily with похоть (see desire_lust) in Synodal usage; keep the two concepts (broad disordered craving vs. specific pleasure-seeking) conceptually distinguishable in teaching text even where Russian vocabulary blurs them.
Proud Humble
Approved rendering: гордый / смиренный
Transliteration: gordyy / smirennyy
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός, James 4:6, 4:10 — ‘humble yourselves before the Lord.’ ταπεινός reused from 1:9 (see lowly_humble); keep the two occurrences consistent as one word-family.
Lord Wills
Approved rendering: если угодно будет Господу
Transliteration: esli ugodno budet Gospodu
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: как Бог даст (never use — fatalistic folk cliché that empties the phrase of personal address)
Original: ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ, James 4:15. Risks collapsing into the fatalistic Russian folk cliché ‘как Бог даст,’ flattening James’s call to conscious, humble, personal dependence on God’s actual will into an impersonal cliché; distinguish clearly from судьба/случай per the Romans providence entry.
Riches Judgment Oracle
Approved rendering: богатство сгнило / золото и серебро изоржавело
Transliteration: bogatstvo sgnilo / zoloto i serebro izorzhavelo
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλοῦτος / σήπω / ἰός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. πλοῦτος / σήπω / ἰός, James 5:2-3 — a prophetic-style judgment oracle against exploitative, hoarded wealth. Continues the ch.1/ch.2 rich-poor theme; risk is primarily registerial (retain prophetic-oracle force, not generic social commentary).
Judge At The Door
Approved rendering: судия стоит у дверей
Transliteration: sudiya stoit u dverey
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: κριτής πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW (reuses κριτής/суд root from ch.2’s mercy_judgment). κριτής πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν, James 5:9.
Patience Of Job
Approved rendering: терпение Иова
Transliteration: terpeniye Iova
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὑπόδειγμα ὑπομονῆς / ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. ὑπόδειγμα ὑπομονῆς / ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ, James 5:10-11. Synodal itself alternates долготерпение/терпение here, underscoring the terminological overlap flagged under patience_longsuffering.
Sick Weak
Approved rendering: болен
Transliteration: bolen
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀσθενέω
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. ἀσθενέω, James 5:14 — the condition addressed by the elders’ prayer and anointing. Risk is contextual (see elders_of_the_church and anoint_with_oil for the surrounding practice’s collision risk).
Heal Iaomai
Approved rendering: исцелиться
Transliteration: istselit’sya
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἰάομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. ἰάομαι, James 5:16 — the outcome of mutual confession and prayer. Distinct Greek root from σῴζω but same physical-healing domain; keep consistent with heal_physical’s исцелить family.
Turn Back Restore
Approved rendering: обратить
Transliteration: obratit’
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. ἐπιστρέφω, James 5:19-20 — turning back a wanderer from error, the book’s closing restoration-ministry theme. Complementary to v.16’s confession theme: self-disclosure and other-directed restoration together complete the doctrine.
Cover Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: покроет множество грехов
Transliteration: pokroyet mnozhestvo grekhov
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύπτω πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW (reuses грех root exactly from Romans TM). καλύπτω πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν, James 5:20, echoing Psalm 32:1 / 1 Peter 4:8; good teaching cross-reference.
Low Risk Terms
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: друг Божий
Transliteration: drug Bozhiy
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος Θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. φίλος Θεοῦ, James 2:23 — Abraham’s title, the climax of the faith-and-works argument. Warm, relational, pastorally valuable for readers who may associate God primarily with distant liturgical formality.
Rahab Prostitute
Approved rendering: блудница
Transliteration: bludnitsa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: проститутка (too clinical/modern), a coarser colloquial term (never use)
Original: πόρνη
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. πόρνη, James 2:25. Established dignified biblical register; do not substitute a more clinical or more vulgar contemporary term, either of which would clash with the passage’s deliberate pairing of ‘our father Abraham’ with ‘Rahab the prostitute’ as equally valid examples of a working faith.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: слово истины / насаждённое слово
Transliteration: slovo istiny / nasazhdyonnoye slovo
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος, James 1:18, 1:21 — the gospel-word as a living, rooted reality within the believer. Low collision risk, positive resonance.
Orphan Widow
Approved rendering: сироты и вдовы
Transliteration: siroty i vdovy
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανός / χήρα
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. ὀρφανός / χήρα, James 1:27, the concrete test-case of pure religion. Culturally resonant in post-Soviet Russia given the prominence and negative associations of institutional orphanages (детский дом); can be framed as a natural extension of the Romans TM’s усыновление (adoption) family-restoration theology.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: преступник закона
Transliteration: prestupnik zakona
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. παραβάτης, James 2:9, 2:11. No significant risk.
Mercy Judgment
Approved rendering: милость / суд
Transliteration: milost’ / sud
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἔλεος / κρίσις
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. ἔλεος / κρίσις, James 2:13. милость here correctly renders ἔλεος (ordinary mercy), a DIFFERENT Greek word from χάρις/grace — the Romans TM’s caution against милость applies only to grace contexts and does NOT apply here; do not over-apply that caution.
Tame
Approved rendering: укротить
Transliteration: ukrotit’
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: δαμάζω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. δαμάζω, James 3:7-8, used of wild animals. Vivid, well-rendered; no collision risk.
Unruly Restless
Approved rendering: неудержимый
Transliteration: neuderzhimyy
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ἀκατάστατος
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. ἀκατάστατος, James 3:8.
Fire Hell
Approved rendering: огонь / геенна (огненная)
Transliteration: ogon’ / geyenna (ognennaya)
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: πῦρ / γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. πῦρ / γέεννα, James 3:6. Геенна is an established transliterated term; no rival concept.
Envy Ambition
Approved rendering: горькая зависть / сварливость
Transliteration: gor’kaya zavist’ / svarlivost’
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος πικρός / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. ζῆλος πικρός / ἐριθεία, James 3:14, 3:16.
Wars Fightings
Approved rendering: вражды и распри
Transliteration: vrazhdy i raspri
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: πόλεμος / μάχη
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. πόλεμος / μάχη, James 4:1.
Ask In Prayer
Approved rendering: просить
Transliteration: prosit’
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: αἰτέω
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. αἰτέω, James 1:5-6, 4:2-3. Note 4:2-3’s qualifier against asking wrongly, to spend on one’s own pleasures — must not be lost in translation.
Devil
Approved rendering: диавол
Transliteration: diavol
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. διάβολος, James 4:7 — ‘resist the devil and he will flee from you.’ Established Synodal spelling.
Arrogance
Approved rendering: тщеславие
Transliteration: tshcheslaviye
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀλαζονεία
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. ἀλαζονεία, James 4:16.
Wages Of Workers
Approved rendering: плата у работников
Transliteration: plata u rabotnikov
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: μισθὸς ἐργατῶν
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. μισθὸς ἐργατῶν, James 5:4. Shares the дело/работа semantic field with ἔργα — a helpful bridge showing ‘works’ language in James also carries concrete socio-economic weight.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Господь Саваоф
Transliteration: Gospod’ Savaof
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: Κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW (reuses Господь). Κύριος Σαβαώθ, James 5:4. Established Synodal transliterated title.
Compassionate Merciful
Approved rendering: милосерд и щедр
Transliteration: miloserd i shchedr
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πολύσπλαγχνος / οἰκτίρμων
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. πολύσπλαγχνος / οἰκτίρμων, James 5:11.
Swear Oaths
Approved rendering: клясться
Transliteration: klyast’sya
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὀμνύω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. ὀμνύω, James 5:12 — ‘let your yes be yes and your no be no.’
Referenced passages